Philosophy Archives

Plato: Democracy Is the 4th Best Form of Government

People walking around in a marketplace in ancient Greece illustrates Plato's view of democracy

Is democracy truly the worst form of government, except for all the others? What was Plato’s take on it? According to Plato, democracy leaves a lot to be desired. In The Republic, he presents a thought-provoking critique of democracy through the character of Socrates. He outlines a progression of societal structures, with democracy as the second-worst. Read on to understand Plato’s analysis of democracy and discover why he believes it’s less than ideal.

Plato: Tyranny Is Only One Step Away From Democracy

A mob of people raising their fists in ancient Greece illustrates tyranny in Plato's Republic

Is tyranny simply a form of governance, or is it a product of a certain psychology? How does Plato’s view of tyranny relate to modern political systems? According to Plato, tyranny results when democracy deteriorates. In The Republic, he describes tyrannies and the psychological profile of a tyrant, providing insights into power dynamics and human behavior that remain relevant today. Continue reading to understand Plato’s thoughts on tyranny and how it happens.

Does Quantum Indeterminacy Make Free Will Possible?

A person holding a pair of dice in their hand illustrates quantum indeterminacy and free will

Is free will real or just an illusion? Could quantum mechanics hold the key to understanding our ability to make choices? In his book Determined, Robert Sapolsky picks apart arguments in favor of free will. He even dives into the fascinating world of subatomic particles and their potential impact on human decision-making, as some people believe there’s a connection between quantum indeterminacy and free will. Read more to understand the issue and Sapolsky’s arguments.

Plato’s Myth of Er: A Tale of Just Deserts in the Afterlife

An ancient Greek soldier surrounded by clouds illustrates Plato’s myth of Er

What happens after we die? What if our actions in life truly determined our fate in the afterlife? In The Republic, Plato’s myth of Er explores these questions. This tale, recounted by Socrates, describes a soldier’s journey through the afterlife and back. It offers a fascinating glimpse into ancient Greek beliefs about justice, reincarnation, and the soul. Continue reading to learn the myth of Er and see how this ancient story still resonates with modern readers.

Determined: Robert Sapolsky Argues for Life Without Free Will

A young bearded man in a cozy living room sitting on a couch and thoughtfully reading a book

Do we have free will, or is everything predetermined? What difference does it make? In Determined, Robert Sapolsky says that decades of research have led him to two conclusions. First, people do not have free will. Second, accepting this fact will empower us to create a better world for everyone. Read on for an overview of this book that deals with a matter that scientists, philosophers, and theologians have been debating for millennia.

The Republic, Book 10: Socrates Answers the Challenge

An ancient Greek philosopher sitting in a chair and teaching illustrates The Republic Book 10

How does Plato’s Republic end? How does Socrates respond to the challenge outlined in the beginning? In The Republic, Book 10, Socrates argues that the just person, embodied by the philosopher-king, leads the most fulfilling life. He also presents a mythical tale about the afterlife, where souls are judged based on their earthly deeds. Read on for an exploration of justice, pleasure, and the afterlife as we unpack Plato’s timeless wisdom.

No Consequences? Taking Determinism to Its Logical Conclusion

Are you tired of feeling guilty for your actions? Is that feeling justified? What if you’re not responsible for what you do and say? In his book Determined, Robert Sapolsky explores the concept of determinism and its implications for personal responsibility. He challenges our traditional notions of praise, blame, and punishment in a world with no consequences for our choices. Keep reading to understand Sapolsky’s thought-provoking ideas about human behavior and accountability.

Robert Sapolsky Says Determinism—Not Free Will—Is Our Reality

Dominoes in a row with the first ones starting to fall, depicting the domino effect and Robert Sapolsky's determinism theory

How well do you understand the concept of free will? Do you believe that your choices are truly your own? In his book Determined, Robert Sapolsky explores the theory of determinism and its implications for human behavior. He lays out arguments against free will and shares how scientific advancements support his views on determinism. Keep reading to discover how Robert Sapolsky’s determinism theory challenges our understanding of personal choice and responsibility.

Plato’s Concept of Justice: Overview of The Republic, Books I-II

An ancient Greek philosopher holding the scales of justice illustrates Plato’s concept of justice

What does true justice look like? Is it possible for justice to be inherently good, rather than just a means to an end? In The Republic, Plato explores these questions through a series of dialogues. The ancient philosopher presents his idea of justice, challenging conventional wisdom and proposing a radical new way of looking at an age-old concept. Read more to understand Plato’s concept of justice as presented in The Republic.

4 Theories of Free Will Based on Science (+ Counterarguments)

A thinking young man with a thought bubble that says "Free Will?" inside of it illustrates theories of free will

Are your choices truly your own? Does science prove that free will is just an illusion? In his book Determined, Robert Sapolsky explores various theories of free will and presents compelling counterarguments. He addresses four scientific perspectives on free will, including compatibilism, chaoticism, emergent complexity, and quantum indeterminacy. Prepare to challenge your beliefs about decision-making and human behavior as we examine these thought-provoking theories.