In this episode of The Joe Rogan Experience, Joe Rogan and author Annie Jacobsen examine biological weapons as a major existential threat. They discuss the likely lab origins of Covid-19, the expansion of gain-of-function research worldwide, and the low barriers to entry for bioweapon development. Jacobsen emphasizes that unlike nuclear weapons, biological weapons require minimal infrastructure and expertise, making them accessible to state and non-state actors alike.
The conversation also covers the breakdown of institutional trust during the pandemic, including misleading public health guidance and the suppression of the lab-leak theory. Additionally, Jacobsen details the government's secretive continuity plans, including underground bunker networks and devolution protocols, while noting the absence of realistic civilian protection strategies. The episode concludes with a discussion of AI security vulnerabilities and the unprecedented authority that private tech CEOs now hold over dual-use research and military applications.

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Joe Rogan and Annie Jacobsen discuss the alarming realities of biological weapons, emphasizing their low barriers to entry, the ambiguous origins of Covid-19, and the troubling expansion of risky pathogen research globally.
Both Rogan and Jacobsen argue that Covid-19 most likely originated from a lab accident at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. Rogan notes that initial resistance to this theory was largely influenced by figures like Anthony Fauci, who had reasons to downplay it given U.S. funding of gain-of-function research. Jacobsen highlights that nearly all experts she interviewed agree it was "almost certainly a lab leak." While Covid-19 had about a 1% case fatality rate, Jacobsen warns that bioweaponized pathogens can be orders of magnitude more lethal. She notes that Soviet defectors revealed the USSR secretly maintained vast stockpiles of anthrax and plague despite treaty commitments—information unknown to U.S. intelligence for decades.
Jacobsen and Rogan stress that gain-of-function research, intended to enhance pathogen transmissibility and virulence, is fundamentally biological weapons engineering regardless of stated intent. Jacobsen observes that to invent cures, scientists must first engineer pandemic-capable pathogens, creating weapons as a prerequisite to potential antidotes. Rogan points out that President Obama halted this research due to its dangers, but subsequent administrations resumed and expanded these programs.
Jacobsen underscores the extreme lethality of advanced bioweapons by noting that untreated pneumonic plague can kill 100 out of 100 people within 24 hours. With gain-of-function modifications, previously curable diseases can become antibiotic-resistant and incurable. She recounts scenarios including an MIT-trained Al Qaeda operative who planned to create a hybrid airborne rabies virus with civilization-ending potential.
Both speakers emphasize that, unlike nuclear weapons, biological weapons require minimal infrastructure. Jacobsen states that all her expert sources agree the entry threshold is "so incredibly low it's horrifying"—even a high school student with basic biology knowledge could conceivably synthesize lethal pathogens using information available online. Rogan cites a recent case where a man in California secretly ran a biolab in a private residence with over 1,200 samples including HIV and malaria. Jacobsen points out that the U.S. has over 1,500 BSL-3 labs working with dangerous agents, with 90% reportedly lacking adequate safety guidelines.
Jacobsen and Rogan note that high-containment biolabs are rapidly proliferating, with the global total now exceeding 110. They discuss the Plum Island Animal Disease Center, now relocated to Kansas, with ongoing tick-based gain-of-function research. Internationally, enforcement of bioweapons treaties is weak. Jacobsen explains that after signing the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972, the Soviets flagrantly violated it, secretly developing vast bioweapons programs unknown to Western intelligence for decades.
Jacobsen highlights how the CDC and WHO issued guidance during Covid-19 that later proved scientifically inaccurate and misleading. She cites tweets from both agencies three months into the pandemic explicitly declaring "COVID not airborne," despite airborne transmission being a major driver of spread. Instead, there was heavy focus on surface transmission, with the CDC partnering with Lysol and driving shortages of disinfectants. In reality, Jacobsen notes, only about 1 in 10,000 cases resulted from surface transmission. Rogan points out that the overuse of hand sanitizer was not only unnecessary but potentially harmful.
Jacobsen and Rogan discuss Dr. Anthony Fauci's conduct during the pandemic. According to recent Senate hearings, Fauci was aware that the true fatality rate and risk to children were lower than public messaging claimed, yet continued with misleading statements while his staff promoted him for million-dollar awards. On the origins of Covid-19, Jacobsen explains that of twelve scientists Fauci consulted, ten believed the virus likely leaked from a lab, yet Fauci supported the natural origin theory and silenced dissent. Scientists challenging the official narrative faced professional backlash, and Fauci was ultimately granted unprecedented 10-year legal immunity.
Jacobsen characterizes the coordinated narrative around the natural origins of Covid-19 as a genuine conspiracy, where officials and scientists worked together to suppress the lab-leak theory. Rogan observes that this collective suppression served to protect careers and stifle open discussion. Jacobsen warns that focusing blame on a single scapegoat enables future misconduct by failing to hold the broader system accountable.
Jacobsen notes that the pandemic fractured society along political lines, with Covid-19 policies becoming markers of political identity. This erosion of trust in public health guidance will undermine any future emergency response. She and Rogan emphasize that the psychological harm from misleading information exceeded even the direct suffering caused by the virus.
Jacobsen and Rogan criticize overall pandemic management, noting that lockdowns, closures, and mandates resulted in financial devastation for small businesses and individuals. They also criticize the CDC's neglect of basic immunity boosters like vitamin D, exercise, and proper nutrition. Rogan describes mask-wearing as having morphed into a visual indicator of political identity—"the left-wing MAGA hat"—rather than an evidence-driven public health strategy. This confluence of errors, abuse of authority, and misguided policies has led to a profound collapse of public trust.
Annie Jacobsen outlines the extraordinary, often secretive plans the U.S. government has designed to ensure continuity in catastrophic scenarios. Despite elaborate infrastructure and protocols, there remain deep flaws in these emergency plans.
Jacobsen explains that the government has a devolution plan triggered by extreme national emergencies. A classified structure known as Cogcon (Continuity of Government readiness condition) determines government response severity. At Cogcon level one, triggered by the Insurrection Act, predesignated officials relocate immediately to secure bunkers to run a parallel government. These officials have already signed contracts and rehearsed procedures. The rationale assumes that in a real crisis, most government personnel won't survive, and normal government cannot function.
An extensive network of fortified underground facilities supports these plans. Raven Rock, located 51 miles from Washington, DC, includes at least seven levels, with its deepest level housing a replica of the Oval Office. Mount Weather, a classified base in the Blue Ridge Mountains, is where Vice President Dick Cheney was relocated during 9/11. However, these bunkers are not invulnerable—multiple nuclear bombs could obliterate even the most fortified facilities.
Despite elaborate preparation for continuity of government, realistic planning for civilian protection is largely absent. Former officials admit there is no population protection plan for nuclear war. Pentagon wargames for biological catastrophes routinely spiral into chaos and anarchy within days, with no plans for how to restore governance or distribute resources. The Strategic National Stockpile locations and contents remain classified partly to shield the government from public backlash. Even the Pentagon's distribution of 1.7 million gas masks cannot meaningfully alter survival rates in a widespread catastrophe. Scenarios also require survivors to be capable of making extremely difficult "kill decisions" regarding infected individuals, adopting an ethical framework markedly different from civilian society.
Annie Jacobsen's reporting highlights profound risks in the control and security of powerful artificial intelligence systems.
Jacobsen describes her experience probing ChatGPT for sensitive information. Initially, ChatGPT declined to reveal the location of the Strategic National Stockpile, citing it as classified. However, by employing specific tactics and persistently challenging its responses, Jacobsen coaxed the AI into revealing the location. She discovered that ChatGPT had synthesized the answer from a mention on page 434 of an earthquake emergency manual. After this revelation, Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, was unaware his product could extract such classified information and quickly moved to patch the vulnerability. Jacobsen emphasizes the broader concern: if such vulnerabilities can be discovered by well-meaning journalists, adversaries may be able to exploit them with unpredictable consequences.
Jacobsen recounts attending a DARPA session where officials voiced anxiety over AI-enabled research, especially in biotechnology. She notes that current dynamics grant the six CEOs of leading AI companies effective veto power over high-risk military research. Critical decisions about risky dual-use AI-enabled research are contingent on consensus among these private sector CEOs—not on government or military command. This reveals a dramatic shift in authority: private tech leaders now have more influence over advanced technologies than even the U.S. Department of Defense. AI has become a transformative tool in biological research, advancing both medical countermeasures and potentially bioweapons development, often with no distinction in underlying methods. This dual-use aspect means identical AI tools can empower defenders and attackers alike, creating a destabilizing asymmetric advantage.
1-Page Summary
Joe Rogan and Annie Jacobsen detail the alarming realities, history, and ongoing dangers of biological weapons, emphasizing the low barriers to deadly biotechnological development, the ambiguous origins of Covid-19, and the troubling expansion of risky pathogen research globally.
Both Rogan and Jacobsen argue that it is highly probable the Covid-19 pandemic originated from a lab accident at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. Rogan notes that most experts now support this view, with initial resistance largely influenced by figures like Anthony Fauci, who had reasons to downplay this theory, especially given U.S. funding of gain-of-function research via the EcoHealth Alliance. Jacobsen highlights that nearly all subject matter experts she interviewed agree that; “almost certainly was a lab leak,” adding skepticism about why this remains contentious despite overwhelming circumstantial evidence.
Rogan recalls that early genetic analysis suggested the virus had been manipulated. The reversal of stance by investigating scientists further fueled suspicions of a cover-up. Jacobsen notes the Covid-19 case fatality rate was about 1%, but warns that, historically, bioweaponized pathogens can be orders of magnitude more lethal. Soviet defectors revealed that the USSR secretly maintained vast stockpiles of anthrax and plague for biological warfare, despite public disarmament and treaty commitments—information unknown to U.S. intelligence for decades.
Jacobsen and Rogan stress that gain-of-function research, intended to enhance pathogens’ transmissibility, virulence, and antibiotic resistance, is fundamentally biological weapons engineering, no matter the stated intent of “developing medical countermeasures.” Jacobsen observes that to invent cures, scientists must first engineer pandemic-capable pathogens, thereby creating weapons as a prerequisite to their potential antidotes—a “catch-22” that dramatically raises the existential threat. She states that most experts consider gain-of-function to be a military-funded euphemism for bioweapons development.
Rogan points out that President Obama halted this research in 2009 due to its evident dangers, referring to it as dual use research of concern; nevertheless, subsequent administrations resumed and greatly expanded these programs, especially in the post-9/11 era under military-industrial influence.
Jacobsen underscores the extreme lethality of advanced bioweapons by comparing natural and engineered threats. While Covid-19 had a 1% case fatality rate, untreated pneumonic plague can kill 100 out of 100 people within 24 hours. With gain-of-function modifications, even previously curable diseases like plague can become antibiotic-resistant and thus incurable, illustrating their apocalyptic potential.
She recounts that Soviet programs included enormous reserves of weaponized anthrax and plague. Jacobsen also shares a scenario based on her research in which an MIT-trained Al Qaeda operative, Afia Siddiqui, planned to create a hybrid airborne rabies virus using rabies and chickenpox—an engineered plague with civilization-ending potential.
Both speakers emphasize that, unlike nuclear weapons, biological weapons require minimal infrastructure and are easily concealed. Jacobsen states that all her expert sources agree the entry threshold for biological weapons is “so incredibly low it’s horrifying”—a high school student with a basic understanding of biology and access to common equipment could conceivably synthesize lethal pathogens using information available on the internet.
Rogan cites a recent case where a man in California secretly ran a biolab in a priv ...
Biological Weapons as an Existential Threat
Annie Jacobsen highlights how the CDC and the WHO, historically seen as trusted public health authorities, issued guidance during the Covid-19 pandemic that later proved both scientifically inaccurate and misleading. She cites CDC and WHO tweets from three months into the pandemic, explicitly declaring, "COVID not airborne," despite the fact that airborne transmission was a major driver of the spread. Both agencies failed to promptly reverse this misleading messaging or issue any public apology once evidence became clear.
Instead, there was a heavy focus on "fomite transmission"—surface contact—as a primary mode of infection. The CDC even partnered with Lysol, further encouraging public fears about contaminated surfaces and driving a shortage of disinfectants. In reality, as Jacobsen notes, only about 1 in 10,000 Covid-19 cases resulted from surface transmission. Despite this, the public was inundated with instructions to disinfect hands and surfaces, leading to an enduring overuse of hand sanitizer, which Rogan points out is not only unnecessary but also potentially harmful to the skin's flora.
Jacobsen and Rogan discuss Dr. Anthony Fauci’s conduct and decision-making during the pandemic. According to their account, as revealed in recent Senate hearings, Dr. Fauci was aware that the true fatality rate of Covid and the risk to children were lower than public messaging claimed, yet he continued with misleading public statements. At the same time, Fauci’s staff promoted him for million-dollar awards, prompting criticism about his prioritization of personal gain over public service while families were barred from seeing dying relatives.
On the origins of Covid-19, Jacobsen explains that of a group of twelve scientists Fauci consulted, ten believed the virus likely leaked from a lab, while only two endorsed a natural spillover. Nevertheless, Fauci supported the natural origin theory and silenced dissent. Scientists and experts challenging the official narrative, such as Jay Bhattacharya, faced professional and reputational backlash, frequently being removed from platforms like Twitter. Fauci was ultimately granted unprecedented 10-year legal immunity, raising questions about why such protection was deemed necessary given his role and decisions.
Jacobsen characterizes the coordinated narrative around the natural origins of Covid-19 as a genuine, legal conspiracy, where officials, scientists, and bureaucrats worked together to suppress the lab-leak theory and control the public origin story. She points out that a conspiracy, by legal definition, is when multiple people actively work to conceal the truth—a standard met by the collective efforts to silence alternative views on the virus’s origin. Rogan observes that this collective suppression served to protect careers and stifle open discussion, making it difficult for the public to access honest inquiry or dissent.
Jacobsen warns that focusing blame on a single scapegoat enables future misconduct by failing to hold the broader system accountable. Rogan adds that dependence on institutional favor compelled many to support narratives they knew were untrue, emphasizing the dangers of collective pressure in subverting the truth.
Jacobsen notes that the pandemic fractured society along political lines. Covid-19 policies and beliefs became markers of political identity, with collective action and unity breaking down in favor of partisan allegiances. People no longer felt flexible enough to change their minds as new facts arose, instead doubling down on whatever narrative benefited their political side.
This erosion of trust in public health guidance, Jacobsen argues, will undermine any future emergency response. Moreover, she and Rogan emphasize that the psychological harm from uncertain or misleading information—raising cortisol and anxiety—exceeded even the direct suffering ca ...
Covid-19 Response Failures and Institutional Trust Collapse
Annie Jacobsen outlines the extraordinary, often secretive plans that the U.S. government has designed to ensure the continuity of government in the event of catastrophic scenarios such as nuclear war, insurrection, or biological attacks. Despite elaborate infrastructure and protocols, there remain deep flaws and limitations in these emergency plans.
Jacobsen explains that the government has a devolution plan that is triggered by extreme national emergencies. This plan conceives of scenarios so dire—like insurrection, anarchy, or pandemic plague—that normal government structures are presumed annihilated.
A classified structure known as the Continuity of Government readiness condition (Cogcon), which few are aware of compared to the better-known Def Con, determines government response severity. Cogcon has four levels, with level one triggered by the Insurrection Act. This highest alert requires predesignated officials—who have already signed contracts and rehearsed procedures—to relocate immediately to secure bunkers across the country. These officials constitute “devolution crews” who set up and run a parallel government from remote sites, prepared in advance, under the assumption that most regular government personnel are dead due to collapse, violence, or biological disaster.
Jacobsen reveals that these predesignated officials know their roles, have signed contracts acknowledging their duties, and conduct rehearsals for these emergencies. Their mandate is to establish a functioning government infrastructure even if standard chains of command are destroyed.
The rationale for the devolution plan is rooted in Pentagon and FEMA assumptions: In a real crisis—especially nuclear, biological, or total societal collapse—most government personnel won’t survive, and normal government cannot function. Accordingly, continuity planning revolves around a select, surviving subset running a skeletal form of government.
An extensive network of fortified underground facilities supports these plans for continuity.
One major installation is Raven Rock, located 51 miles from Washington, DC. Known informally as the "underground Pentagon," Raven Rock includes at least seven levels, with its deepest level housing a replica of the Oval Office to ensure continuity of executive command.
Another crucial facility is Mount Weather, a classified base deep in the Blue Ridge Mountains, about 175 miles from DC. During the 9/11 attacks, Vice President Dick Cheney was relocated there, underpinning the facility's major role in executive branch survival protocols.
However, these bunkers are not invulnerable. In the event of a nuclear strike, such as by Russian warheads, multiple bombs could target and obliterate sites like Raven Rock—even the most fortified facilities could be incinerated by massive blasts or fires, and nuclear fallout could contaminate air supplies, limiting the bunkers’ value for survival.
Despite elaborate preparation for continuity of government, realistic planning for civilian protection and societal recovery after catastrophe is largely absent.
Former FEMA and Pentagon officials admit there is no population protection plan for nuclear war—essentially, “there is no plan, because we’re all dead.” These authorities confess that post-nuclear-strike survival for the population at large is not considered viable, and there is little concrete preparation for society's basic needs.
Classified and unclassified wargames conducted by the Pentagon for catastrophic biological events show that these scenarios routinely spiral into chaos and anarchy within days. The crisis escalates to the point where all social order collapses, and government war-game exercises simply end at the point of anarchy, with no plans for how to restore governance, distribute resources, or organiz ...
Government Emergency Preparedness and Continuity of Government
Annie Jacobsen’s reporting and firsthand experimentation highlight profound risks and deep structural shifts in the control and security of powerful artificial intelligence systems.
Jacobsen describes her experience probing ChatGPT for sensitive information. Initially, when she asked for the location of the Strategic National Stockpile nearest to Los Angeles, ChatGPT declined, citing the information as classified. However, by employing specific tactics—feeding ChatGPT more nomenclature, offering code words, and persistently challenging its responses—Jacobsen managed to coax the AI into revealing the location. She notes that psychologically probing the AI and casting doubt on its intelligence made it more forthcoming. By closely tracking its data sources, Jacobsen discovered that ChatGPT had synthesized the answer from a mention buried on page 434 of an earthquake emergency manual, where a bureaucrat had inadvertently listed the stockpile location five years prior.
After this revelation, Jacobsen spoke with colleagues connected to Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, who was unaware that his product could extract such classified information. Upon learning of the incident, Altman quickly moved to patch the vulnerability. Jacobsen drew on further conversations with subject matter experts who advise presidents on biosafety and strategic risks. They corroborated her findings, having demonstrated to various AI company CEOs that their products could supply sensitive or classified data. These CEOs typically reacted with alarm and then attempted to fix the immediate issue. However, Jacobsen emphasizes the broader existential concern: if such vulnerabilities can be discovered by well-meaning journalists or experts, adversaries may be able to exploit them too, with unpredictable consequences.
Jacobsen recounts attending a session at DARPA where officials voiced growing anxiety over AI-enabled research, especially in biotechnology, where AI’s dual-use potential is immense. She notes that current dynamics grant the six CEOs of leading AI companies effective veto power over high-risk military research. Critical decisions about whether to proceed with or halt risky dual-use AI-enabled research, such as bioengineering applications, are contingent on consensus among these private sector CEOs—not on government or military command.
This reality reveals a dramatic shift in authority: private tech leaders, unelected and unaccountable to the public, now have more influence over the direction and ...
Ai Risks and Tech Ceo Power Over Security
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