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What We Lost When We Lost Home Ec

By iHeartPodcasts

In this episode of Stuff You Should Know, hosts Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant explore the history and impact of home economics education in America. The episode traces how home economics emerged in the 19th century as a way to professionalize domestic work, with pioneers like Ellen Swallow Richards integrating scientific principles into household management and creating new academic opportunities for women.

The discussion examines how home economics evolved from its origins into a standardized part of American education, supported by government initiatives and expanding beyond traditional domestic skills. The hosts detail how the field—which later became known as Family and Consumer Sciences—opened doors for women in scientific and technical careers while teaching practical life skills that many subsequent generations now lack.

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What We Lost When We Lost Home Ec

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What We Lost When We Lost Home Ec

1-Page Summary

The Origins and Initial Purpose of Home Economics

Home Economics emerged in the 19th century as a revolutionary approach to professionalizing domestic work. This field encompassed the management of household tasks like food preparation, clothing production, and general household maintenance. The movement aimed to demonstrate that women's traditional work was both labor-intensive and economically significant.

Ellen Swallow Richards, a pioneering figure in the field, integrated scientific principles into domestic work through her chemistry lab focusing on sanitary conditions. Her work laid the groundwork for environmental and consumer protection while creating opportunities for women in academia under the umbrella of domestic efficiency.

Home Economics Growth in Early 20th Century

The field gained formal recognition with the establishment of the American Home Economics Association in 1908. The Morrill Act of 1862 supported the creation of land-grant colleges offering home economics courses, while the Hughes Act of 1917 provided funding for vocational education, including home economics programs in both colleges and high schools.

The USDA's Bureau of Home Economics played a crucial role in applying home economics principles to broader initiatives, such as school lunch programs and military nutrition. Their work even extended to space exploration, with home economist Bea Finkelstein preparing food for Mercury Project astronauts.

The Integration of Home Economics Into School Curricula

Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant note that by the mid-20th century, Home Economics became a standard part of American high school education, particularly for young women. Classes taught practical life skills including cooking, sewing, child care, and basic financial management in simulated home environments.

The field evolved from its initial focus on domestic roles to provide women with pathways into scientific and technical careers. Eventually transforming into Family and Consumer Sciences, the curriculum expanded to prepare students for careers in interior design, nutrition, elder care, and culinary arts. By 1959, half of all American girls were enrolled in Home Economics courses, though Clark and Bryant observe that subsequent generations often lack the basic knowledge of "adult" tasks that were once taught in these classes.

1-Page Summary

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Actionables

  • You can integrate home economics principles into your daily routine by setting aside one day a week to focus on a specific skill, such as meal planning or budgeting, to improve your household management. For example, dedicate Saturdays to planning your meals for the week, which can help you save money and eat healthier, or use Sundays to review your expenses and create a budget for the upcoming week.
  • Start a personal project to redesign a space in your home using basic interior design principles, focusing on efficiency and sustainability. You might rearrange your living room to maximize natural light and reduce energy consumption or create a small herb garden in your kitchen to use in your cooking, which can enhance your living environment and reduce your ecological footprint.
  • Create a "skill swap" group with friends or community members where each person teaches a practical life skill they excel at, such as sewing, cooking a specific cuisine, or basic home repairs. This way, you can learn from each other and revive the communal aspect of home economics education, fostering a sense of community and self-reliance. For instance, if you're good at baking, you could teach others how to make bread, while someone else might show the group how to patch up a torn garment.

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What We Lost When We Lost Home Ec

The Origins and Initial Purpose of Home Economics

The field of Home Economics, now often overlooked or misunderstood, was born out of a necessity to transform domestic work into a recognized, professionalized endeavor.

19th Century Home Economics Professionalized Domestic Work

In the 19th century, Home Economics began as a radical idea to elevate and add efficiency to the domestic sphere, which traditionally involved caring for large families and farmhands – an all-encompassing endeavor that included feeding them from the land, processing and canning food, churning butter, making clothes, and doing laundry by hand.

Field Focused On Household Management As an Economically Significant Endeavor Worthy of Scientific Study

The movement aimed to raise the status by showing that the traditional work of women was not just laborious but also economically significant, involving serious economic management of household affairs. This development coincided with a broader societal shift towards efficiency, possibly inspired by the principles of Taylorism.

The spread of literacy in the mid-19th century played a role in this evolution. More books with domestic tips and cookbooks became available, contributing to the establishment of Home Economics as a professional field.

Early Economists Used Science For Nutrition, Sanitation, and Consumer Protection

Ellen Swallow Richards, an important figure in this history, was instrumental in ...

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The Origins and Initial Purpose of Home Economics

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Counterarguments

  • The professionalization of Home Economics may have inadvertently reinforced gender roles by associating women primarily with domestic tasks, even as it sought to elevate the status of those tasks.
  • The focus on efficiency in household management could be critiqued for not challenging the broader societal undervaluation of women's work, instead of seeking to optimize it within the existing framework.
  • While literacy and the spread of domestic tips and cookbooks played a role, it could be argued that these resources primarily benefited middle and upper-class women who had the leisure to read and apply these principles, potentially overlooking the experiences of working-class women.
  • The scientific methods applied in Home Economics, while innovative, may have been limited by the gender biases of the time, which could have influenced the types of research and applications deemed appropriate for women.
  • Ellen Swallow Richards' work, while pioneering, might be critiqued for not pushing more aggressively against the gender norms of her time, as her work still operated within the context of 'women's work.'
  • The em ...

Actionables

  • You can modernize your home management by creating a digital inventory of household items to track usage and plan purchases efficiently. Use a simple spreadsheet or a free inventory app to log items as they are used and set reminders for when to buy more, which can help you minimize waste and save money.
  • Enhance your nutritional knowledge by starting a food journal that includes not just what you eat but also the nutritional content and sources of your food. This practice can increase your awareness of your dietary habits and help you make more informed choices, similar to how early home economists applied scientific methods to nutrition.
  • Apply basic scientific principles to your cleaning ...

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What We Lost When We Lost Home Ec

Home Economics Growth in Early 20th Century

Home Economics Grew Through Associations, Academic Programs, and Government Efforts in the Early 1900s

The early 20th century saw a movement emphasizing efficient, sanitary, and safe practices in households which led to the formalization of Home Economics.

American Home Economics Association Founded In 1908 For Field Legitimacy and Standardization

The term "home economics" was officially chosen during the Lake Placid conferences in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, recognizing domestic work as a serious economic contribution. The American Home Economics Association was established during one of these conferences in 1908 to provide legitimacy and standardization for the field.

Morrill Act of 1862 and Vocational Funding Supported Home Economics Programs in Colleges and High Schools

Though the Morrill Act of 1862 predates this period, it was instrumental in establishing land-grant colleges that offered home economics courses, akin to early trade schools. These colleges, open to women, provided opportunities for advancement in agricultural, industrial, and home economics education. Following this, the Hughes Act of 1917 began funding vocational education, including home economics courses, further encouraging the field’s growth in both colleges and high schools. However, the Vocational Education Act of 1963 eventually reduced the funding initially supported by the Smith-Hughes Act.

USDA's Bureau ...

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Home Economics Growth in Early 20th Century

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Counterarguments

  • The emphasis on efficient, sanitary, and safe household practices in the early 20th century may have also reinforced traditional gender roles by institutionalizing women's work within the home.
  • While the American Home Economics Association did provide standardization, it could be argued that it also narrowed the scope of home economics by formalizing certain practices and potentially excluding others.
  • The Morrill Act of 1862 indeed provided educational opportunities, but it could be critiqued for not addressing the broader social and economic barriers that women faced outside of education.
  • The Hughes Act of 1917 and subsequent funding for vocational education may have inadvertently contributed to tracking students into certain career paths based on gender, limiting their future career choices.
  • The reduction of funding by the Vocational Education Act of 1963 could be seen as a reflection of shifting societal values, where home economics began to be viewed as less important in the context of education and vocational training.
  • The USDA's Bureau of Home Economics' work on school lunches and military nutrition, while beneficial, may have also led to standardized diets that did not account for cul ...

Actionables

  • You can explore the historical value of home economics by creating a themed dinner party that features recipes and table settings from the early 20th century. This not only pays homage to the era but also gives you a hands-on experience with the efficiency and nutritional focus of that time. For example, research and prepare a meal using ingredients and techniques that were common in the 1900s, and share facts about the home economics movement with your guests as you dine.
  • You can apply the principles of home economics to your budgeting by calculating your own basic nutritious diet cost. Use this as a benchmark to understand and manage your food expenses better. Start by listing all the essential food items you need for a healthy diet, research their costs, and compare it to your current spending to identify areas where you can improve your financial and nutritional efficiency.
  • You can contribute to the legacy of home economics b ...

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What We Lost When We Lost Home Ec

The Integration of Home Economics Into School Curricula

In discussing the history of Home Economics in schools, it’s evident how this subject has evolved over time, shifting from reinforcing traditional gender roles to providing a broader scope of life skills and potential career paths.

Mid-20th Century: Home Economics Ubiquitous in American High Schools for Young Women

Classes Taught Practical Life Skills:

In the mid-20th century, Home Economics classes were a staple in American high schools, primarily aimed at young women. Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant note that these classes taught essential life skills such as sewing, baking, child care, and balancing a checkbook. The curriculum also covered basic taxes using a simple 1040 form and food safety, such as recognizing if a chicken breast was undercooked.

Schools Simulated Home Environments to Prepare Students for Domestic Roles

Schools featured simulated kitchens equipped with stoves, ovens, and refrigerators where students could learn to cook and sew. Josh Clark mentions that Home Economics also included lessons in responsible parenting, sometimes through projects like caring for an egg or sack of flour as if it were a baby. By engaging in such practical simulations, students were being prepared for future domestic roles.

Home Economics: A Pathway For Women to Gain Scientific and Technical Knowledge Within the Home

Initially taught at the college level, Home Economics provided women with pathways to gain scientific and technical knowledge, albeit within the parameters of home management. It was seen as a way for women to be equipped with the latest child-rearing knowledge—knowledge that was considered cutting-edge at the time and was spread to adoptive parents seeking children from foster homes cared for by women educated in Home Economics.

In light of feminist scrutiny, there was a dialog on whether Home Economics reinforced traditional domestic roles for women or empowered them with viable scientific and technical careers in areas such as industrial engineering and food science.

As Home Economics transformed into Family and Consumer Sciences, the focus shifted to help students prepare for careers outside the home, such as in interior de ...

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The Integration of Home Economics Into School Curricula

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While Home Economics classes provided essential life skills, they may have also inadvertently perpetuated the idea that domestic responsibilities were primarily the domain of women, which could limit the perception of gender roles in society.
  • The focus on traditional domestic skills might have been at the expense of encouraging young women to explore a wider range of career opportunities outside the home.
  • The argument that Home Economics empowered women with scientific and technical knowledge could be critiqued on the grounds that it still framed women's contributions primarily within the context of home management, rather than in the broader scientific community.
  • The shift from Home Economics to Family and Consumer Sciences could be seen as a response to changing societal norms, but it might also reflect a reactive rather than proactive approach to gender equality in education.
  • The decline in children doing chores and the lack of basic "adult" skills in younger generations could be attributed to broader societal changes, such as the increased focus on academic and extracurricular activities, rather than the absence of Home Economics classes alone.
  • The idea that classroom education is necessary for learning practical life skills could be challenged by the argument that these skills can be effectively learned through family teaching, community involvement, or self-directed learning using online ...

Actionables

  • You can start a personal skill-building challenge by selecting one practical skill each month to learn and master, such as sewing a button, baking a loaf of bread, or creating a budget. For example, dedicate May to learning how to sew, using online tutorials and practice materials, and June to understanding personal finances, using budgeting apps and tracking expenses daily.
  • Organize a skill swap with friends or community members where each person teaches a skill they're proficient in, like cooking a specific dish or basic car maintenance. This could be a monthly event where one person hosts a workshop in their home or a public space, and everyone else brings something to share or exchange, fostering a communal learning environment.
  • Create a "Life Skills Journal" wher ...

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