Podcasts > Stuff You Should Know > SYSK's 12 Days of Christmas… Toys: How Yo-Yos Work

SYSK's 12 Days of Christmas… Toys: How Yo-Yos Work

By iHeartPodcasts

In this episode of Stuff You Should Know, Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant explore the fascinating world of yo-yos, from their origins as hunting weapons in ancient Greece and the Philippines to their transformation into popular toys. The hosts examine how Pedro Flores and Donald Duncan shaped the modern yo-yo industry in America, including the eventual trademark battles that affected the Duncan company.

The episode delves into the physics that make yo-yos work, explaining concepts like gyroscopic stability and moment of inertia. Clark and Bryant discuss various yo-yo designs throughout history, from simple Chinese and European models to modern innovations like the Brain Yo-yo with its clutch mechanism. They also share findings from NASA's experiments with yo-yos in space, revealing how these toys behave differently in microgravity.

Listen to the original

SYSK's 12 Days of Christmas… Toys: How Yo-Yos Work

This is a preview of the Shortform summary of the Dec 12, 2025 episode of the Stuff You Should Know

Sign up for Shortform to access the whole episode summary along with additional materials like counterarguments and context.

SYSK's 12 Days of Christmas… Toys: How Yo-Yos Work

1-Page Summary

The History and Origins of Yo-yos

According to Chuck Bryant and Josh Clark, yo-yos have ancient roots dating back over 2,500 years to Greek and possibly Chinese civilizations. In the Philippines, they were initially used as hunting weapons—large, spiked tools that eventually evolved into the smaller recreational devices we know today.

The Modern Yo-yo's Journey

The modern yo-yo emerged in the 1920s Philippines when Pedro Flores, a Filipino immigrant, established the first modern yo-yo company in America. Donald Duncan later purchased Flores's company in 1929 and trademarked the name "yo-yo." However, the Duncan company faced challenges in the 1960s, including legal battles over the trademark, which ultimately contributed to the company's bankruptcy.

The Physics Behind Yo-yos

Bryant and Clark explain that different yo-yo designs utilize distinct physical principles. While Chinese and European designs feature strings tied directly to the axle, relying on linear momentum, the Filipino design introduced a loosely looped string that enables the yo-yo to "sleep." This sleeping ability depends on gyroscopic stability, which helps the yo-yo resist changes to its rotational axis. The toy's spin duration can be extended by increasing its moment of inertia through mass distribution.

Modern Innovations in Yo-yo Technology

Modern yo-yos have evolved significantly with technological advances. Chuck and Josh note that ball bearings in the axle allow for longer spins and more complex tricks, though they view these enhancements as a departure from traditional yo-yo capabilities. The "Brain Yo-yo," introduced by Yomega in the 1990s, features a spring-loaded clutch mechanism that enables independent spinning from string motion. Interestingly, when tested in NASA's Toys in Space project, yo-yos demonstrated unique properties in microgravity, including an inability to "sleep" due to the absence of gravitational force.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • A yo-yo "sleeping" means it spins at the end of the string without returning immediately. This allows the player to perform tricks while the yo-yo is still spinning. The spinning yo-yo stays stable due to gyroscopic forces, preventing it from wobbling or falling off the string. When the player tugs the string, the yo-yo rewinds and returns to the hand.
  • Strings tied directly to the axle cause the yo-yo to spin only while moving up or down the string, limiting spin time. A loosely looped string allows the yo-yo to spin freely at the end without winding up immediately, enabling it to "sleep." This loop creates a gap between the string and axle, reducing friction and allowing longer spin duration. The sleeping yo-yo can then be pulled back by tugging the string, rewinding it onto the axle.
  • Gyroscopic stability refers to the tendency of a spinning object to maintain its orientation due to angular momentum. When a yo-yo spins rapidly, it resists tilting or wobbling, keeping its axis steady. This stability allows the yo-yo to "sleep" at the end of the string without falling over. It is the same principle that helps spinning tops and bicycle wheels stay upright.
  • Moment of inertia is a measure of how much an object resists changes to its rotation. It depends on both the object's mass and how that mass is spread out from the axis of rotation. When more mass is concentrated farther from the center, the moment of inertia increases, making the yo-yo spin longer. This is because it takes more effort to slow down an object with a higher moment of inertia.
  • Ball bearings reduce friction between the axle and the string, allowing the yo-yo to spin longer and more smoothly. They consist of small metal balls inside a ring that roll to minimize resistance. This smooth rotation enables advanced tricks by maintaining spin stability. Without ball bearings, the string would quickly slow the yo-yo's spin due to higher friction.
  • A spring-loaded clutch mechanism in a yo-yo engages or disengages the axle from the string based on tension. When the yo-yo is thrown, the clutch disengages, allowing the yo-yo to spin freely ("sleep") without the string turning the axle. When the string is tugged, the clutch engages, causing the axle to spin with the string and return the yo-yo to the hand. This design enables longer spin times and smoother trick performance.
  • A yo-yo "sleeps" by spinning at the end of the string while gravity pulls it downward, keeping tension on the string. In microgravity, this downward pull is absent, so the string slackens and the yo-yo cannot maintain stable spinning. Gravity also helps realign the yo-yo's axis by providing a restoring force that stabilizes its rotation. Without gravity, the yo-yo lacks this stabilizing effect, preventing it from sleeping.
  • Trademark legal battles can drain a company's financial resources and distract management from core business activities. For Duncan, disputes over the "yo-yo" name limited their ability to control the market and protect their brand identity. This weakened their competitive position against emerging rivals. Ultimately, these challenges contributed to financial instability and bankruptcy.
  • Early yo-yos were large, heavy, and designed to be thrown at prey, similar to a hunting weapon. Over time, their size and weight were reduced to make them easier to handle and throw repeatedly. This shift allowed people to use them for entertainment rather than hunting. Gradually, the focus moved from functionality in hunting to skill and playfulness in recreation.

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
SYSK's 12 Days of Christmas… Toys: How Yo-Yos Work

The History and Origins of Yo-yos

Yo-yos have a storied past that stretches back thousands of years and spans multiple continents, from ancient hunting tools to modern-day toys.

Ancient Yo-yos

Yo-yo Origins: From Hunting Tools to Toys

Chuck Bryant and Josh Clark remark on the lengthy history of yo-yos, which can be traced to ancient civilizations like the Greeks and perhaps the Chinese over 2,500 years ago. Originally, these early incarnations of the yo-yo were quite different from what we know today.

In the Philippines, yo-yos served as hunting weapons for around 400 years. These early yo-yos were large, akin to a big spindle with a rope, featuring spikes, and they were comparable in size to a Yugo car. Over time, these hunting tools became smaller and eventually transitioned into the toys that are recognized today.

Yo-yo Originated In 1920s Philippines

Filipino Immigrant Pedro Flores Started the First Modern Us Yo-yo Company, Later Selling It to Donald Duncan

The modern yo-yo as known currently found its origins in the Philippines during the 1920s. It was Pedro Flores, a Filipino immigrant to the U.S., who started the first modern yo-yo company in America during this era. Bryant and Clark note the transition from the older version of the yo-yo to the "new one" that stemmed from the Philippines, which maintained the basic form of the ancient versions of the toy.

In 1929, Flores decided to sell his burgeoning company to an entrepreneur named Donald Duncan, who saw the potential in the toy. Duncan retained the simple and catchy name "yo- ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

The History and Origins of Yo-yos

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The assertion that yo-yos were used as hunting tools in the Philippines for about 400 years is debated among historians, with some suggesting that this claim might be more myth than fact.
  • The comparison of the size of ancient Philippine yo-yos to a Yugo car is likely an exaggeration or metaphorical, as it is not practical or feasible for a handheld tool to be that large.
  • The idea that the modern yo-yo maintained the basic ancient design might be oversimplified, as the modern yo-yo has undergone significant design changes to allow for tricks and performance enhancements that ancient versions did not have.
  • The narrative that Pedro Flores was the sole originator of the modern yo-yo might overlook contributions from other individuals or concurrent developments in yo-yo design and manufacturing.
  • The trademark battle over the name "yo-yo" is mor ...

Actionables

  • Explore the evolution of everyday objects by starting a collection of historical and modern versions of a common item, like the yo-yo, to appreciate the progression of design and function.
  • By collecting items that have evolved over time, you can create a tangible timeline that showcases the development from ancient to modern. For example, you might start with a simple, hand-carved wooden yo-yo and gradually acquire more sophisticated models, displaying them in chronological order to visualize the changes in technology and design.
  • Use the story of the yo-yo's evolution as inspiration to write a short story or create a piece of art that reflects the theme of transformation and adaptation.
  • Writing or creating art allows you to process and express the historical journey of an object in a personal and creative way. You could write a fictional tale of a character whose life parallels the yo-yo's journey from a hunting tool to a modern toy, or paint a series of canvases that depict the yo-yo's transformation over the centuries.
  • Learn from past business challenges by conducting a personal financial audit to identify any poten ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
SYSK's 12 Days of Christmas… Toys: How Yo-Yos Work

The Physics Underlying Yo-yo Mechanics

Exploring the dynamics of yo-yo mechanics reveals how physics principles like gyroscopic stability, moment of inertia, and angular momentum transfer contribute to the performance of this classic toy.

Yo-yo Design Types: Chinese/European vs. Filipino Properties

Different yo-yo designs exhibit unique characteristics based on how they interact with physics principles.

Chinese/European Design Using String-Tied Axle Relies On Linear Momentum

In European and Chinese designs, where the string is tied tightly to the axle, the yo-yo primarily relies on linear momentum to go up and down without performing additional tricks.

Filipino Design Enables "Sleeping" Yo-yo With Loosely Looped String

The Filipino design marks a turning point in the modern yo-yo's evolution by using a string looped loosely around the axle. This feature allows the yo-yo to spin or "sleep" at the end of the string, which is essential for executing complex yo-yo tricks.

Key Principles of Yo-yo Behavior: Gyroscopic Stability, Moment of Inertia, Angular Momentum Transfer

The physics of yo-yo behavior encompasses gyroscopic stability, moment of inertia, and angular momentum transfer, which enable the yo-yo to perform as intended.

Gyroscopic Stability Lets a Yo-yo Resist Axis Changes, Enabling It to Spin and "Sleep."

Yo-yos exhibit gyroscopic stability, which allows them to resist changes to their rotational axis, facilitating continuous spin and the ability to "sleep." When a force is applied to a sleeping yo-yo, for example, a push on its top, the force is transferred around the back instead of directly affecting the spin, allowing the yo-yo to maintain its motion.

Increasing Yo-yo's Inertia Extends Spin Duration

To prolong the spin duration, the yo-yo's moment of inerti ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

The Physics Underlying Yo-yo Mechanics

Additional Materials

Actionables

- Experiment with different yo-yo weights to find your optimal spin time by attaching small adhesive weights to the yo-yo's outer edges, which will help you understand the effect of moment of inertia on spin duration.

  • By adjusting the weight distribution on your yo-yo, you can directly experience how a higher moment of inertia impacts the yo-yo's performance. Start with a lightweight yo-yo and gradually add small adhesive weights, like those used for balancing car tires, around the edges. Observe how the spin time changes with each addition, and note the configuration that gives you the longest and most stable spin. This hands-on activity will give you a practical understanding of physics concepts without needing complex calculations or equipment.
  • Create a simple yo-yo sleep time tracker using a stopwatch and a chart to record how different designs and modifications affect performance.
  • Use a stopwatch to measure how long your yo-yo sleeps with its current setup. Then, make one change at a time, such as looping the string more loosely around the axle or adding ball bearings if your yo-yo design allows for it. Record the sleep times in a chart after each modification to track which changes have the most significant impact on performance. This methodical approach will help you apply the principles of angular momentum and gyroscopic stability in a tangible way, enhancing your understanding and skill in yo-yoing.
  • Design a personalized yo-yo trick routine that incorporates the principles of gyroscopic stabil ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
SYSK's 12 Days of Christmas… Toys: How Yo-Yos Work

Innovations in Yo-yo Design and Technology

Innovations in yo-yo design and technology have modernized this classic toy, including various modifications that enhance its performance.

Yo-yo Design now Includes Modifications and Enhancements

Ball Bearings in Yo-yo Axles Enable Longer Spins and Complex Tricks

Chuck and Josh have noted that modern yo-yos sometimes incorporate ball bearings and clutches. These features enable longer spins and more complex tricks, differing significantly from the traditional yo-yo's capabilities. They view these enhancements as a form of cheating due to their deviation from traditional yo-yo capabilities.

The specific innovations include ball bearings in the yo-yo axle. The ball bearing design involves splitting the axle into two races, with ball bearings spinning between them. The outer race connects to the string, while the inner race attaches to the axle itself. When the yo-yo is released, both linear and angular momentum build up, allowing the inner race to tilt and connect with the outer race via the ball bearings. Thus, the yo-yo can "sleep" much longer, enabling the performer to execute more complex tricks as the string's motion does not affect the yo-yo's spin.

"Brain Yo-yo Design: Spring-Loaded Clutch Allows Independent Spin From String Motion"

In the 1990s, Yomega revolutionized yo-yo design with their "Brain Yo-yo," which featured a clutch mechanism. These yo-yos contain two spring-loaded clutch arms, each with a weighted ball on one side. Unlike traditional yo-yos where the spindle is fixed to the axle, in Brain Yo-yos, the clutch arms are attached to the spindle. When the yo-yo is spun at high speeds, the inertia causes the clutch to pop against the edges and releases the spindle, which then spins independently on ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

Innovations in Yo-yo Design and Technology

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The view that enhancements like ball bearings and clutches are a form of cheating could be countered by arguing that these innovations represent the natural evolution of the toy and its adaptation to modern play and competitive standards.
  • Some might argue that the inclusion of ball bearings and clutches does not diminish the skill required to perform tricks with a yo-yo, but rather changes the nature of the skill set, emphasizing precision, timing, and creativity.
  • Traditionalists might see the "Brain Yo-yo" as moving away from the skill-based nature of yo-yoing, but others could argue that it introduces a different type of challenge and can be a useful tool for beginners to learn and progress.
  • While the "Brain Yo-yo" might make certain aspects of yo-yoing easier, it could be argued that it also opens up the possibility for new types of tricks and styles that were not possible with traditional yo-yos.
  • The observation tha ...

Actionables

  • You can explore the physics of yo-yos by creating a simple experiment with different weights and strings to observe the effects on spin time and control. Attach various objects with different weights to a string and time how long they spin when given a twist. This hands-on activity will help you understand the principles behind the ball bearings and clutches in modern yo-yos.
  • Try modifying a traditional yo-yo by adding small weights to its sides to simulate the effect of a clutch mechanism. This DIY project involves sticking or taping tiny weights and observing how it affects the yo-yo's return mechanism. It's a low-tech way to get a feel for how advancements like the Brain Yo-yo's clutch system work.
  • Experiment with spinning objects in water to simulate some asp ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free

Create Summaries for anything on the web

Download the Shortform Chrome extension for your browser

Shortform Extension CTA