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Multitasking: Working slower with worse results

By iHeartPodcasts

In a compelling examination by "Stuff You Should Know," hosts Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant dissect the pervasive concept of multitasking. They challenge the conventional wisdom that multitasking is efficient, exposing it as a common productivity pitfall and debunking it instead as rapid task-switching, which can hamper performance and elevate stress. Drawing upon the scientific underpinnings of cognitive function, the duo delves into the brain's executive controls and how the productivity myth of multitasking can result in a measurable "switching cost"—the lag time and decreased accuracy that follow when juggling multiple tasks.

The episode extends beyond mere critique, offering practical advice on how to keep our task management in check. With the increase in digital distractions, the discussion provides actionable strategies such as limiting notifications and reducing social media usage to bolster concentration. Notably, the conversation touches on the phenomenon of media multitasking in the age of multi-screen interactions, while recognizing the exceptional few who can handle such cognitive demands effectively. With a slight speculative nod to gender differences in multitasking abilities, Clark and Bryant conclude by arguing in favor of focused, singular task engagement as a means to maximize productivity and sharpen focus, suggesting techniques like the Pomodoro Technique as valuable tools for the modern professional.

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Multitasking: Working slower with worse results

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Multitasking: Working slower with worse results

1-Page Summary

Multitasking is a myth

Clark and Bryant debunk the idea of multitasking, clarifying that what we regard as multitasking is actually rapid task-switching, which is inefficient and undermines performance. They highlight the brain's adaptive executive control, which prioritizes tasks, underlining that while managing simple tasks might be possible, complex tasks pose a challenge. The notion of a "switching cost" is introduced, detailing the resulting lag in productivity due to time taken to transition between tasks. Clark emphasizes that multitasking deteriorates task performance and can lead to a significant loss in productivity, increased stress, a higher likelihood of errors, and is particularly detrimental for individuals with ADHD.

The brain has limits on information processing abilities

The brain's information processing capabilities are limited, especially when multitasking. The prefrontal cortex, essential in focusing on tasks, has to divide its attention to manage multiple activities, which is challenging. Overloading the prefrontal cortex with complex tasks can quickly become overwhelming and impair productivity.

Clark and Bryant address how multitasking is often confused with the distractions that accompany it, especially in educational contexts, where the negative impacts on grades are noticeable. To minimize these distractions, they recommend limiting notifications on digital devices. Bryant himself practices turning off notifications to maintain focus, and both hosts advocate for minimizing social media to manage tasks more efficiently.

Media multitasking using multiple screens is increasingly common

The surge in media multitasking with multiple screens is a significant trend. However, the ability to manage multiple tasks effectively is rare, with about 2.5 percent of the population known as "supertaskers" who can maintain performance. Josh Clark speculates that women may have a higher capacity for this than men. This ongoing rise in multi-screen interactions underscores the importance of understanding the impact of technology on cognitive abilities.

Excessive multitasking should be avoided for productivity and focus

Clark stresses that multitasking is not the productivity booster it's assumed to be. It's a harmful practice that often leads to inefficiencies and diminished productivity and focus. The discussion suggests avoiding excessive multitasking and exploring alternative methods, such as the Pomodoro Technique, to boost productivity and focus more effectively by working on one task at a time before taking a break.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • When we switch between tasks, our brains experience a delay known as the "switching cost." This delay occurs because our brains need time to disengage from one task and refocus on another. The switching cost can lead to decreased efficiency and productivity when multitasking, as the brain expends energy transitioning between tasks. This concept highlights the challenges and limitations of trying to juggle multiple tasks simultaneously.
  • The prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in multitasking by managing attention, decision-making, and task-switching. When multitasking, the prefrontal cortex divides its attention among different activities, which can lead to cognitive overload. Overloading the prefrontal cortex with complex tasks can overwhelm its capacity, impairing productivity. This division of attention can result in decreased performance and efficiency when handling multiple tasks simultaneously.
  • The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method developed by Francesco Cirillo in the late 1980s. It involves breaking work into intervals, traditionally 25 minutes in length, separated by short breaks. After completing a set of intervals, a longer break is taken. This technique aims to improve focus and productivity by encouraging individuals to work in concentrated bursts with regular breaks. The structured approach helps individuals manage their time effectively and maintain motivation throughout tasks.

Counterarguments

  • While multitasking may lead to inefficiencies, some argue that it can be beneficial in certain contexts, such as when performing routine tasks that require minimal cognitive effort.
  • Some research suggests that multitasking can be improved with practice, and that certain individuals may develop the ability to switch tasks more efficiently over time.
  • The concept of "switching cost" may not apply equally to all types of tasks or all individuals, and some people might experience less of a productivity lag when transitioning between tasks.
  • The negative impact of multitasking on individuals with ADHD might not be universal, as some individuals with ADHD may find that engaging in multiple activities helps maintain their attention.
  • The assertion that the brain's information processing capabilities are limited when multitasking does not account for the brain's neuroplasticity and its potential to adapt to complex multitasking scenarios with adequate training.
  • The recommendation to limit notifications and minimize social media use may not be practical or desirable for everyone, especially for those whose work or personal life relies heavily on digital communication.
  • The claim that only about 2.5 percent of the population can effectively multitask, or are "supertaskers," may be an oversimplification, as the ability to multitask effectively could be context-dependent and might not be a fixed trait.
  • The suggestion that women may be better at multitasking than men could be seen as reinforcing gender stereotypes and may not be supported by conclusive scientific evidence.
  • The Pomodoro Technique and other similar methods for boosting productivity may not be suitable for all types of work or for all individuals, as some tasks require extended periods of focus without breaks.

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Multitasking: Working slower with worse results

Multitasking is a myth

Clark and Bryant address the common misunderstanding related to multitasking, explaining that humans are not actually multitasking but quickly switching between tasks, which is less efficient and degrades performance.

Humans can't actually multitask but rather quickly switch between tasks

Clark clarifies that what many people consider multitasking is, in fact, the brain flipping back and forth between tasks, not performing them simultaneously. This requires the brain to decide which activity is a priority, engaging in what is known as adaptive executive control. Bryant and Clark emphasize that while the brain might manage simple tasks at once, it struggles to multitask with more complex or numerous activities.

Switching between tasks has a time cost associated with it

They discuss the concept of a "switching cost"—a lag or loss of productivity due to the time spent transitioning from one task to another. Clark explains that the brain requires a moment to switch between activities, and it's effectively inactive during that time. Every switch incurs inefficiencies, with this cost being notably higher for people with ADHD, who have a deficit in reducing the switching cost compared to those without ADHD.

Attempting to multitask makes task performance worse

Attempting to multitask is not only futile but also detracts from performance, as noted by Clark. When people try to perform multiple tasks, ne ...

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Multitasking is a myth

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Switching cost is the time and productivity lost when transitioning between tasks. It involves a delay as the brain shifts focus, impacting efficiency. This cost is higher for complex tasks and can be more pronounced in individuals with ADHD. Attempting to multitask increases switching costs and decreases overall performance.
  • Individuals with ADHD may experience difficulties in reducing the switching cost associated with moving between tasks. This means that they may have challenges in transitioning efficiently from one activity to another, leading to potential delays and inefficiencies in task performance. The switching cost, whic ...

Counterarguments

  • Some research suggests that certain types of multitasking may be possible when the tasks involved are highly distinct and use different types of cognitive resources, such as walking while talking.
  • There is evidence that with extensive practice and training, some individuals can improve their ability to multitask on specific tasks, indicating that the brain may have some capacity for task management improvement.
  • The concept of continuous partial attention suggests that people can maintain a level of attention across multiple streams of information, which could be considered a form of multitasking.
  • The negative effects of multitasking might be less pronounced in tasks that are highly automated or routine for an individual, as these tasks require less cognitive control.
  • Some argue that the concept of multitasking is not entirely a myth but rather a spectrum, where certain multitasking scenarios are more feasible than others.
  • The idea of a "switching cost" may not apply equally to all types of tasks or all individuals, and some people might exper ...

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Multitasking: Working slower with worse results

The brain has limits on information processing abilities

The brain's capacity for handling information is finite, and multitasking poses significant challenges, particularly to the prefrontal cortex, which plays a crucial role in coordinating our activities.

The prefrontal cortex coordinates multitasking but is limited

The prefrontal cortex, which is active when we pay attention, spans the left and right sides of the brain and coordinates activity when we focus on a single task. However, when we attempt to multitask, this area of the brain has to divide its resources.

Dividing attention between two complex tasks overwhelms capacities

The ineffectivene ...

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The brain has limits on information processing abilities

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making, planning, and problem-solving. It helps us focus on tasks by coordinating different brain regions. Multitasking can strain the prefrontal cortex as it has to divide its resources, potentially leading to reduced efficiency and productivity.
  • When multitasking, the brain divides its resources by allocating different parts of the prefrontal cortex to handle separate tasks simultaneously. This division of attention can overwhelm the brain's processing capacities, leading to inefficiency and reduced productivity. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for coordinating activities, has to split its focus between the left and right sides to manage multiple complex tasks. This strain on th ...

Counterarguments

  • The concept of brain limits is more nuanced than a simple finite capacity; the brain's neuroplasticity allows it to adapt and potentially improve its information processing abilities over time with practice and training.
  • Some research suggests that what is often perceived as multitasking is actually task-switching, and the brain may be more capable of this than previously thought, especially with habitual or well-learned tasks.
  • The prefrontal cortex is not the only area involved in coordinating activities; other brain regions and networks also contribute to task management and attention.
  • There is evidence that some individuals, often referred to as "supertaskers," may be exceptionally good at multitasking without the expected decrease in performance, indicating that there might be individual differences in multitasking abilities.
  • The degree to which multitasking affects performance can d ...

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Multitasking: Working slower with worse results

Distractions and interruptions are related to multitasking

The hosts discuss the various ways in which multitasking and distractions impact performance and focus, particularly in the academic context. They note the negative effects of high levels of multitasking on grades and emphasize the need to distinguish between multitasking and the distractions that often accompany it.

Notifications and alerts should be limited to reduce distractions

Chuck Bryant and Josh Clark acknowledge that modern communications like email, texting, and push notifications are frequent sources of distractions, which can contribute to multitasking and harm concentration. To combat these interruptions, the hosts suggest that notifications on devices should be limited.

Chuck Bryant personally recommends turning off notifications to reduce d ...

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Distractions and interruptions are related to multitasking

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Chuck Bryant and Josh Clark are the hosts of a discussion on multitasking and distractions. They provide insights on how notifications and alerts can impact focus and performance. The hosts recommend limiting notifications to reduce distractions and improve concentration. Turning off notifications and minimizing social media use are suggested strategies to enhance focus and task management.
  • Multitasking involves engaging in multiple tasks simultaneously, which can lead to divided attention and reduced performance. Distractions are external stimuli that divert focus from the primary task at hand, often resulting in interruptions and decreased productivity. In the context of the text, multitasking and distractions are linked as distractions can arise from attempting to juggle multiple tasks simultaneously, impacting one's ability to concentrate effectively. By managing distractions and minimizing multitasking, individuals can enhance their focus and task performance.
  • Distractions, such as notifications and multitasking, can negatively ...

Counterarguments

  • Multitasking can sometimes be beneficial for certain tasks or for people who have honed the skill.
  • Some studies suggest that a small amount of distraction can boost creativity and problem-solving.
  • The impact of multitasking on grades may not be solely negative; it could depend on the nature of the tasks and the individual's multitasking ability.
  • Notifications and alerts can be crucial for time-sensitive communications and may not always be practical to turn off.
  • Limiting notifications might not be sufficient for improving focus if the underlying habit of distraction is not addressed.
  • Turning off notifications could lead to missing important or ...

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Multitasking: Working slower with worse results

Media multitasking using multiple screens is increasingly common

The landscape of media consumption is continually evolving, and recent trends indicate a significant rise in media multitasking, where individuals engage with multiple forms of technology simultaneously. Studies have illuminated this shift, revealing how the simultaneous use of media devices has increased over the years.

A small percentage of "supertaskers" can handle multiple inputs

While multitasking across various screens has become a common aspect of daily life, it’s crucial to recognize that only a tiny fraction of the population may truly excel at this practice. Bryant mentioned the concept of "supertaskers," a term referring to those rare individuals who can effectively manage multiple tasks without a decline in performance.

Research from the University of Utah highlights the existence of "supertaskers," who represent a small subset of the population. In an observational study including 400 people, they found that only about 2.5 percent could be considered supertaskers, hinting that for the vast majority, multitasking could lead to a drop in productivity or effectiveness.

The discussion also touched on the possibility that the ability to juggle multiple tasks effectively might be ...

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Media multitasking using multiple screens is increasingly common

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • "Supertaskers" are individuals who can effectively manage multiple tasks without a decline in performance. They represent a small subset of the population, with only about 2.5 percent of people considered to be supertaskers. This ability to juggle tasks effectively may be an emerging human trait developed in response to the technological environment. Research suggests that for most people, multitasking can lead to a drop in productivity or effectiveness.
  • The potential gender difference in multitasking abilities suggests that there may be variations in how men and women handle multiple tasks simultaneously. Some studies have hinted at the possibility that women might excel at multitasking compared to men, althou ...

Counterarguments

  • The prevalence of media multitasking does not necessarily imply that it is beneficial or that people are becoming more adept at it.
  • Correlation between the rise in simultaneous use of media devices and actual multitasking ability is not clearly established.
  • The concept of "supertaskers" might be oversimplified, and the ability to multitask effectively could be more nuanced and context-dependent.
  • The study from the University of Utah might not be generalizable due to its sample size or methodology.
  • The claim that multitasking leads to a drop in productivity for most individuals may not account for individual differences in task type, complexity, or personal strategies for managing multiple tasks.
  • The idea that the ability to juggle multiple tasks effectively is an emerging human trait may be speculative and not ...

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Multitasking: Working slower with worse results

Excessive multitasking should be avoided for productivity and focus

Clark addresses a common but often counterproductive strategy utilized by many in today’s fast-paced world: multitasking. He suggests that multitasking may not be as effective as people believe and implies that reducing multitasking could be beneficial for enhancing productivity and focus.

Clark notes that multitasking has become ingrained in modern life. Yet, he implies that these simultaneous activities might not yield efficiency in our professional and personal tasks. Instead, he points out that the frequent switching between tasks can actually lead to inefficiencies and a notable loss in productivity.

The transcript suggests that because of the drawbacks associated with task switching, strategies to avoid excessive multitasking should be considered. It implies that doing so could help individuals maximize their productivity and narrow their focus ...

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Excessive multitasking should be avoided for productivity and focus

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method developed by Francesco Cirillo in the late 1980s. It involves breaking work into intervals, traditionally 25 minutes in length, separated by short breaks. After completing four intervals, a longer break is taken. This technique aims to improve focus and productivity by encouraging individuals to work in ...

Counterarguments

  • While excessive multitasking can be counterproductive, moderate multitasking might be beneficial for certain types of work or for people who thrive in dynamic environments.
  • Some research suggests that multitasking can be effective if the tasks being combined are highly dissimilar and use different types of cognitive resources.
  • Task switching can sometimes lead to a loss of productivity, but it can also provide mental breaks from intensive tasks, potentially leading to greater overall long-term productivity.
  • Strategies to reduce multitasking may not be one-size-fits-all; individual differences in work style and cognitive capacity mean that some people ...

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