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The Story of the Nuclear Boy Scout | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

By iHeartPodcasts

In a deeply compelling episode of "Stuff You Should Know," hosts Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant delve into the extraordinary yet troubled life of David Hahn, known as the "Nuclear Boy Scout." Hahn's unique story is a tale that intertwines the spark of boyhood curiosity with the grim consequences of unchecked scientific ambitions. Follow the hosts as they trace his journey from a young, enthusiastic chemistry aficionado to a figure whose ambitious nuclear experiments eventually led to his undoing.

The episode highlights how Hahn's attempts to build a homemade nuclear reactor in his teenage years caught the attention of federal authorities, leading to an extensive decontamination process at his residence. But beyond his scientific achievements, Clark and Bryant expose the subsequent chapters of Hahn's life marred by mental health issues, substance abuse, and an untimely death at the age of 39. "Stuff You Should Know" offers listeners both a fascinating exploration of an incredible scientific pursuit and a poignant reflection on the human cost of a genius lost too soon.

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The Story of the Nuclear Boy Scout | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

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The Story of the Nuclear Boy Scout | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

1-Page Summary

Mental Illness and Substance Abuse

David's adulthood was marked by the challenges of mental illness and substance abuse that intertwine to contribute to his early demise at age 39. Post-EPA cleanup, he descended into a deep depression, exacerbated by the mockery of his high school peers who called him "Radioactive Boy". His subsequent military service in the Navy and Marines did not provide a lasting foundation for a stable life post-discharge, as he grappled with unemployment. In his 30s, David was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and depression and developed an addiction to cocaine among other substances. In 2010, his drug issues led to a rehab stint after drug charges. In a tragic culmination of his struggles, he succumbed to a lethal combination of alcohol, fentanyl, and Benadryl.

Childhood Chemistry Experiments

From childhood, David's interest in chemistry and radioactivity, sparked by a chemistry book he received at age 10, propelled him towards increasingly perilous experiments. His creation of nitroglycerin at 14, igniting a fire with powdered magnesium at a Boy Scout camp, and causing a home laboratory mishap with his self-tanning lotion attempt are examples of his risky scientific endeavors. His home environment suffered from his experiments, resulting in a ban imposed by his parents. Relocating his operations to his mother's potting shed in Golf Manor did little to dampen his exploratory spirit but eventually led to government intervention. This sequence of events is a vivid illustration of a young, unchecked curiosity evolving into hazardous undertakings.

Building a Nuclear Reactor

David's remarkable venture into nuclear physics began with his pursuit of the Atomic Energy merit badge as a Boy Scout, spurring him to construct a neutron gun using americium extracted from smoke detectors. His quest continued with the attempt to build his very own "breeder" reactor. David solicited supplies from various sources, including significant guidance from Donald Erb, an NRC official he deceived into thinking he was a professional. His efforts included acquiring materials such as thorium and lithium from unconventional sources and trying to procure uranium for his experiments. At 17 years old, David established a homemade breeder reactor in his mother's potting shed, unaware he was producing perilous levels of radiation. When federal authorities discovered the reactor, they deemed his house a superfund site due to the extreme radiation being emitted, necessitating a costly cleanup operation. The dismantling of the reactor and contamination site mitigated the risk his homemade nuclear venture posed to public safety.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Post-EPA cleanup typically involves addressing environmental contamination on a site that may have been caused by hazardous substances or pollutants. This cleanup process is often necessary to ensure the safety of the environment and public health. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plays a key role in overseeing and regulating these cleanup efforts. The term "post-EPA cleanup" signifies the actions taken after the EPA has identified and addressed environmental hazards on a particular site.
  • Americium is a synthetic radioactive element with atomic number 95. It is commonly used in smoke detectors and industrial applications. Americium was discovered during the Manhattan Project in 1944. It is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors.
  • A breeder reactor is a type of nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes. These reactors can use more abundant isotopes like uranium-238 and thorium-232 to generate fuel. By utilizing a high neutron economy, breeder reactors can convert non-fissile materials into fissile fuel through a process called breeding. This allows for a more efficient use of nuclear fuel resources and has the potential to significantly reduce concerns about fuel supply and waste management in nuclear energy production.
  • A Superfund site is an area contaminated with hazardous substances that poses risks to human health or the environment. These sites are designated for cleanup under a U.S. federal program managed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The cleanup process involves investigating the extent of contamination and implementing remedial actions to mitigate the risks associated with the hazardous materials present. The goal is to address the environmental and health hazards posed by the contamination, often through the identification of responsible parties who are financially liable for the cleanup efforts.

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The Story of the Nuclear Boy Scout | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

Mental Illness and Substance Abuse

David struggles with mental illness and substance abuse later in life

David’s adulthood was fraught with personal battles, from mental health issues to struggles with addiction, which ultimately led to his premature death.

David becomes depressed after the EPA cleanup; classmates call him "Radioactive Boy"

After the EPA cleanup of his radiation-emitting materials, David fell into a deep depression. The echo of his past followed him into the hallways of his school, where he was cruelly nicknamed "Radioactive Boy" by his high school classmates, likely aggravating his mental distress.

David serves in the Navy and Marines, then struggles to find direction and steady work as an adult

In search of a fresh start, David joined the Navy and served for several years with an honorable discharge, followed by a stint in the Marines. However, the stability of military life did not transition into civilian life where he later found himself unemployed and at a loss for direction and steady work.

In his 30s, David battles paranoid schizophrenia, depression, and addiction to cocaine and other substances

By 2007, entering his 30s, David's situation had grown more dire. He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and depression, mental illnesses that intertwined ...

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Mental Illness and Substance Abuse

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • David's transition from military service to civilian life was challenging as he struggled to find stability and steady work after leaving the Navy and Marines. The structured environment of the military did not seamlessly translate into civilian employment, leading to difficulties in adjusting to life outside the armed forces. This transition period highlighted the complexities many veterans face when reintegrating into society post-service. The lack of direction and employment opportunities exacerbated David's existing mental health and substance abuse issues.
  • David's substance abuse issues progressed significantly in his 30s, with a confirmed use of cocaine leading to a rehab stint following drug charges in 2010. This substance abuse was intertwined with his mental health struggles, including paranoid schizophrenia and depression. The combination of mental illness and substance abuse ultimately led to his premature death at the age of 39 due to the combined ef ...

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The Story of the Nuclear Boy Scout | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

Childhood Chemistry Experiments

David’s childhood curiosity in chemistry and radioactivity set him on a path that would both inspire future scientists and lead to dangerous and uncontrolled experiments.

David receives a chemistry book at age 10 which sparks a lifelong fascination with chemistry and radioactivity

Taylor Wilson, who later became a nuclear physicist, drew inspiration from David’s early life story, indicating that David’s interest in chemistry and radioactivity began when he was quite young.

David begins attempting increasingly dangerous home chemistry experiments as a teenager

Combining chemicals with curiosity

By the time he was 14, David had already made nitroglycerin, a task known more for its high level of risk than its complexity. Showing little regard for safety, he ambitiously began to bring his experiments outside of his personal workspace.

Explosive Scout Camp and a Home Laboratory Mishap

David's fascination with creating his own fireworks led him to bring powdered magnesium to a Boy Scout camp, which resulted in a destructive fire that damaged a tent.

Back at home, his experimental streak continued to cause trouble; an attempt to create a self-tanning lotion without UV radiation led not to bronzed skin, but to his skin turning an unhealthy shade of orange due to a Canthaxanthin overdose. His bedroom became a victim of his science forays, sustaining serious damage with stained carpets and ruined walls that ultimately led his parents to banish his experiments first to the basement and then alt ...

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Childhood Chemistry Experiments

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Nitroglycerin is a highly explosive compound that is notoriously unstable and sensitive to shock, making it extremely dangerous to handle and store. Its volatility has led to numerous accidents and mishaps in the past, earning it a reputation for being one of the most hazardous substances in the field of chemistry. Despite its risks, nitroglycerin has been used in various applications, including as an explosive in mining and construction, as well as in medicine for treating certain heart conditions.
  • Canthaxanthin is a pigment used in food and supplements to enhance color. In high doses, it can cause a condition called canthaxanthin retinopathy, where the skin turns orange. This effect is sometimes sought after for tanning purposes but can lead to unintended consequences like discoloration of the skin.
  • David's experiments resulted in the contamination of materials and soil wit ...

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The Story of the Nuclear Boy Scout | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

Building a Nuclear Reactor

In an extraordinary tale, David, a Boy Scout working towards his Atomic Energy merit badge, embarked on a journey that would lead him to build his own makeshift nuclear reactor.

David decides to earn the Atomic Energy merit badge as a Boy Scout

David chose the Atomic Energy badge, introduced in 1963, to earn his Eagle Scout, driven by a long-standing interest in starting a nuclear chain reaction. The merit badge pamphlet, which had extensive information on radioactive elements and starting a reactor, became a critical resource for him.

David builds a "neutron gun" with radioactive americium extracted from smoke detectors

David was inspired by the Atomic Energy merit badge tasks to construct a neutron gun using radioactive material from smoke detectors. He tried stealing the detectors from a Boy Scout camp but was caught. Undeterred, he later successfully acquired 100 broken smoke detectors under the guise of a school project. He extracted the americium using methods learned from a helpful company and welded it with a blowtorch.

David attempts to build his own nuclear "breeder" reactor

Using the americium from the neutron gun and corresponding with Donald Erb, an NRC official, David crafted what was essentially a mini reactor core. Under the pretense of being a professor, he sought information and supplies from various sources, unknowingly gaining substantial assistance from Donald Erb.

Unable to find natural uranium with a Geiger counter in Michigan, he decided to purchase pure uranium from a Czechoslovakian firm, sourcing thorium from gas lantern mantles, and lithium from batteries. David also acquired tritium from gun sights using a method suggested by Erb.

At age 17, his experimentation culminated in the construction of a breeder reactor in his mother's potting shed. This creation was emitting dangerous levels of radiation which were detectable in the surrounding neighborhood.

The reactor is emitting dangerous levels of radiation de ...

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Building a Nuclear Reactor

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Building a nuclear reactor as a Boy Scout project is an extremely rare and highly dangerous endeavor. It involves significant scientific knowledge, access to radioactive materials, and a high level of risk due to the potential for radiation exposure and environmental contamination. This type of project goes far beyond typical scouting activities and can have serious legal and safety implications. The story of David's nuclear reactor project is an exceptional and concerning case that deviates from the usual scope of Boy Scout projects.
  • To construct a "neutron gun" using radioactive americium from smoke detectors, one would extract the americium-241 isotope from the detectors. Americium-241 is a radioactive material commonly found in smoke detectors to detect smoke. By repurposing this material, individuals can create a neutron source for various scientific experiments, including initiating nuclear reactions. The process involves carefully handling and isolating the radioactive material to ensure safety and prevent unintended exposure to radiation. This neutron source can be used in educational settings or research projects that require controlled neutron radiation.
  • A breeder reactor is a type of nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes. This is achieved by converting non-fissile isotopes into fissile isotopes through nuclear reactions. Breeder reactors are designed to generate more nuclear fuel than they consume, making them potentially more efficient and sustainable in terms of fuel usage. The process of breeding fuel typically involves converting materials like thorium or depleted uranium in ...

Counterarguments

  • The merit badge was designed to educate about nuclear energy, not to encourage the actual building of a reactor.
  • Extracting americium from smoke detectors is illegal and dangerous, and does not align with Boy Scout values of obeying the law and being considerate of public safety.
  • Building a nuclear reactor without proper knowledge, containment, or regulatory oversight is irresponsible and poses significant risks to public health and safety.
  • The detection of radiation from the makeshift reactor indicates a failure to understand and impl ...

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