Podcasts > Stuff You Should Know > Dry Cleaning: Not Really Dry(!) | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

Dry Cleaning: Not Really Dry(!) | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

By iHeartPodcasts

Embark on a fascinating journey through the often overlooked world of dry cleaning with "Stuff You Should Know" hosts Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant. Their latest deep dive uncovers the dangerous history and evolving future of this everyday service. From its flammable origins to the environmental challenges of today, the hosts unravel the surprising intricacies behind cleaning our clothes without water.

Listen as Josh and Chuck paint a portrait of innovation and risk that spans centuries. They honor Thomas Jennings, a visionary African American tailor, and detail the shift from hazardous early practices to contemporary cleaning methods wrestling with health and ecological repercussions. Discover how modern "green" practices like wet cleaning and liquid CO2 are revolutionizing the industry, paving the way for a safer and more sustainable future in garment care.

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Dry Cleaning: Not Really Dry(!) | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

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Dry Cleaning: Not Really Dry(!) | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

1-Page Summary

History of dry cleaning

Dry cleaning has evolved significantly over time, from its perilous beginnings to safer methods. Jean-Baptiste Jollie's accidental revelation in France concerning cleaning properties of flammable liquids like camphine set the stage for early dry cleaning solvents, which included not just camphine but also pernicious substances like kerosene, gasoline, and turpentine. These were volatile and posed serious risks, thus leading to dry cleaners setting up shop away from populated areas. With growing safety concerns, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene emerged as alternatives but brought forth their own dangers, such as being carcinogenic and damaging to equipment.

The safety of dry cleaning owes much to Thomas Jennings, a Black American tailor, who made strides in improving the process. In 1821, he patented "dry scouring," a game-changer in how clothing was cleaned without harm. Tragically, the details of his invention were lost in the 1836 patent office fire but his reputation as the first African American patent holder and an innovator in the dry cleaning industry remains intact.

Modern dry cleaning

Modern dry cleaning, although refined, is undergoing a transformation driven by environmental and health concerns associated with traditional solvents. Perchloroethylene (PERC), safer than its predecessors and aiding in reducing the scale of operations, is a popular choice due to its recyclable nature. It undergoes a filtration process, enabling it to be reused within cycles. Despite this efficiency, the use of PERC is fraught with risks such as respiratory problems, eye irritation, and neurological effects from exposure. It's also been linked to environmental contamination, leading to costly site remediations and regulatory actions. The EPA has imposed restrictions on PERC's use and some states like California have banned it outright.

The push for "green" dry cleaning methods is in full swing, with alternatives like wet cleaning, liquid CO2, silicone solvents, and hydrocarbon solvents vying for adoption. Wet cleaning avoids hazardous chemicals altogether and is supported by environmental agencies. Liquid CO2, although costly, offers an environmentally friendly option without toxic waste byproduct. Silicon-based and hydrocarbon solvents pose their respective environmental challenges and misconceptions. Despite the expenses, liquid CO2 cleaning emerges as the leading sustainable choice for the industry, signaling a direction towards more environmentally conscious garment care.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Jean-Baptiste Jollie accidentally discovered the cleaning properties of flammable liquids like camphine in France. These substances were initially used as dry cleaning solvents due to their ability to dissolve dirt and stains from fabrics. However, they were hazardous and volatile, leading to safety concerns in the early days of dry cleaning.
  • Early dry cleaning solvents like camphine, kerosene, gasoline, and turpentine were used in the past for cleaning clothes. These solvents were highly flammable and posed significant risks to both the cleaners and the environment. Due to their volatile nature, dry cleaners had to operate away from populated areas to minimize the dangers associated with these substances. Despite their effectiveness in cleaning clothes, these solvents were hazardous and led to the search for safer alternatives over time.
  • Carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene were used as alternatives to earlier dry cleaning solvents due to their cleaning properties. However, they were found to be hazardous, with risks including carcinogenic effects and damage to equipment. These chemicals posed health risks to workers and the environment, leading to concerns about their safety and usage in the dry cleaning industry. Regulatory actions and advancements in technology have since prompted a shift towards more environmentally friendly and safer alternatives in modern dry cleaning practices.
  • Thomas Jennings patented "dry scouring" in 1821, revolutionizing the cleaning process for clothing. This method allowed garments to be cleaned without the use of water, unlike traditional laundering. Jennings' innovation marked a significant advancement in the history of dry cleaning, especially in terms of efficiency and effectiveness.
  • Perchloroethylene (PERC) has been a commonly used solvent in the dry cleaning industry due to its effectiveness in removing stains and odors from clothing. It is favored for its ability to be recycled and reused multiple times, making it a cost-effective option for dry cleaners. However, PERC is associated with health risks such as respiratory issues and environmental concerns, leading to regulatory restrictions and bans in some regions. The push for more environmentally friendly alternatives has been driven by the desire to reduce these risks and move towards sustainable practices in the dry cleaning industry.
  • Perchloroethylene (PERC) is a commonly used dry cleaning solvent that can pose health risks when inhaled, leading to respiratory problems and eye irritation. Additionally, improper handling and disposal of PERC can result in environmental contamination, impacting soil and groundwater. These risks have prompted regulatory actions and restrictions on PERC usage to mitigate its harmful effects on both human health and the environment.
  • "Green" dry cleaning methods like wet cleaning, liquid CO2, silicone solvents, and hydrocarbon solvents are environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional dry cleaning solvents. Wet cleaning uses water-based solutions instead of chemicals. Liquid CO2 cleaning utilizes carbon dioxide in a pressurized form to clean garments without toxic byproducts. Silicone and hydrocarbon solvents are other eco-friendly options in the dry cleaning industry.

Counterarguments

  • The historical significance of Jean-Baptiste Jollie's discovery may be overstated, as the use of non-water-based solvents for cleaning was likely a practice that evolved over time with multiple contributors.
  • The narrative around Thomas Jennings' contribution, while significant, may overshadow other historical figures and innovations in the dry cleaning industry that also played important roles.
  • The text implies that PERC is popular due to its recyclability, but it's also important to note that its widespread adoption was due to its effectiveness at cleaning and the lack of better alternatives at the time.
  • The environmental and health concerns associated with PERC are well-documented, but the text does not acknowledge that the industry has developed stringent handling and disposal procedures to mitigate these risks.
  • The assertion that liquid CO2 cleaning is the leading sustainable choice may be premature, as the industry is still exploring and evaluating the effectiveness and economic viability of various "green" alternatives.
  • The text does not address the potential drawbacks of wet cleaning, such as the limitations in cleaning certain types of fabrics or the possible need for significant investment in new equipment by dry cleaners.
  • While liquid CO2 is touted as environmentally friendly, the text does not discuss the energy required to maintain CO2 in a liquid state, which could offset some of its environmental benefits.
  • Silicon-based and hydrocarbon solvents are mentioned as having environmental challenges, but the text does not provide a balanced view of their potential advantages or the progress made in improving their environmental profiles.
  • The focus on "green" dry cleaning methods may overlook the fact that the adoption of these methods is often limited by economic factors, such as the cost of new equipment and the willingness of consumers to pay potentially higher prices for environmentally friendly services.

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Dry Cleaning: Not Really Dry(!) | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

History of dry cleaning

The history of dry cleaning is marked by a series of developments, from dangerous chemicals to safer practices, with a significant early contribution by inventor Thomas Jennings.

Early dry cleaning processes used dangerous chemicals like camphine and kerosene

Josh Clark recalls an incident in France, where Jean-Baptiste Jollie accidentally spilled a flammable liquid, probably camphine, on a tablecloth and discovered its cleaning properties. Early dry cleaning solvents, including kerosene, gasoline, and turpentine, were not only hazardous but highly flammable. Due to the risk of explosion, dry cleaning facilities that used these substances were typically located on the outskirts of towns to minimize potential damage. As safety concerns grew, these early dangerous solvents were replaced by carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene; however, these alternatives had severe issues as well, such as carcinogenic properties and the potential to corrode machinery.

Inventor Thomas Jennings patented a safer "dry scouring" process in 1821

Chuck Bryant sheds light on Thomas Jennings, a Black American tailor from New York City, who significantly improved the safety of the dry cleaning process. In 1821, Jennings patented a method called "dry scouring," which effectively eradicated dirt and grease fro ...

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History of dry cleaning

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Camphine was a lamp fuel made from purified spirits of turpentine, popular in the 19th century for its bright light. It was used in lamps that required a strong draft to prevent smoking. Camphine was widely used in the United States and Europe as a cost-effective alternative to other lighting options like gas or sperm oil.
  • Carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene were solvents used in dry cleaning processes as alternatives to earlier hazardous chemicals. However, they also posed ...

Counterarguments

...

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Dry Cleaning: Not Really Dry(!) | STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW

Modern dry cleaning

Modern dry cleaning is undergoing a significant shift due to the environmental and health concerns of traditional solvent usage, and a move towards green alternatives is gaining momentum.

Uses solvent perchloroethylene (PERC) which is recycled through a filtration process

The hosts discuss the prevalence of perchloroethylene (PERC) in the dry-cleaning industry, a solvent chosen for its safety compared to earlier cleaning methods and its ability to reduce the size of dry-cleaning operations. PERC does not break down easily, allowing it to be used for an extended period through filtration and recycling. About 200 gallons circulate through the system in an eight-minute cycle, contaminating it with dirt from the clothes but then being filtered and reused. As soon as the cycle completes, the remaining PERC is vaporized and condensed back into liquid for reuse. This process allows only periodic replenishment of the solvent, significantly less frequent than older machines required.

In the US, 60 to 65% of dry cleaners use PERC, while in Europe, the figure is about 85%. European Union countries have mandated more advanced machines for the use of PERC, which presumably includes improved filtration and containment. In the United States, regulations require upgrading older PERC machines and new installations must use advanced machines that handle PERC more effectively.

Health and environmental dangers of PERC contamination require expensive cleanups

Despite its advantages, PERC poses significant health and environmental risks. Workers exposed to PERC have reported early side effects such as breathing issues, eye irritation, and dizziness. PERC, related to chloroform, is a neurotoxin that has caused problems for humans and the environment, including soil and groundwater contamination, and has the ability to vaporize and penetrate neighboring buildings. This has led to expensive cleanups of old dry-cleaning sites, some of which have turned into contaminated areas. Communities have suffered from a range of health issues due to prolonged exposure, and as a result, the EPA determined that by December 2020, PERC was prohibited from use in residential buildings, and states like California have entirely banned the substance. The responsibility of assessing and cleaning contamination falls on both current and former dry cleaning business owners, as well as on businesses that occupy spaces where dry cleaning operations previously existed.

New "green" alternatives: wet cleaning, liquid CO2, silicone solvents, hydrocarbon solvents

The search for "green" alternatives i ...

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Modern dry cleaning

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Perchloroethylene (PERC) is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning due to its effectiveness in removing stains and its ability to be recycled through filtration systems. However, PERC poses health and environmental risks, as it is a neurotoxin related to chloroform and can contaminate soil and groundwater. Regulations in various regions aim to mitigate these risks by mandating advanced machines for PERC use and promoting the adoption of greener alternatives in the dry-cleaning industry.
  • In the dry cleaning process using PERC, the solvent is filtered and recycled to maintain its effectiveness. The solvent circulates through a filtration system, removing dirt and contaminants from the clothes. After each cycle, the remaining PERC is vaporized and condensed back into liquid for reuse. This recycling process allows for less frequent replenishment of the solvent, making it more efficient and cost-effective.
  • PERC, a solvent used in dry cleaning, poses health risks like breathing issues and eye irritation for workers. It is a neurotoxin linked to soil and groundwater contamination, requiring costly cleanups. Prolonged exposure to PERC can lead to various health problems in communities. Due to these risks, regulations have been put in place to restrict its use in certain settings.
  • PERC, a solvent used in dry cleaning, has been linked to health and environmental risks. Due to these concerns, regulations have been put in place to restrict its usage. For example, the EPA prohibited PERC from use in residential buildings by December 2020, and states like California have completely banned the substance. This has led to the responsibility of assessing and cleaning up contamination falling on dry cleaning business owners and former operators.
  • Green alternatives to PERC in dry cleaning include wet cleaning, which uses water and mild detergents, liquid CO2 cleaning that utilizes captured carbon dioxide, hydrocar ...

Counterarguments

  • While PERC is recycled through a filtration process, the text does not address the energy consumption and environmental impact of the recycling process itself.
  • The safety of PERC as a solvent is relative; it may be safer than previous methods but still poses significant health and environmental risks.
  • Regulations for upgrading machines to better handle PERC may not be uniformly enforced or may not go far enough to mitigate the risks associated with PERC usage.
  • The text implies that all green alternatives are better than PERC, but each alternative has its own set of trade-offs and potential environmental impacts that may not be fully understood or disclosed.
  • The term 'organic' for hydrocarbon solvents may be misleading, but it does indicate a difference in chemical composition that could have implications for environmental and health safety.
  • The high cost of liquid CO2 cleaning systems could be prohibitive for small businesses, potentially limiting the widespread adoption of this green alternative.
  • The production of dioxin from silicone-based solvents is a concern, but the text does not provide information on the extent of this issue or how ...

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