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'Here Where We Live Is Our Country' chronicles the history of the Jewish Labor Bund

By NPR (podcasts@npr.org)

In this episode of NPR's Book of the Day, Molly Crabapple discusses her work chronicling the Jewish Labor Bund, a revolutionary political party founded in 1897 that combined secular socialism with Jewish cultural identity. Crabapple explains the Bundist philosophy of "hereness"—the conviction that Jews should build liberated lives in their own communities rather than emigrate—and how this movement was largely erased from modern Jewish historical narratives following the Holocaust and the rise of Zionism.

The conversation explores the ideological conflict between Bundists and Zionists, including the Bund's ethical opposition to Zionism as a form of colonial alignment. Crabapple also addresses the backlash her work has received, with critics arguing that the Bund's decision to remain in Europe was catastrophic. She responds by examining how historical outcomes were shaped by forces beyond any Jewish movement's control, challenging retrospective judgments about the Bund's choices.

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'Here Where We Live Is Our Country' chronicles the history of the Jewish Labor Bund

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'Here Where We Live Is Our Country' chronicles the history of the Jewish Labor Bund

1-Page Summary

The Jewish Bund's Ideology and Philosophy

Molly Crabapple describes the Jewish labor Bund as a revolutionary political party founded in 1897 in the Czarist Empire, combining secular socialism with defiant Jewish identity. Through extensive research—including learning Yiddish and traveling through Eastern Europe—Crabapple explored this movement that distinguished itself through Jewish cultural pride combined with leftist activism.

Leila Fadel introduces the Bundist concept of "hereness," which Crabapple explains as the belief that Jews shouldn't have to emigrate to find freedom and dignity. Instead, Bundists insisted on building beautiful, liberated lives in their own communities. This philosophy was a form of resistance, affirming local rootedness and rejecting emigration as a response to persecution.

Erasure of the Bund

The Holocaust devastated the Bund's foundations in Eastern Europe, with ninety percent of Poland's Jews murdered by the Nazis. This genocide destroyed not only countless lives but an entire civilization, wiping out the Bund's vibrant cultural and political world.

Beyond Nazi destruction, the Bund faced erasure from Zionist-dominated narratives. Bundists and Zionists were ideological enemies, and as Zionism established Israel and assumed dominance in Jewish communities worldwide, the Bund's contributions were deliberately marginalized and its role in Jewish history was sidelined by those shaping modern Jewish identity around Israel's centrality.

The Bund's Anti-Zionism

Initially, Bundists dismissed Zionism as unrealistic, doubting that millions of Jews would abandon Europe to become collective farmers in the Levant. This critique reflected their confidence in securing rights at home rather than seeking refuge elsewhere.

After the Balfour Declaration, the Bund's opposition evolved on ethical grounds. Crabapple notes that Bundists now viewed Zionism as a tool of British imperialism, arguing that Zionist leaders were aligning with colonial powers rather than engaging in genuine liberation struggles.

When antisemitic governments demanded "Jews to Palestine" and Zionist figures like Zev Jabotinsky echoed similar calls, Bundists saw both as surrendering to bigotry. For the Bund, supporting Jewish emigration meant conceding victory to antisemites and accepting that Jews were unwanted in Europe—an idea they fervently rejected.

Contemporary Controversy

Crabapple's work on the Bund has sparked significant backlash, with hundreds of hostile messages daily. Critics argue that engaging with Bund history desecrates Holocaust memory, with some asserting that Bundists deserved their fate for staying in their homelands.

A major counterargument claims the Bund's decision to remain in Europe was strategically and morally catastrophic, with critics arguing that the genocide's outcome should retroactively invalidate the Bundist approach.

Crabapple challenges this retrospective condemnation, emphasizing that no Jewish movement could have withstood the Nazis' brutal war machine. She asserts that historical outcomes were shaped by overwhelming force rather than Jewish groups' strategies, pointing out that Palestine's Jewish community's relative safety resulted from geographical happenstance and British military protection, not superior ideology.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The Bund's emphasis on "hereness" and refusal to consider emigration may have limited options for Jews who could have escaped rising antisemitism and violence in Europe, potentially contributing to their vulnerability during the Holocaust.
  • While the Bund criticized Zionism as unrealistic, the eventual establishment of Israel and the survival of its Jewish population during the Holocaust suggest that emigration and state-building were viable strategies for Jewish survival.
  • The Bund's focus on socialist and secular identity may have alienated religious Jews or those who did not share its leftist ideology, limiting its appeal and influence within the broader Jewish community.
  • The claim that Zionist narratives deliberately erased the Bund's contributions can be challenged by noting that historical memory is shaped by many factors, including the outcomes of major events and the survival of communities, rather than solely by intentional marginalization.
  • The Bund's opposition to Zionism as "imperialist" can be critiqued by pointing out that many Zionists viewed their movement as a national liberation struggle, and that alliances with colonial powers were often pragmatic responses to geopolitical realities.
  • The assertion that no Jewish movement could have survived the Nazis may overlook the fact that some Jews who emigrated or joined other movements (including Zionist ones) did survive, suggesting that different strategies had different outcomes for different groups.

Actionables

  • you can strengthen your sense of belonging and pride in your local community by learning about and celebrating its unique cultural traditions, organizing small gatherings with neighbors to share stories, recipes, or music that reflect your shared heritage or diverse backgrounds.
  • a practical way to resist narratives that erase minority contributions is to document and share overlooked stories from your own family or community, such as creating a simple digital scrapbook or timeline that highlights the achievements and challenges of people whose voices are often marginalized.
  • you can practice rootedness and dignity by volunteering for or supporting local initiatives that address injustice or discrimination in your area, such as joining a neighborhood watch, participating in mutual aid efforts, or helping organize a community clean-up, showing that positive change can happen where you live.

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'Here Where We Live Is Our Country' chronicles the history of the Jewish Labor Bund

The Jewish Bund's Ideology: Secular, Socialist, Jewish Focus on "Hereness"

Bund: A Revolutionary Secular Socialist Party of the Late 19th Century

Molly Crabapple describes the Jewish labor Bund as a revolutionary political party born in 1897 in the Czarist Empire. The Bund was secular, socialist, and defiantly Jewish. Its foundation centered on Jewish identity while promoting revolutionary socialism as a path to liberation. Crabapple recounts her great-grandfather Sam’s involvement with the Bund in the Russian Empire in the early 1900s, illustrating the movement’s deeply personal connections within Jewish communities.

Crabapple’s extensive research on the Bund included learning Yiddish and traveling to Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine to search archives for a fuller understanding. She emphasizes that the Bund distinguished itself through its Jewish cultural pride combined with leftist activism, setting it apart from other socialist movements of the period.

Philosophy of "Hereness": Commitment to Dignified Lives at Home Over Emigration

Leila Fadel introduces the Bundists’ principle of "hereness." Molly Crabapple explains that “hereness” meant a belief that Jews should not have to move elsewhere to seek freedom or dignity; instead, they should be able to live beautiful, free l ...

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The Jewish Bund's Ideology: Secular, Socialist, Jewish Focus on "Hereness"

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Counterarguments

  • The Bund’s philosophy of "hereness" was criticized by some as unrealistic, given the persistent and often violent antisemitism in Eastern Europe, which made local rootedness dangerous for many Jews.
  • Zionist movements argued that only a sovereign Jewish state could guarantee Jewish safety and self-determination, directly opposing the Bund’s rejection of emigration.
  • The Bund’s secularism was at odds with religious Jewish communities, who felt their spiritual and cultural needs were not represented.
  • The Bund’s focus on socialism and class struggle sometimes conflicted with the priorities of Jews who were no ...

Actionables

  • you can start a weekly tradition of sharing stories or recipes from your family or local community with friends or neighbors to strengthen cultural pride and deepen personal connections where you live; for example, invite someone over for coffee and swap stories about your families’ histories or cook a dish together that reflects your heritage.
  • a practical way to affirm local rootedness is to map out places in your neighborhood that hold personal or cultural significance and visit them intentionally, reflecting on their meaning and how they contribute to your sense of belonging; for instance, walk to a park where you grew up, a local shop with a long history, or a community center, and jot down what each place means to you.
  • you can create a small, visi ...

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'Here Where We Live Is Our Country' chronicles the history of the Jewish Labor Bund

Erasure of the Bund: Holocaust and Zionism's Role in Its Marginalization

Holocaust Devastated Bund's European Centers, Membership, and Culture

The Nazi genocide during the Holocaust annihilated the Bund’s foundations in Eastern Europe. Ninety percent of Poland’s Jews, including a significant number of Bundists, were murdered by the Nazis. This mass murder destroyed not only countless individual lives but also an entire civilization built over centuries, erasing the Bund's vibrant cultural, social, and political world. With the loss of its Eastern European base, the Bund as a movement was essentially wiped out and soon forgotten.

Zionism Marginalized Bund In Jewish Memory For Israel's Establishment

Beyond the devastation wrought by the Nazis, the Bund faced another form of erasure tied to the politics of Jewish memory and nationhood. Bundists and Zionists were longstanding ideological enemies; Bundists offered a profound and prophetic moral critique of Zionism, and that deep opposition fueled antagonism from Zionist leaders. As th ...

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Erasure of the Bund: Holocaust and Zionism's Role in Its Marginalization

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While the Holocaust devastated the Bund’s base in Eastern Europe, Bundist organizations and ideas persisted in diaspora communities, particularly in the United States, Australia, and Latin America, where they continued to have some influence after World War II.
  • The decline of the Bund was also due to broader historical forces, such as the collapse of the Yiddish-speaking world, the rise of Soviet communism (which suppressed independent socialist movements), and assimilation trends, not solely Zionist actions.
  • Zionism’s rise to prominence reflected the choices and aspirations of many Jews in the postwar period, especially after the trauma of the Holocaust, rather than a coordinated campaign to erase the Bund.
  • The Bund’s own anti-Zionist stance a ...

Actionables

  • you can keep a personal journal where you regularly reflect on and record stories, memories, or values from marginalized or forgotten communities, helping to preserve and honor their contributions in your own life
  • By writing down what you learn or notice about overlooked groups, you create a personal archive that resists erasure and keeps their legacy alive for yourself and anyone you share it with.
  • a practical way to counteract historical erasure is to intentionally include lesser-known figures, movements, or perspectives in your everyday conversations and social media posts
  • When you talk about history or identity, make a point to mention groups or ideas that are often left out, which helps broaden awareness and challenge dominant narratives.
  • you can set aside time each month ...

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'Here Where We Live Is Our Country' chronicles the history of the Jewish Labor Bund

The Bund's Anti-Zionism: Opposition to Zionism as Imperialist and Antisemitic Capitulation

Bund Dismissed Zionism As Unrealistic, Misunderstanding Jewish Demography and Migration Patterns

At its inception, the Bund considered Zionism an unrealistic and naive idea. Molly Crabapple explains that Bundists did not believe millions of Jews would willingly abandon their homes in Europe to become collective farmers in the Levant. This early critique reflected the Bund’s belief in the possibility and necessity of Jewish liberation and flourishing within their current European homelands.

Early Critique Showed Bund's Confidence in Home Liberation

The Bund’s doubt that vast numbers of Jews would migrate to the Middle East highlighted their confidence in securing rights and dignity at home rather than seeking refuge elsewhere. Their stance portrayed Zionism’s migration plans as fundamentally misunderstanding Jewish demography and migration patterns.

Balfour Declaration's Zionism Support Faced Bund's Ethical, Anti-Imperialist Opposition

After the British Empire offered its support to Zionism through the Balfour Declaration, the Bund’s opposition evolved on ethical and political grounds. Bundists now viewed Zionism not simply as a misplaced dream, but as a tool wielded by British imperialism. They believed that rather than serving Jewish liberation, Zionists were assisting the colonial aims of imperial powers.

Bundists Saw Zionism As a Tool of British Imperialism Serving Colonial Rather Than Jewish Liberation Interests

Molly Crabapple notes that for the Bund, the Balfour Declaration exposed a deeper alignment between Zionist ideology and imperial interests. Bundists argued that Zionist leaders were aligning with imperialism instead of engaging in genuine anti-colonial struggles.

The Bund Saw Zionist Support for Jewish Emigration As a Capitulation to Antisemitic Pressure and a Victory for Their Enemies

As antisemi ...

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The Bund's Anti-Zionism: Opposition to Zionism as Imperialist and Antisemitic Capitulation

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • Historical events, such as the Holocaust, tragically demonstrated that the Bund’s confidence in securing Jewish rights and safety in Europe was ultimately misplaced, as European societies proved unable or unwilling to protect their Jewish populations.
  • Zionism’s migration plans, while initially appearing unrealistic to some, did result in the successful establishment of a Jewish homeland and the migration of significant numbers of Jews, especially after World War II.
  • For many Jews facing persistent and violent antisemitism, emigration to Palestine/Israel was seen as a necessary act of self-preservation rather than a capitulation to bigotry.
  • The alignment of some Zionist leaders with imperial powers can be interpreted as pragmatic political strategy to achieve statehood, rather than a wholesale endorsement of imperialism.
  • The Bund ...

Actionables

- you can start a personal journal where you document moments when you or others challenge exclusion or discrimination in your local community, reflecting on how standing your ground or advocating for inclusion strengthens your sense of belonging and dignity.

  • a practical way to reinforce the value of flourishing where you are is to research and share stories of individuals or groups who have improved their communities without relocating, using these examples to inspire small, positive changes in your own neighborhood or workplace.
  • you can write letters or ...

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'Here Where We Live Is Our Country' chronicles the history of the Jewish Labor Bund

Contemporary Controversy: Hostile Reception and Ethical Debate On Reclaiming Bund History

The contemporary rediscovery and engagement with Bund history has ignited significant backlash, raising challenging ethical questions and historical arguments about Jewish resilience and the legacy of Holocaust memory.

Crabapple's Bund Work Sparked Anger and Hostility Over Perceived Moral Issues

Crabapple describes the deeply hostile response to her work on the Bund, revealing that she receives hundreds of inflammatory messages daily. Many of these contain disturbing comparisons, such as images of Jews murdered in the Holocaust paired with assertions that the Bundists deserved their fate for choosing to stay in their homelands. Critics vehemently contend that engaging with and reclaiming Bund history constitutes a desecration of the ancestors, and particularly a desecration of the memory of the six million Jewish victims murdered by the Nazis.

Significant Counterargument: Bund's Ethical Choice to Stay In Homelands Was Strategically and Morally Catastrophic

A major counterargument centers on the claim that the Bund’s ethical and strategic decision to remain rooted in their homelands ultimately led to their vulnerability during the Nazi genocide. Critics argue that the catastrophic outcome of Nazi extermination should retroactively inform and judge the ethics and decisions of the Bund; in other words, the failure of survival invalidates the Bundist approach.

Crabapple Questions the Idea That the Bund's Strategy Failed Due to Historical Contingency and Nazi Forces

Crabapple challenges the retrospective condemnation of the Bu ...

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Contemporary Controversy: Hostile Reception and Ethical Debate On Reclaiming Bund History

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While Crabapple emphasizes the overwhelming force of the Nazis, some historians argue that certain Jewish communities and individuals who emigrated or sought refuge elsewhere did survive, suggesting that strategic choices about emigration or resistance could, in some cases, affect survival outcomes.
  • The focus on Bund history may risk overshadowing or relativizing the experiences and choices of other Jewish groups, such as Zionists or religious communities, whose strategies and ideologies also played significant roles in Jewish history.
  • Some critics maintain that public engagement with Bund history should be sensitive to the trauma and memory of Holocaust survivors and their descendants, as revisiting contentious debates about prewar strategies can be emotionally ...

Actionables

  • You can keep a personal journal where you reflect on how historical events in your own family or community were shaped by forces beyond individual control, helping you recognize the limits of personal responsibility in the face of overwhelming circumstances.
  • A practical way to challenge simplistic judgments about past decisions is to write a letter to your future self, describing a difficult choice you made recently and the factors outside your control, then revisit it in a year to see how hindsight might affect your perspective.
  • You can create a private timelin ...

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