In this episode of NPR's Book of the Day, Molly Crabapple discusses her work chronicling the Jewish Labor Bund, a revolutionary political party founded in 1897 that combined secular socialism with Jewish cultural identity. Crabapple explains the Bundist philosophy of "hereness"—the conviction that Jews should build liberated lives in their own communities rather than emigrate—and how this movement was largely erased from modern Jewish historical narratives following the Holocaust and the rise of Zionism.
The conversation explores the ideological conflict between Bundists and Zionists, including the Bund's ethical opposition to Zionism as a form of colonial alignment. Crabapple also addresses the backlash her work has received, with critics arguing that the Bund's decision to remain in Europe was catastrophic. She responds by examining how historical outcomes were shaped by forces beyond any Jewish movement's control, challenging retrospective judgments about the Bund's choices.

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Molly Crabapple describes the Jewish labor Bund as a revolutionary political party founded in 1897 in the Czarist Empire, combining secular socialism with defiant Jewish identity. Through extensive research—including learning Yiddish and traveling through Eastern Europe—Crabapple explored this movement that distinguished itself through Jewish cultural pride combined with leftist activism.
Leila Fadel introduces the Bundist concept of "hereness," which Crabapple explains as the belief that Jews shouldn't have to emigrate to find freedom and dignity. Instead, Bundists insisted on building beautiful, liberated lives in their own communities. This philosophy was a form of resistance, affirming local rootedness and rejecting emigration as a response to persecution.
The Holocaust devastated the Bund's foundations in Eastern Europe, with ninety percent of Poland's Jews murdered by the Nazis. This genocide destroyed not only countless lives but an entire civilization, wiping out the Bund's vibrant cultural and political world.
Beyond Nazi destruction, the Bund faced erasure from Zionist-dominated narratives. Bundists and Zionists were ideological enemies, and as Zionism established Israel and assumed dominance in Jewish communities worldwide, the Bund's contributions were deliberately marginalized and its role in Jewish history was sidelined by those shaping modern Jewish identity around Israel's centrality.
Initially, Bundists dismissed Zionism as unrealistic, doubting that millions of Jews would abandon Europe to become collective farmers in the Levant. This critique reflected their confidence in securing rights at home rather than seeking refuge elsewhere.
After the Balfour Declaration, the Bund's opposition evolved on ethical grounds. Crabapple notes that Bundists now viewed Zionism as a tool of British imperialism, arguing that Zionist leaders were aligning with colonial powers rather than engaging in genuine liberation struggles.
When antisemitic governments demanded "Jews to Palestine" and Zionist figures like Zev Jabotinsky echoed similar calls, Bundists saw both as surrendering to bigotry. For the Bund, supporting Jewish emigration meant conceding victory to antisemites and accepting that Jews were unwanted in Europe—an idea they fervently rejected.
Crabapple's work on the Bund has sparked significant backlash, with hundreds of hostile messages daily. Critics argue that engaging with Bund history desecrates Holocaust memory, with some asserting that Bundists deserved their fate for staying in their homelands.
A major counterargument claims the Bund's decision to remain in Europe was strategically and morally catastrophic, with critics arguing that the genocide's outcome should retroactively invalidate the Bundist approach.
Crabapple challenges this retrospective condemnation, emphasizing that no Jewish movement could have withstood the Nazis' brutal war machine. She asserts that historical outcomes were shaped by overwhelming force rather than Jewish groups' strategies, pointing out that Palestine's Jewish community's relative safety resulted from geographical happenstance and British military protection, not superior ideology.
1-Page Summary
Molly Crabapple describes the Jewish labor Bund as a revolutionary political party born in 1897 in the Czarist Empire. The Bund was secular, socialist, and defiantly Jewish. Its foundation centered on Jewish identity while promoting revolutionary socialism as a path to liberation. Crabapple recounts her great-grandfather Sam’s involvement with the Bund in the Russian Empire in the early 1900s, illustrating the movement’s deeply personal connections within Jewish communities.
Crabapple’s extensive research on the Bund included learning Yiddish and traveling to Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine to search archives for a fuller understanding. She emphasizes that the Bund distinguished itself through its Jewish cultural pride combined with leftist activism, setting it apart from other socialist movements of the period.
Leila Fadel introduces the Bundists’ principle of "hereness." Molly Crabapple explains that “hereness” meant a belief that Jews should not have to move elsewhere to seek freedom or dignity; instead, they should be able to live beautiful, free l ...
The Jewish Bund's Ideology: Secular, Socialist, Jewish Focus on "Hereness"
The Nazi genocide during the Holocaust annihilated the Bund’s foundations in Eastern Europe. Ninety percent of Poland’s Jews, including a significant number of Bundists, were murdered by the Nazis. This mass murder destroyed not only countless individual lives but also an entire civilization built over centuries, erasing the Bund's vibrant cultural, social, and political world. With the loss of its Eastern European base, the Bund as a movement was essentially wiped out and soon forgotten.
Beyond the devastation wrought by the Nazis, the Bund faced another form of erasure tied to the politics of Jewish memory and nationhood. Bundists and Zionists were longstanding ideological enemies; Bundists offered a profound and prophetic moral critique of Zionism, and that deep opposition fueled antagonism from Zionist leaders. As th ...
Erasure of the Bund: Holocaust and Zionism's Role in Its Marginalization
At its inception, the Bund considered Zionism an unrealistic and naive idea. Molly Crabapple explains that Bundists did not believe millions of Jews would willingly abandon their homes in Europe to become collective farmers in the Levant. This early critique reflected the Bund’s belief in the possibility and necessity of Jewish liberation and flourishing within their current European homelands.
The Bund’s doubt that vast numbers of Jews would migrate to the Middle East highlighted their confidence in securing rights and dignity at home rather than seeking refuge elsewhere. Their stance portrayed Zionism’s migration plans as fundamentally misunderstanding Jewish demography and migration patterns.
After the British Empire offered its support to Zionism through the Balfour Declaration, the Bund’s opposition evolved on ethical and political grounds. Bundists now viewed Zionism not simply as a misplaced dream, but as a tool wielded by British imperialism. They believed that rather than serving Jewish liberation, Zionists were assisting the colonial aims of imperial powers.
Molly Crabapple notes that for the Bund, the Balfour Declaration exposed a deeper alignment between Zionist ideology and imperial interests. Bundists argued that Zionist leaders were aligning with imperialism instead of engaging in genuine anti-colonial struggles.
As antisemi ...
The Bund's Anti-Zionism: Opposition to Zionism as Imperialist and Antisemitic Capitulation
The contemporary rediscovery and engagement with Bund history has ignited significant backlash, raising challenging ethical questions and historical arguments about Jewish resilience and the legacy of Holocaust memory.
Crabapple describes the deeply hostile response to her work on the Bund, revealing that she receives hundreds of inflammatory messages daily. Many of these contain disturbing comparisons, such as images of Jews murdered in the Holocaust paired with assertions that the Bundists deserved their fate for choosing to stay in their homelands. Critics vehemently contend that engaging with and reclaiming Bund history constitutes a desecration of the ancestors, and particularly a desecration of the memory of the six million Jewish victims murdered by the Nazis.
A major counterargument centers on the claim that the Bund’s ethical and strategic decision to remain rooted in their homelands ultimately led to their vulnerability during the Nazi genocide. Critics argue that the catastrophic outcome of Nazi extermination should retroactively inform and judge the ethics and decisions of the Bund; in other words, the failure of survival invalidates the Bundist approach.
Crabapple challenges the retrospective condemnation of the Bu ...
Contemporary Controversy: Hostile Reception and Ethical Debate On Reclaiming Bund History
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