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Podcasts > NPR's Book of the Day > In the novel ‘Black Bag,’ a classroom experiment invites questions about masculinity

In the novel ‘Black Bag,’ a classroom experiment invites questions about masculinity

By NPR (podcasts@npr.org)

NPR's Book of the Day explores Luke Kennard's novel "Black Bag," which follows an unemployed actor who takes an unusual role performing inside a leather bag as part of a professor's research project. The story draws inspiration from a real 1967 experiment where students gradually accepted the presence of a silent, black-bagged figure in their classroom.

The discussion examines how the novel uses this premise to explore themes of masculinity and human perception. Through the main character's role as an empty vessel for others' projections, the story investigates how personal desires shape our understanding of others. The episode also covers Kennard's perspective on teaching and the continuing relevance of the novel's themes in modern society.

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In the novel ‘Black Bag,’ a classroom experiment invites questions about masculinity

This is a preview of the Shortform summary of the Mar 25, 2026 episode of the NPR's Book of the Day

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In the novel ‘Black Bag,’ a classroom experiment invites questions about masculinity

1-Page Summary

The Novel's Premise and Narrative

Luke Kennard's novel "Black Bag" follows an unnamed narrator, an unemployed actor struggling with financial hardship. Despite years of dedication to his craft, the narrator finds himself trapped in unfulfilling roles at murder mystery dinners and experimental theaters. His growing disillusionment leads him to accept an unusual role offered by a professor, where he performs inside a leather bag—a role that symbolizes his desire to withdraw from his failed ambitions.

Themes of Masculinity and Projection of Desires

The novel explores posthumanism through Professor Justine's research, which views the erased man in the black bag as a therapeutic tool for addressing troubled or toxic masculinity in young men, particularly those in the tech industry. The narrator essentially becomes an empty vessel, allowing others like Justine to project their professional needs and desires onto him, highlighting how personal perceptions can be shaped by individual needs and wishes.

The Author's Inspirations and Influences

Kennard draws inspiration from Professor Charles Goetzinger's 1967 "Black Bag" experiment, which tested the mere exposure effect. In Goetzinger's experiment, students initially rejected a silent figure in a black bag but gradually grew to accept and even embrace its presence, eventually including it in social activities. Kennard also relates to the ironies of teaching, sharing his perspective on the disconnect between expectations and reality in education. The novel's themes continue to resonate, with Kennard even receiving invitations to readings where he's asked to dress as the black bag himself.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Actionables

  • You can explore your own career satisfaction by journaling about the roles you play in your professional life, much like the actor's symbolic role in the novel. Write down the parts of your job that feel fulfilling versus those that feel like you're 'performing' without genuine engagement. This can help you identify areas where you might seek change or growth.
  • Reflect on how you perceive others and how you might be perceived by creating a 'black bag' persona for yourself. Sketch or write about a version of yourself that embodies the qualities you think others project onto you. This exercise can increase self-awareness and challenge you to consider the impact of external expectations on your self-image.
  • Consider the influence of mere exposure on your relationships by initiating a 'silent presence' experiment in your own life. Choose a public space where you're a regular, like a coffee shop or park, and commit to being present there consistently without actively engaging with others. Observe over time how your consistent presence affects the way others interact with you, potentially leading to new connections or insights into social dynamics.

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In the novel ‘Black Bag,’ a classroom experiment invites questions about masculinity

The Novel's Premise and Narrative

Luke Kennard's novel "Black Bag" introduces readers to a central character who navigates the unpredictable terrain of an acting career mired by unemployment and financial hardship.

Central Character: Unnamed Narrator, an Actor Facing Unemployment and Financial Instability

The novel's unnamed narrator is an actor who faces the harsh reality of unemployment and financial struggles. Despite dedicating most of his adult life to the craft, he finds himself limited to undesirable roles—he has worked in murder mystery dinner theatres and experimental issues-based theatres, neither of which satisfy his aspirations or provide financial stability.

Narrator's Role Acceptance Shows Career Disappointment and Desire to Withdraw

The culmination of the narrator's career disappointment and his desire to escape the harsh realities of his failed ambitions lead him to accept an u ...

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The Novel's Premise and Narrative

Additional Materials

Actionables

  • Reflect on your career path by writing a "resignation letter" to your current profession, detailing the reasons for your dissatisfaction and what you hope to achieve or experience instead. This exercise can help you articulate your feelings and aspirations, potentially leading to a clearer understanding of what changes you might want to make in your professional life.
  • Create a visual metaphor for your career struggles by crafting an art piece that represents your current state. For example, you might paint a picture where you're confined in a space that doesn't fit you, similar to the narrator's experience inside the leather bag. This can serve as a powerful reflection tool and a conversation starter with peers or mentors about your career journey.
  • Experiment with a temporary "ro ...

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In the novel ‘Black Bag,’ a classroom experiment invites questions about masculinity

Themes of Masculinity and Projection of Desires

The theme of masculinity and projection of desires is explored through the lens of posthumanism, with special focus on how individuals project their needs and frustrations onto others.

Professor Justine Views the Erased Man in the Black Bag As Therapeutic for "Troubled or Toxic Young Men."

Justine is a professor deeply invested in posthumanism, a field exploring beyond the traditional notions of what it means to be human. Her research and her experiences with young men in the tech industry lead her to see the erased man in the black bag as a potentially therapeutic tool. This figure is envisioned as a means to make these young men more conscientious and aware of their behavior and impacts in society. It's a unique approach to engaging with what she perceives as troubled or toxic masculinity within a particular demographic.

Exploring Projection of Needs and Desires Onto Others

The novel introduces us to a figure, the narrator, who functions effectively as a black bag—an empty vessel devoid of personal agency and ready for the projecti ...

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Themes of Masculinity and Projection of Desires

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The concept of the "erased man in the black bag" as therapeutic may oversimplify the complex issues surrounding masculinity and fail to address the root causes of toxic behavior.
  • The use of posthumanism to address issues of masculinity might not resonate with all individuals and could be seen as too abstract or theoretical for practical application.
  • The idea that young men in the tech industry are a homogenous group with uniform issues of masculinity could be seen as a generalization that doesn't account for the diverse experiences and backgrounds of these individuals.
  • The notion that an external figure, such as the erased man, can instigate change may underestimate the importance of internal motivation and personal responsibility in the process of self-improvement.
  • The reliance on projection as a mechanism for understanding interpersonal dynamics might not fully capture the complexity of human relationships and the multitude of factors that influence how we perceive and interact with oth ...

Actionables

  • You can start a reflective journaling practice to become more aware of how you project your needs onto others. Each day, write down instances where you felt frustrated or needy, and reflect on whether you may have unfairly expected others to fulfill these emotions. For example, if you felt annoyed that a colleague didn't offer help, consider if you were actually seeking validation rather than practical assistance.
  • Create a "black bag" art project to visualize and confront your own projections. Use a physical bag or a box as a metaphorical 'black bag' and fill it with symbols or notes representing your desires and frustrations. Periodically empty it and examine each item, asking yourself how these projections might affect your interactions with others. This could be a powerful way to recognize and adjust behaviors linked to toxic masculinity or other negative patterns.
  • Engage in ...

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In the novel ‘Black Bag,’ a classroom experiment invites questions about masculinity

The Author's Inspirations and Influences for the Novel

Luke Kennard reveals the unique inspirations and influences that shaped his novel, highlighted by educational experiments and the ironies of teaching.

Inspired by Professor Goetzinger's 1967 "Black Bag" Experiment

Kennard was compelled by the real-life occurrence of Professor Charles Goetzinger's 1967 experiment. The experiment aimed to test the mere exposure effect, which details how individuals' feelings towards something can alter over time with familiarity.

Students Initially Disliked the Silent Man but Eventually Accepted Him

Initially, Goetzinger's "Black Bag" experiment evoked unease among the students who encountered the silent presence in their classroom. They disliked the mystery and disruption it represented. Over time, their perception shifted, and they developed a sense of fondness for the "Black Bag." The turning point came when the students went from merely accepting the "Black Bag" to standing up for it and including it in their social circle, even inviting it to their end-of-term party despite it never breaking its silence.

Luke Kennard on the "Strange Irony" Of Teaching Hungover Teens

Kennard resonates with the peculiarities of teaching, particularly how reality often diverges from what one expects. He discusses the "strange irony" found in the profession of lecturing, a feeling akin to the character Dr. Blend's views on the disconnection betwe ...

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The Author's Inspirations and Influences for the Novel

Additional Materials

Actionables

  • Explore the impact of repeated exposure by introducing a novel object into your living space and noting your feelings over time. Start with something simple, like a piece of abstract art or an unusual plant, and place it in a prominent spot. Keep a journal to track how your feelings toward the object change, whether you grow more attached to it or continue to find it out of place.
  • Reflect on the ironies in your own profession by writing a short story or personal essay. Focus on an aspect of your job where expectations clash with reality, much like teaching's inherent contradictions. Use this narrative to gain insights into your own career and possibly share it with colleagues or friends to spark discussions about their experiences.
  • Embrace the concept of life imitating ar ...

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