NPR's Book of the Day explores the biography of Robert Smalls, written by his great-great-grandson. The episode covers Smalls' transformation from an enslaved ship pilot to a significant figure in American history, highlighted by his 1862 escape aboard a Confederate steamboat. His actions influenced President Lincoln's decision to allow formerly enslaved people to join the Union Army, and Smalls went on to become the first African American commander of a U.S. military vessel.
The episode also examines Smalls' political career and dedication to civil rights during the Reconstruction era. As a five-term U.S. Representative and member of the South Carolina Legislature, he championed public education and equal rights. His story includes a remarkable epilogue: after purchasing his former enslaver's house, Smalls displayed his character by caring for his former enslaver's wife in her final days.

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In May 1862, Robert Smalls, an enslaved man working as a pilot aboard the Confederate steamboat Planter, orchestrated a daring escape. Using his knowledge of Charleston Harbor's security protocols, Smalls commandeered the vessel and delivered it to Union forces, securing his freedom. This act proved pivotal in convincing President Lincoln to allow formerly enslaved individuals to join the Union Army, ultimately leading to the enlistment of 200,000 African American men. Following his escape, Smalls became the first African American to command a U.S. military vessel, captaining the very ship he had delivered to the Union.
Drawing from his own experience of being denied education while enslaved, Smalls emerged as a powerful advocate for equal public education. After the Civil War, he was elected to the South Carolina Legislature, where he championed the state's first statewide public school system. His influence extended to national politics, where he served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, becoming a prominent voice for civil rights during the Reconstruction era.
Smalls witnessed both the promise of Reconstruction and its dismantling with the rise of Jim Crow laws in South Carolina. Despite these setbacks, he remained resolute, famously declaring that his race needed only "an equal chance in the battle of life." His character was perhaps most powerfully demonstrated when he purchased his former enslaver's house and, in an extraordinary act of empathy, cared for his former enslaver's ill wife in her final days.
1-Page Summary
Robert Smalls' daring escape from slavery and subsequent role in the Civil War is a story of courage and intelligence that had far-reaching consequences in American history.
Robert Smalls, while enslaved, was working aboard the steamboat Planter, which was commissioned by the Confederacy. On an evening in May 1862, the Planter’s captain and crew disembarked for the night, presenting Smalls, the ship's pilot, with the opportunity he had been waiting for. Using his extensive knowledge of the ship’s routes and the security protocols needed to navigate the Charleston Harbor, Smalls seized control of the Planter. He sailed right past the Confederate forts using the correct passcodes and delivered the ship into the hands of the Union soldiers, thus claiming his freedom.
The daring escape of Robert Smalls was not just a personal achievement but a historic turning point. Smalls' actions helped convince President Abraham Lincoln of the dedication and value of formerly enslaved individuals to the Union war effort. After Smalls delivered the Planter to the Union, this pivotal act contributed to Lincoln's decision to enlist formerly enslaved men in the Army. This decision opened the door for approximately 200,000 African American men to serve, a move that some hi ...
Robert Smalls' Escape and Civil War Role
Robert Smalls' own experiences of being denied education in his youth fueled his later political endeavors to ensure access to public education and advance civil rights.
After the Civil War, Robert Smalls channeled his personal vexation from being unable to learn to read or write or attend school into a significant political cause. Elected to the South Carolina Legislature, he championed the creation of the state’s first statewide public school system, effectively advocating for equal public educational opportunities for all, regardless of race.
Smalls' Political Impact on Education and Civil Rights
Robert Smalls' life reveals poignant insights into the challenges of Reconstruction and offers lasting lessons on resilience and humanity.
Smalls lived to see the rise and fall of Reconstruction in South Carolina. He faced profound disappointment as he watched the progressive changes he had championed for his community come undone.
Amid the troubling dissolution of Reconstruction at the constitutional convention, Smalls remained a figure of strength and determination. He delivered a famous speech declaring, "My race needs no special defense, for the past history of them in this country proves them to be the equal of anyone anywhere. All they need is an equal chance in the battle of life." His words were a powerful testament to resilience in the face of adversity and underscored the desire for equality and fairness.
The life and choices of Robert Smalls continue to resonate today, serving as a relevant example of commitment to equity and human dignity, especially ...
Reconstruction Challenges and Lasting Lessons From Smalls' Life
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