Podcasts > NPR's Book of the Day > 'Freedom on the Sea' is a biography of Robert Smalls – by his great-great-grandson

'Freedom on the Sea' is a biography of Robert Smalls – by his great-great-grandson

By NPR (podcasts@npr.org)

NPR's Book of the Day explores the biography of Robert Smalls, written by his great-great-grandson. The episode covers Smalls' transformation from an enslaved ship pilot to a significant figure in American history, highlighted by his 1862 escape aboard a Confederate steamboat. His actions influenced President Lincoln's decision to allow formerly enslaved people to join the Union Army, and Smalls went on to become the first African American commander of a U.S. military vessel.

The episode also examines Smalls' political career and dedication to civil rights during the Reconstruction era. As a five-term U.S. Representative and member of the South Carolina Legislature, he championed public education and equal rights. His story includes a remarkable epilogue: after purchasing his former enslaver's house, Smalls displayed his character by caring for his former enslaver's wife in her final days.

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'Freedom on the Sea' is a biography of Robert Smalls – by his great-great-grandson

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'Freedom on the Sea' is a biography of Robert Smalls – by his great-great-grandson

1-Page Summary

Robert Smalls' Escape and Civil War Role

In May 1862, Robert Smalls, an enslaved man working as a pilot aboard the Confederate steamboat Planter, orchestrated a daring escape. Using his knowledge of Charleston Harbor's security protocols, Smalls commandeered the vessel and delivered it to Union forces, securing his freedom. This act proved pivotal in convincing President Lincoln to allow formerly enslaved individuals to join the Union Army, ultimately leading to the enlistment of 200,000 African American men. Following his escape, Smalls became the first African American to command a U.S. military vessel, captaining the very ship he had delivered to the Union.

Smalls' Political Impact on Education and Civil Rights

Drawing from his own experience of being denied education while enslaved, Smalls emerged as a powerful advocate for equal public education. After the Civil War, he was elected to the South Carolina Legislature, where he championed the state's first statewide public school system. His influence extended to national politics, where he served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, becoming a prominent voice for civil rights during the Reconstruction era.

Reconstruction Challenges and Lasting Lessons From Smalls' Life

Smalls witnessed both the promise of Reconstruction and its dismantling with the rise of Jim Crow laws in South Carolina. Despite these setbacks, he remained resolute, famously declaring that his race needed only "an equal chance in the battle of life." His character was perhaps most powerfully demonstrated when he purchased his former enslaver's house and, in an extraordinary act of empathy, cared for his former enslaver's ill wife in her final days.

1-Page Summary

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Actionables

  • You can explore local history to uncover stories of resilience and share them on social media to inspire others. Start by visiting your local library or historical society to research individuals from your community who have overcome adversity. Create posts that highlight their achievements and the impact they had on your area, using hashtags to increase visibility and encourage a broader conversation about local heroes.
  • Volunteer to tutor students in underserved communities to help close educational gaps. Look for local non-profits or community centers that offer educational programs and need volunteers. By dedicating a few hours a week to tutoring, you contribute to providing the "equal chance in the battle of life" that Smalls believed in, and you directly support the education of those who might otherwise have limited opportunities.
  • Practice empathy in your daily interactions by actively listening and offering support to those around you. This could be as simple as checking in with a coworker who seems stressed, offering to help a neighbor with their groceries, or just being more patient with service staff. Small acts of kindness and understanding can create a ripple effect, fostering a community culture that values empathy, much like Smalls' own actions.

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'Freedom on the Sea' is a biography of Robert Smalls – by his great-great-grandson

Robert Smalls' Escape and Civil War Role

Robert Smalls' daring escape from slavery and subsequent role in the Civil War is a story of courage and intelligence that had far-reaching consequences in American history.

Enslaved Man Smalls Seizes Confederate Steamship For Freedom

Robert Smalls, while enslaved, was working aboard the steamboat Planter, which was commissioned by the Confederacy. On an evening in May 1862, the Planter’s captain and crew disembarked for the night, presenting Smalls, the ship's pilot, with the opportunity he had been waiting for. Using his extensive knowledge of the ship’s routes and the security protocols needed to navigate the Charleston Harbor, Smalls seized control of the Planter. He sailed right past the Confederate forts using the correct passcodes and delivered the ship into the hands of the Union soldiers, thus claiming his freedom.

Smalls' Escape Led Lincoln to Allow Formerly Enslaved Individuals to Join the Union Army

The daring escape of Robert Smalls was not just a personal achievement but a historic turning point. Smalls' actions helped convince President Abraham Lincoln of the dedication and value of formerly enslaved individuals to the Union war effort. After Smalls delivered the Planter to the Union, this pivotal act contributed to Lincoln's decision to enlist formerly enslaved men in the Army. This decision opened the door for approximately 200,000 African American men to serve, a move that some hi ...

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Robert Smalls' Escape and Civil War Role

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Actionables

  • Explore local history to uncover untold stories of heroism and share them on social media. By researching your community's archives, libraries, or historical societies, you might find accounts of local heroes who, like Robert Smalls, played pivotal roles in shaping history. Share these stories on platforms like Instagram or Twitter to raise awareness and inspire others with tales of bravery and strategic thinking.
  • Use strategy games to develop and practice critical thinking skills. Games like chess or historical war simulations on your smartphone or computer can help you understand the importance of strategy, foresight, and understanding your opponent, much like Smalls did. As you play, think about the real-life applications of the tactics you use in the game, such as planning ahead and considering the impact of each move you make.
  • Volunteer as a mentor to help others recognize ...

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'Freedom on the Sea' is a biography of Robert Smalls – by his great-great-grandson

Smalls' Political Impact on Education and Civil Rights

Robert Smalls' own experiences of being denied education in his youth fueled his later political endeavors to ensure access to public education and advance civil rights.

Post-Civil War, Smalls Was Elected To the South Carolina Legislature and Championed the First Statewide Public School System

Denied Education Inspired Smalls to Advocate For Equal Public Education

After the Civil War, Robert Smalls channeled his personal vexation from being unable to learn to read or write or attend school into a significant political cause. Elected to the South Carolina Legislature, he championed the creation of the state’s first statewide public school system, effectively advocating for equal public educational opportunities for all, regardless of race.

Smalls Served Five Terms in the U.S. House, Becoming a Prominent Reconstruction-Era Civil Rights and Equality Voice

Smalls' Political Career Made Him a Key African American Le ...

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Smalls' Political Impact on Education and Civil Rights

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Clarifications

  • Robert Smalls was an African American born into slavery in South Carolina. He became famous during the Civil War by commandeering a Confederate ship and delivering it to Union forces, gaining his freedom. After the war, he became a politician advocating for African American rights and education. His actions made him a symbol of courage and leadership during Reconstruction.
  • The Civil War (1861-1865) was fought between the Northern states (Union) and Southern states (Confederacy) primarily over slavery and states' rights. The Reconstruction era (1865-1877) followed the war, focusing on rebuilding the South and integrating formerly enslaved African Americans into society. During Reconstruction, new laws and amendments aimed to secure civil rights and political participation for Black Americans. This period saw significant but contested progress in racial equality and education access.
  • The South Carolina Legislature is the state government body responsible for making laws in South Carolina. It consists of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. During Reconstruction, it played a crucial role in rebuilding the state and addressing civil rights issues. Serving there allowed Smalls to influence state policies directly.
  • The first statewide public school system established a government-funded network of schools accessible to all children in South Carolina. It marked a shift from private or segregated education to a more inclusive, organized approach. This system aimed to provide free education regardless of race, which was revolutionary in the post-Civil War South. It laid the foundation for public education as a right rather than a privilege.
  • Being a Civil War hero gave Robert Smalls national recognition and credibility. It helped him gain the trust and support of voters and political allies. His heroism symbolized African American courage and leadership during a pivotal time. This status amplified his influence in advocating for civil rights and education reforms.
  • During Reconstruction, the U.S. House of Representatives had the power to create and pass laws affecting the reintegration of Southern states and the rights of freed African Americans. It played a key role in shaping policies on civil rights, voting rights, and public education. The House also approved Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution, such as the 14th and 15th Amen ...

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'Freedom on the Sea' is a biography of Robert Smalls – by his great-great-grandson

Reconstruction Challenges and Lasting Lessons From Smalls' Life

Robert Smalls' life reveals poignant insights into the challenges of Reconstruction and offers lasting lessons on resilience and humanity.

Smalls Witnessed Reconstruction's End and Jim Crow's Start in South Carolina, a Disappointing Reversal of the Progress He Had Fought For

Smalls lived to see the rise and fall of Reconstruction in South Carolina. He faced profound disappointment as he watched the progressive changes he had championed for his community come undone.

Smalls' Speech at the Convention: Resilience in Adversity

Amid the troubling dissolution of Reconstruction at the constitutional convention, Smalls remained a figure of strength and determination. He delivered a famous speech declaring, "My race needs no special defense, for the past history of them in this country proves them to be the equal of anyone anywhere. All they need is an equal chance in the battle of life." His words were a powerful testament to resilience in the face of adversity and underscored the desire for equality and fairness.

Smalls' Story and His Commitment to Equality and Humanity, Despite Oppression, Serve As an Enduring Example and Inspiration

The life and choices of Robert Smalls continue to resonate today, serving as a relevant example of commitment to equity and human dignity, especially ...

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Reconstruction Challenges and Lasting Lessons From Smalls' Life

Additional Materials

Actionables

  • You can foster a culture of equality by starting a book exchange in your neighborhood focused on stories of resilience and fairness. Set up a small, weatherproof bookcase in a communal area and encourage neighbors to share books that highlight these themes. This not only promotes literacy but also sparks conversations about equality and human dignity in a tangible, community-driven way.
  • Create a personal tradition of "Empathy Day" where you perform acts of kindness for those who have different life experiences than you. Once a year, choose to volunteer, donate, or simply reach out to someone who comes from a different background. This practice embodies the spirit of transcending past divisions and fosters a personal connection to the concept of empathy.
  • Develop a habit of reflective journaling where you document instances where you've witne ...

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