Podcasts > NPR's Book of the Day > ‘How a Game Lives,’ ‘How to Save the Internet’ show the best and worst of life online

‘How a Game Lives,’ ‘How to Save the Internet’ show the best and worst of life online

By NPR (podcasts@npr.org)

In this episode of NPR's Book of the Day, YouTube content creator Jacob Geller and Meta executive Nick Clegg discuss different aspects of modern internet culture and governance. Geller explores how video games and interactive media enable unique forms of cultural analysis and storytelling, explaining his transition from creating video essays to writing a book about gaming's role in exploring complex themes.

The episode also examines the challenges tech companies face in content moderation and global internet governance. Clegg shares insights from Meta's experience with political conflicts and content decisions, including the company's response to January 6th. He outlines proposals for maintaining internet openness through international cooperation, suggesting solutions like a "Digital Democracies Alliance" to prevent authoritarian control while preserving democratic values.

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‘How a Game Lives,’ ‘How to Save the Internet’ show the best and worst of life online

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‘How a Game Lives,’ ‘How to Save the Internet’ show the best and worst of life online

1-Page Summary

The Internet as a Platform for Cultural Analysis

The internet, particularly YouTube, has emerged as a powerful platform for cultural analysis. Content creators like Jacob Geller are leading this movement with insightful video essays that bridge various forms of media.

Exploring Complex Ideas Through Video Games and Interactive Media

Jacob Geller discusses his transition from YouTube to writing a book, emphasizing the importance of preserving digital discourse about games. He argues that video games deserve consideration alongside traditional art forms, pointing to their unique ability to explore complex themes through interactive storytelling. In his essay "Fear of Cold," Geller demonstrates how games like "Frostpunk" enable players to engage with philosophical questions about survival and moral compromise in ways that wouldn't be possible through traditional media.

Tech Companies' Challenges: Content Moderation, Politics, and Global Governance

Nick Clegg, speaking from his experience at Meta, describes the complex challenges tech companies face in content moderation. He discusses Meta's controversial decision to ban President Trump after January 6th, acknowledging the concerning precedent of corporations wielding such influence over public discourse. Clegg also highlights the evolving relationship between tech companies and political leaders, noting how industry alignments shifted during the Trump administration.

International Cooperation Needed to Preserve Internet Openness and Democracy

Clegg warns about the increasing fragmentation of the internet and proposes creating a "Digital Democracies Alliance" among leading techno-democracies. He emphasizes India's crucial role in global internet governance and advocates for international collaboration to maintain open data flows and ensure AI transparency. This cooperation, Clegg argues, is essential to prevent authoritarian control over the internet while preserving democratic values in the digital age.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While YouTube is a significant platform for cultural analysis, it's important to recognize that it also has limitations due to its algorithmic biases and potential for spreading misinformation.
  • The assertion that video games should be recognized as art forms is subjective and may not be universally accepted; some critics argue that not all video games reach the level of artistic expression found in traditional art forms.
  • Preserving digital discourse about video games is important, but it's also necessary to consider how to archive and maintain access to digital content, which can be more ephemeral than traditional media.
  • Interactive storytelling in video games offers unique experiences, but it may not always lead to deeper philosophical engagement for all players, as individual experiences can vary widely.
  • Content moderation by tech companies is a complex issue, and while Meta's decision to ban President Trump was controversial, some argue that it was necessary to prevent further incitement of violence.
  • The relationship between tech companies and political leaders is complex, and some may argue that tech companies should remain neutral platforms rather than taking active roles in political matters.
  • The idea of a "Digital Democracies Alliance" is ambitious, but it may be challenging to implement due to differing national interests, privacy standards, and regulatory frameworks.
  • While India's role in global internet governance is highlighted, it's also important to consider the perspectives and contributions of other emerging economies and developing countries in shaping the future of the internet.
  • International cooperation to prevent authoritarian control over the internet is crucial, but there is also a risk of techno-democracies imposing their own values and standards on other nations, which could be perceived as a form of digital imperialism.
  • Ensuring AI transparency is important, but there are also concerns about how to balance this with protecting intellectual property and trade secrets in a competitive global market.

Actionables

  • You can deepen your understanding of video games as art by playing titles known for their narrative depth and documenting your reflections in a blog or on social media. For example, after playing a game like "What Remains of Edith Finch," write about how the game's story and mechanics made you feel and what themes stood out to you. Share these thoughts online to contribute to the digital discourse and encourage others to view games through a cultural lens.
  • Enhance your digital literacy by participating in online courses or webinars focused on internet governance and the role of technology in democracy. Look for resources offered by universities or organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation that explain the basics of internet infrastructure, data privacy, and the impact of tech policies on society. This knowledge will help you make informed decisions about the digital platforms you use and understand the significance of international cooperation in maintaining an open internet.
  • Support initiatives that promote AI transparency and democratic values in technology by using and endorsing apps and services that prioritize these principles. For instance, opt for search engines that don't track your data, or messaging apps that offer end-to-end encryption. By choosing these alternatives, you contribute to a demand for tech products that align with democratic ideals and help counteract the trend of internet fragmentation.

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‘How a Game Lives,’ ‘How to Save the Internet’ show the best and worst of life online

The Internet as a Platform for Cultural Analysis

The internet, particularly through YouTube, provides an innovative venue for cultural analysis, where hosts like Jacob Geller offer valuable insights into the connections between various forms of media.

Youtube Hosts Insightful Video Essays on Culture, Art, and Society

Jacob Geller's Thought-Provoking Video Essays Explore Video Games, Literature, and the Human Fascination With Digging Holes

Jacob Geller is renowned for his in-depth video essays on YouTube, spanning a variety of subjects such as art, literature, movies, video games, and the human attraction to digging. Geller elucidates on the lure of digging holes, suggesting that the immediate outcome from the action of digging is innately rewarding due to its tangible change to the environment.

Video Essays: A New Form of Cultural Criticism Connecting Media

Geller Situates Video Games as Art and Literature, Highlighting Their Emotive and Complex Idea Exploration

Geller has transitioned from the "amazing sparkly world of YouTube" to authoring a book, aiming to immortalize his work in a more stable format. He addresses the misconception of the internet as a permanent archive, noting the trend of disappearing archives as websites shut down due to bankruptcy. Geller expresses the necessity to retain how people originally interact with games, similar to how reactions to art at the time of their introduction are crucial. Acknowledging that modern video games are built upon their predecessors, he stresses the importance of preserving historical discussions to prevent repetitive dialogues and encourage the progress of conversations around games.

Geller is de ...

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The Internet as a Platform for Cultural Analysis

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While YouTube is a significant platform for cultural analysis, it also has limitations due to its algorithm-driven content delivery, which can create echo chambers and limit exposure to diverse viewpoints.
  • The depth and quality of video essays, like those created by Jacob Geller, can vary widely, and not all content on YouTube maintains a high standard of research or insight.
  • The argument that digging holes is inherently rewarding may not universally apply, as the satisfaction derived from such activities can be subjective and influenced by cultural or personal preferences.
  • Video essays are a new form of cultural criticism, but traditional forms of criticism, such as academic papers or books, still hold value for their rigor and depth.
  • While Geller and others may position video games as art and literature, this classification is still debated within academic and critical circles, and not all games may meet the criteria to be considered as such.
  • The transition from digital content to a book format for permanence overlooks the evolving nature of digital preservation and the efforts to archive and maintain digital content over the long term.
  • The idea that the internet is not a permanent archive is true, but it also oversimplifies the complex efforts and technologies aimed at digital preservation.
  • Preserving original interactions with video games is important, but it is also essential to consider how interpretations and meanings can evolve over time, not just at the point of introduction.
  • The assertion that historical ...

Actionables

  • You can start a blog to document your experiences with different forms of media, focusing on how they intersect and influence each other. For example, after playing a video game, write a post about how its themes relate to a movie you've seen or a book you've read, creating a web of cultural connections that others might find insightful.
  • Create a digital scrapbook that captures your reactions to various art forms, including video games, as a personal archive. Use screenshots, video clips, and written reflections to preserve your initial impressions and thoughts, which can serve as a reference for how your perceptions evolve over time.
  • Engage in a ...

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‘How a Game Lives,’ ‘How to Save the Internet’ show the best and worst of life online

Exploring Complex Ideas Through Video Games and Interactive Media

Jacob Geller champions the concept of video games as an art form and an effective medium for delving into philosophical and existential questions. His essay "Fear of Cold" illustrates how video games like "Frostpunk" can prompt players to examine resilience, nature's struggle, and moral compromises.

Video Games as Tools For Exploring Philosophical and Existential Questions

Geller's Essay On "Frostpunk" Examines Survival Mechanics to Explore Resilience, Nature's Struggle, and Moral Compromises

Geller's work highlights the narrative significance of games from their inception. He stresses the importance of remembering and analyzing initial responses to games to appreciate them fully in the context of an evolving medium.

In his video essay "Fear of Cold," Geller ties his experience playing "Frostpunk" to a personal memory from his childhood, allowing him to reflect on universal themes of human resilience and ethical dilemmas that arise in survival situations. "Frostpunk" challenges players to allocate scarce resources such as coal, wood, and food in order to withstand a severe, relentless freeze. The game calls for making strategic decisions that wouldn't be possible when engaging with a novel, thereby making games a fascinating subject of study.

Interactive Games Deepen Immersion and Engagement

Geller Claims Games Engage Complex Themes More Impactfully Th ...

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Exploring Complex Ideas Through Video Games and Interactive Media

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While Geller argues that video games can explore complex themes more impactfully than traditional media, some might argue that the depth and nuance of literature and film have been refined over centuries, offering a different kind of depth and engagement that video games are still striving to match.
  • The idea that video games are an effective medium for exploring philosophical and existential questions might be challenged by the view that not all games are created with this purpose in mind, and many prioritize entertainment over deep narrative exploration.
  • Geller's emphasis on the importance of analyzing initial responses to games could be countered by the argument that a true appreciation of any art form, including video games, often requires repeated engagement and reflection over time, beyond first impressions.
  • The claim that video games have been historically excluded from art discussions might be met with the counterargument that the definition of art is subjective and constantly evolving, and video games have been recognized as an art form by many critics and institutions for years.
  • The assertion that video games can evoke specific emotions through gameplay mechani ...

Actionables

- You can explore philosophical themes by creating a video game book club with friends where each month you play a game with existential or ethical questions and discuss your experiences and decisions.

  • By playing games with a focus on narrative depth and discussing them in a group, you can gain diverse perspectives on the themes presented. For example, after playing a game like "Life is Strange," which deals with choice and consequence, you and your friends can share how your personal choices reflected your values and how the game's outcomes affected you emotionally.
  • Start a personal journal to document your emotional and ethical responses to video game scenarios, noting how certain mechanics and narratives influence your feelings and decisions.
  • Keeping a journal allows you to reflect on your experiences with different games over time. For instance, after playing a game like "This War of Mine," you might write about the emotional impact of making life-or-death decisions in a war-torn environment and how the game's scarcity of resources influenced your moral choices.
  • Engage with video games as a creative story ...

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‘How a Game Lives,’ ‘How to Save the Internet’ show the best and worst of life online

Tech Companies' Challenges: Content Moderation, Politics, and Global Governance

Tech companies like Meta are caught in a difficult position as they try to strike a delicate balance between promoting free expression and moderating harmful content, all while navigating the complex landscape of politics and global governance.

Tech Companies Like Meta Struggle to Balance Free Expression With Moderating Harmful Content

Nick Clegg, speaking from his experiences at Meta, delves into the intricate challenges that arise when content moderation intersects with the principle of free expression.

Ban on Trump From Meta After January 6th Highlights Corporate Power Dilemma Over Public Discourse

Particularly, Clegg was involved in the decision to ban President Trump from Facebook following the January 6th attacks. He shares his unease with the reality that an unelected body like Meta took the stance to decide that an outgoing president had forfeited the right to use its services. Despite standing by the decision that was grounded in the breach of Meta's content rules, Clegg remains cognizant of the uncertain precedent this establishes.

Steve Inskeep echoes this sentiment by stressing his concern over the vast influence corporations command under such circumstances, which centers the debate on corporate control over public discourse.

Companies Face Platform Politicization and Shifting Political Leader Attitudes

Tech companies are facing the politicization of their platforms, and this comes with fluctuating attitudes from political leaders.

Tech-Politics Alliances Before Trump's Second Inauguration Illustrate Complex Dynamics

Clegg recalls a distinct moment when tec ...

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Tech Companies' Challenges: Content Moderation, Politics, and Global Governance

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Nick Clegg is a former UK Deputy Prime Minister who joined Meta as its Vice President for Global Affairs and Communications. In this role, he oversees the company's public policy, government relations, and communications worldwide. He plays a key part in shaping Meta's approach to content moderation and regulatory challenges. His political background informs his navigation of complex tech and governance issues.
  • The January 6th attacks refer to a violent mob storming the U.S. Capitol to disrupt the certification of the 2020 presidential election results. This event raised concerns about incitement and the spread of misinformation linked to then-President Trump's rhetoric. Meta banned Trump to prevent further violence and uphold its policies against harmful content. The ban was controversial because it involved a private company limiting a political leader's communication.
  • Content moderation involves reviewing and managing user-generated content to remove harmful or inappropriate material. It is challenging because platforms must balance preventing harm with protecting free speech. Moderators face difficulties due to the vast volume of content and cultural differences in what is considered acceptable. Automated tools can help but often struggle with context and nuance.
  • "Unelected bodies" refers to organizations or entities that make decisions without being chosen through a public voting process. In the context of corporate decision-making, this means companies like Meta set rules and enforce policies without direct accountability to the public. Unlike governments, these corporations are privately owned and operate independently of democratic oversight. This raises concerns about their power to influence public discourse without formal checks and balances.
  • "Corporate control over public discourse" refers to the power that private companies, especially large tech firms, have in shaping what information people see and discuss online. This control can influence public opinion, political debates, and access to diverse viewpoints. It raises concerns about accountability since these companies are not elected or publicly regulated. The dilemma is balancing their role as platforms for free speech with their ability to moderate harmful or false content.
  • Meta's decision to cease fact-checking on social media posts occurred amid criticism from the Trump administration, which accused fact-checkers of bias against conservative viewpoints. This move was seen as an attempt to reduce political pressure and align with the administration's stance. Fact-checking had previously been used to label or reduce the spread of misinformation on the platform. The decision highlighted the challenges tech companies face in balancing content moderation with political influences.
  • The Trump administration criticized fact-checking because it often flagged or disputed claims made by Trump and his allies as false or misleading. They argued that fact-checking was biased and censored conservative viewpoints. This criticism was part of a broader narrative that social media platforms unfairly targeted conservative voices. The administration viewed fact-checking a ...

Counterarguments

  • Tech companies may argue that balancing free expression with content moderation is not just a struggle but a responsibility to ensure the safety and integrity of their platforms.
  • Some may argue that content moderation is not inherently at odds with free expression if it is transparent and follows clear, consistent rules.
  • It could be argued that the ban of President Trump from Facebook was not just about corporate power but about enforcing platform policies consistently, regardless of the individual's status.
  • Others might suggest that corporate decisions on speech are a result of a lack of comprehensive regulation, thus necessitating corporate action in the interim.
  • There could be a perspective that the precedent set by Trump's ban is not uncertain but rather a clear line against incitement of violence.
  • Some may argue that corporate influence over public discourse is not inherently negative if it is used to protect democratic values and prevent harm.
  • The politicization of platforms could be seen as an inevitable outcome of their role in public life, and not necessarily a negative development if managed properly.
  • The presence of tech company leaders at political events could be interpreted as a standard practice of engaging with current government rather than ...

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‘How a Game Lives,’ ‘How to Save the Internet’ show the best and worst of life online

International Cooperation Needed to Preserve Internet Openness and Democracy

Nick Clegg discusses the crucial need for international collaboration among techno-democracies to maintain the openness of the Internet and the integrity of its democratic principles.

Clegg Warns Internet Fragmentation Threatens Openness

The fragmentation or balkanization of the Internet threatens its inherent openness, aligning with global political trends where governments are trying to reassert sovereignty online.

India's Potential Alignment With China in Internet Governance and Ai Could Impact Global Internet

Clegg highlights the pivotal role of India in global internet governance. He notes that if India were to align with China's approach to internet control, it could have detrimental effects on the world wide web.

Clegg Proposes "Digital Democracies Alliance" for New Internet Rules Among Leading Techno-Democracies

Clegg proposes the creation of a "Digital Democracies Alliance," where nations like the United States, India, and Europe would collaborate on establishing new rules for the Internet.

Cooperation to Preserve Data Flow, Ensure Ai ...

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International Cooperation Needed to Preserve Internet Openness and Democracy

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • "Techno-democracies" are countries that combine strong democratic governance with advanced technological infrastructure and innovation. These nations prioritize digital rights, internet freedom, and transparent AI development within a democratic framework. Examples typically include the United States, European Union countries, Japan, South Korea, and increasingly India. Their collaboration aims to uphold democratic values in the digital realm against authoritarian internet control.
  • Internet fragmentation, or balkanization, occurs when different countries create separate, incompatible versions of the Internet. This can happen due to national laws, censorship, or technical barriers that restrict data flow across borders. It leads to isolated online ecosystems, reducing global connectivity and access to information. Such division undermines the Internet’s original design as a unified, open network.
  • Governments want to reassert sovereignty over the Internet to control content, data, and digital infrastructure within their borders. This control helps them enforce local laws, protect national security, and influence information flow. It often involves regulating or restricting cross-border data transfers and online services. Such actions can lead to a fragmented Internet, where access and rules vary by country.
  • China enforces strict internet censorship and controls online content through the "Great Firewall," limiting access to foreign websites and monitoring user activity. India, while also regulating online content and enforcing some restrictions, generally maintains a more open internet with less pervasive censorship. India's approach includes promoting digital innovation and expanding internet access, though concerns about increasing regulation exist. The key difference lies in China's comprehensive state control versus India's comparatively balanced regulation and openness.
  • The "Digital Democracies Alliance" would be a coalition of like-minded countries working together to set common standards and rules for internet governance. It would coordinate policies to promote open data exchange, protect privacy, and ensure AI technologies are transparent and ethical. The alliance would also share research and best practices to counteract authoritarian internet controls. Its goal is to maintain a free, secure, and democratic digital environment globally.
  • Open data flows refer to the unrestricted exchange of digital information across countries and networks. They enable innovation, economic growth, and global collaboration by allowing data to move freely. Restricting data flows can lead to fragmented markets, reduced access to technology, and hindered scientific progress. Preserving open data flows helps maintain a connected, interoperable internet that supports democratic values and technological advancement.
  • AI transparency means making the design, decision-making processes, and data used by artificial intelligence systems clear and understandable. It is important because it helps users trust AI by revealing how decisions are made and ensures accountability. Transparency also allows detection and correction of biases or errors in AI systems. This openness supports ethical use and preve ...

Counterarguments

  • The concept of "Internet openness" is subjective and varies by cultural and national standards; what is considered open and democratic in one country may not align with the perspectives or laws of another.
  • The idea of Internet balkanization might be seen as a natural evolution of the Internet, reflecting diverse societal norms and values rather than a threat to openness.
  • Some governments argue that reasserting sovereignty online is necessary to protect their citizens from misinformation, cybercrime, and external cultural influences that could disrupt social harmony.
  • The role of India in global internet governance is significant, but it is not the only emerging power with the potential to influence the future of the Internet; other nations could also play pivotal roles.
  • India's alignment with China on Internet governance could be seen as a strategic move to balance power rather than a straightforward negative impact on the global Internet.
  • The creation of a "Digital Democracies Alliance" might unintentionally exclude or alienate non-democratic nations, potentially leading to further fragmentation rather than cooperation.
  • Open data flows, while beneficial for innovation and global communication, may raise concerns about privacy, data protection, and the digital divide between nations with varying levels of technological infrastructure.
  • T ...

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