Podcasts > Money Rehab with Nicole Lapin > How to Stop Overpaying the IRS

How to Stop Overpaying the IRS

By Money News Network

In this episode of Money Rehab, Nicole Lapin demystifies tax brackets and explains how they actually affect your income. She clarifies a common misconception about tax rates, explaining that moving into a higher bracket doesn't mean all your income gets taxed at that rate. She also breaks down the difference between marginal and effective tax rates, which is key for understanding your true tax burden.

The episode covers practical strategies for managing your tax withholdings to avoid giving the government an interest-free loan through large tax refunds. Lapin explains how to use tax credits and deductions effectively, including the strategic use of tax-advantaged accounts like 401(k)s and HSAs. These insights help listeners understand how to optimize their tax situation and keep more money in their pockets throughout the year.

How to Stop Overpaying the IRS

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How to Stop Overpaying the IRS

1-Page Summary

Understanding Tax Brackets and Rates

Tax brackets often cause confusion, but their operation is simpler than many think. A common misconception is that moving into a higher tax bracket means all income is taxed at that higher rate. In reality, only the income above each bracket's threshold gets taxed at the higher rate. For example, if you earn $1,000 over the 22% bracket threshold, only that $1,000 is taxed at the higher 24% rate.

Understanding both marginal and effective tax rates is crucial for financial planning. Your marginal rate is the tax on your last dollar earned, while your effective rate is the average percentage you pay across all your income.

Managing Tax Withholdings

Large tax refunds, while exciting to receive, actually represent an interest-free loan to the government. For instance, a $2,000 refund means you could have had an extra $166 in your pocket each month. To better manage your withholdings, you can adjust your W-4 form by increasing allowances to reduce tax withholding or adding extra withholding to avoid owing at tax time. The key is to match your withholdings with your actual tax liability.

Leveraging Tax Credits and Deductions

When it comes to reducing your tax bill, tax credits offer more value than deductions. While a deduction only reduces your taxable income based on your tax bracket (for example, a $1,000 deduction in the 22% bracket saves you $220), a tax credit directly reduces your tax bill dollar-for-dollar. One effective way to reduce taxable income is through tax-advantaged accounts like 401(k)s, Roth IRAs, and HSAs, which the IRS rewards as part of retirement and healthcare savings strategies.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Tax brackets divide income into segments, each taxed at a specific rate. Your income is taxed progressively, meaning lower portions are taxed at lower rates before higher rates apply. This system prevents your entire income from being taxed at the highest rate you reach. It ensures fairness by taxing only the additional income within each bracket at the corresponding rate.
  • The marginal tax rate is the rate applied to the last dollar you earn, reflecting the tax bracket of your highest income portion. The effective tax rate is your total tax paid divided by your total income, showing the average rate across all earnings. Marginal rates affect decisions on earning additional income, while effective rates indicate overall tax burden. Because income is taxed progressively, the effective rate is always lower than the highest marginal rate.
  • A W-4 form is an IRS document employees complete to tell their employer how much federal income tax to withhold from their paycheck. Adjusting allowances on the W-4 changes the amount withheld: more allowances mean less tax withheld, fewer allowances mean more tax withheld. Allowances are based on factors like dependents and personal exemptions. Correctly setting allowances helps avoid owing taxes or receiving a large refund at year-end.
  • When you receive a large tax refund, it means you paid more taxes throughout the year than you owed. The government holds onto this extra money without paying you interest. You essentially gave the government a free loan by overpaying. Adjusting your withholdings can keep more money in your paycheck instead of waiting for a refund.
  • Tax deductions lower the amount of income subject to tax, reducing taxable income before the tax rate is applied. Tax credits reduce the actual tax owed, dollar-for-dollar, after calculating tax based on taxable income. Because credits directly decrease your tax bill, they provide a greater benefit than deductions of the same amount. Some tax credits are refundable, meaning you can receive money back even if you owe no tax.
  • 401(k)s are employer-sponsored retirement plans where contributions are made pre-tax, lowering your taxable income for the year contributed. Roth IRAs are individual retirement accounts funded with after-tax dollars, allowing tax-free withdrawals in retirement. HSAs are savings accounts for medical expenses with pre-tax contributions, tax-free growth, and tax-free withdrawals for qualified healthcare costs. These accounts encourage saving by providing tax benefits either upfront or in the future.
  • Taxable income is the portion of your total income that is subject to tax after subtracting deductions and exemptions. Total income includes all money you earn, such as wages, interest, and dividends, before any adjustments. Deductions lower your total income to arrive at taxable income, reducing the amount the government taxes. Understanding this difference helps in accurately calculating your tax liability.
  • Tax brackets divide your income into segments, each taxed at a specific rate. You pay the lower rate on income within the first bracket, then the next higher rate only on income exceeding that bracket’s limit. This means your overall tax is a sum of taxes from each bracket, not a single rate on all income. This system ensures higher earnings are taxed progressively, not all at once.
  • Matching tax withholdings to actual tax liability means estimating how much tax you will owe for the year and ensuring your employer withholds that amount from your paycheck. You can use the IRS Tax Withholding Estimator tool or review your previous year's tax return to help calculate this. Adjusting your W-4 form allows you to increase or decrease the amount withheld based on your expected income and deductions. This prevents owing a large balance or receiving a big refund when you file your tax return.
  • Allowances on the W-4 form represent the number of personal exemptions you claim, which affects how much tax your employer withholds from your paycheck. More allowances mean less tax withheld because you are indicating fewer tax liabilities. Fewer allowances increase withholding, reducing the chance of owing taxes at year-end. The IRS provides worksheets to help determine the correct number of allowances based on your financial situation.

Counterarguments

  • While understanding tax brackets is important, the complexity of the tax code can make it difficult for individuals to accurately predict their tax liability, especially with alternative minimum tax (AMT) or other tax provisions.
  • The concept of marginal tax rate is clear, but it may not fully capture the impact of phase-outs and tax credits, which can effectively increase the marginal tax rate for some taxpayers.
  • Effective tax rate simplifies the understanding of tax burden, but it may not account for all taxes paid, such as payroll taxes, state taxes, and other local taxes, which can significantly affect one's overall tax rate.
  • The advice to adjust W-4 withholdings to match actual tax liability is sound, but it assumes a level of predictability in income and deductions that not all taxpayers may have.
  • The assertion that large tax refunds are an interest-free loan to the government overlooks the psychological and budgeting benefits some people experience by receiving a lump sum, which they may find more valuable than incremental increases in their monthly cash flow.
  • The statement that tax credits offer more value than deductions is generally true, but the value of a tax credit or deduction can vary based on individual circumstances, and some deductions may be more beneficial for certain taxpayers.
  • The encouragement to contribute to tax-advantaged accounts is sound financial advice, but it may not be the best strategy for everyone, depending on their financial situation, goals, and the potential for future tax law changes that could affect the benefits of such accounts.

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How to Stop Overpaying the IRS

Understanding Tax Brackets and Rates

Understanding how tax brackets operate is crucial for financial planning and avoiding common tax errors.

Principle: Only Income Above the Threshold Is Taxed Higher

One of the biggest mistakes people make regarding taxes is misunderstanding how tax brackets work. It's essential to know that only the dollars above the bracket threshold are taxed at the higher rate, which means increasing your earnings won't result in less net income due to taxes.

For instance, if a tax bracket caps at $100,525 at a rate of 22% and you earn $101,525, pushing you into the 24% bracket, only that extra $1,000 is taxed at 24%, not your entire earnings. Like a nesting doll, tax brackets apply only to the income contained within their thresholds.

Marginal vs. Effective Tax Rate for Accurate Financial Planning

The difference between your marginal tax rate and your effective tax rate is crucial for accurate financial planning. Your marginal tax rate is the rate at which your last dollar of income is taxed, which corresponds to the highest tax bracket you fall into.

On the other hand, your effective tax rate is the average rate of tax you p ...

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Understanding Tax Brackets and Rates

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Tax brackets are ranges of income taxed at specific rates set by the government. As your income increases, it moves into higher brackets, but only the income within each bracket is taxed at that bracket's rate. This system ensures progressive taxation, where higher earners pay a higher percentage on their additional income. Tax brackets reset each year based on inflation and policy changes.
  • A tax bracket threshold is the income limit at which a specific tax rate applies. Income up to that threshold is taxed at the bracket's rate, while income above it moves into the next bracket with a higher rate. Thresholds create a stepwise system where different portions of income are taxed at different rates. This prevents all income from being taxed at the highest rate once you cross into a new bracket.
  • The marginal tax rate is the percentage of tax applied to your last dollar of income, showing the rate for the next dollar you earn. The effective tax rate is the total tax paid divided by your total income, representing the average rate across all income. Marginal rate helps predict tax on additional income, while effective rate shows overall tax burden. This distinction aids in understanding how taxes impact both incremental earnings and total income.
  • Tax brackets are structured so that each portion of your income is taxed at a specific rate within defined ranges. When your income exceeds a bracket's upper limit, only the amount above that limit is taxed at the next higher rate. This prevents your entire income from being taxed at the higher rate, avoiding a sudden jump in tax owed. Think of it as paying different rates on different "slices" of your income, not the whole amount at once.
  • Tax brackets are structured progressively, meaning income is divided into segments taxed at increasing rates. Each bracket applies only to the income within its specific range, not the total income. This prevents a sudden jump in tax burden when crossing into a higher bracket. The system ensures fairness by taxing higher earnings more, but only on the amount exceeding the previous bracket's limit.
  • The "nesting dolls" analogy means tax brackets fit inside each other like Russian dolls, with each bracket covering a specific income range. Income is taxed progressively, starting from the lowest bracket and moving up, so each portion of income is tax ...

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How to Stop Overpaying the IRS

Managing Tax Withholdings

Understanding and managing your tax withholdings is crucial in financial planning, as it can impact your available cash flow throughout the year.

Large Tax Refunds Mean You’ve Given the Government an Interest-Free Loan

Rather than seeing a large tax refund as a financial windfall, it should be recognized as an interest-free loan you’ve essentially given to the government. If you receive a $2,000 tax refund, that's equivalent to about $166 per month that could have remained in your pocket. Similarly, a $5,000 refund breaks down to approximately $416 each month. Adjusting your withholdings can better align the money you keep each month with your actual tax liability.

Adjust W-4 to Optimize Withholdings: Increase Allowances for Less Tax or Add Extra Withholding to Avoid Owing

To manage your tax withholdings more effectively, the W-4 form, which you furnish to your employer, can be adjusted. The more allowances you claim, the less tax will be taken out of your paycheck. If you prefer not to risk owing tax when you file your return, you may opt to specify an additional amount for the IRS to withhold each pay period.

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Managing Tax Withholdings

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Counterarguments

  • While it's true that a large tax refund can be seen as an interest-free loan to the government, some individuals may prefer the forced savings mechanism that over-withholding provides, as they might struggle with saving money on their own.
  • Adjusting withholdings to minimize refunds may not be beneficial for everyone; some people might face unexpected financial situations where having a larger refund acts as a safety net.
  • The idea of optimizing withholdings assumes that individuals have the financial literacy and discipline to invest or use the extra money wisely throughout the year, which may not be the case for all taxpayers.
  • For some taxpayers, the peace of mind that comes with over-withholding and receiving a refund may outweigh the potential financial benefits of optimizing withholdings.
  • The process of adjusting W-4 withholdings can be complex and intimidating for some individuals, potentially leading to errors and the risk of under-withholding and owing taxes.
  • The suggestion to adjust withholdings for investment opportunities does not consider the risk tolerance or financial situation of every individual; not everyone may be in a position to invest.
  • The text does not address the potential impact of changing tax laws and financial situatio ...

Actionables

  • Create a "tax adjustment" calendar reminder for mid-year to review your current withholdings and projected tax liability. By setting a specific date, such as June 30th, you ensure that you're taking a proactive approach to assess whether you need to adjust your W-4 based on any life changes or financial shifts that have occurred since the beginning of the year. This can include changes in income, marital status, or even the birth of a child, all of which can affect your tax situation.
  • Use a personal finance app that tracks monthly income and expenses to simulate the impact of different withholding levels. By inputting your income and adjusting the withholding settings, you can visualize how changes to your W-4 would affect your monthly budget. This hands-on approach can help you decide if you prefer more money throughout the year or a larger refund at tax time, based on your financial goals and spending habits.
  • Start a dedicated "tax adjustment" savings account whe ...

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How to Stop Overpaying the IRS

Leveraging Tax Credits and Deductions

Understanding how tax credits and deductions work can significantly influence the amount of tax a person owes. By strategic financial planning and recognizing eligible credits and deductions, taxpayers can maximize their tax savings.

Tax Credits Are More Powerful Than Deductions

It is essential to differentiate between tax credits and deductions, as they affect tax bills differently. A tax credit is a dollar-for-dollar reduction in the amount of tax owed. In contrast, tax deductions lower taxable income, not directly tax owed, and are only valuable in proportion to the taxpayer's marginal tax rate.

For example, a $1,000 deduction in the 22% tax bracket will reduce your tax bill by $220. However, a $1,000 credit would directly cut the tax bill by the full $1,000. This makes credits more potent than deductions in terms of actual tax savings.

Identify Financial Decisions and Expenses For Credits vs. Deductions to Maximize Tax Savings

By recognizing which financial decisions can lead to eligible tax credits rather than solely deductions, taxpayers can aim to get the most significant tax savin ...

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Leveraging Tax Credits and Deductions

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While tax credits are generally more valuable than deductions, not all taxpayers will have access to the same credits, and some may find more value in deductions due to their specific financial situations.
  • The value of a deduction can be more significant for taxpayers in higher tax brackets, as the reduction in taxable income could result in substantial tax savings.
  • The assertion that a $1,000 tax credit always reduces tax owed by $1,000 may not hold true if the credit is non-refundable and the taxpayer's liability is less than the credit amount.
  • The focus on tax-advantaged accounts like 401(k)s, Roth IRAs, and HSAs assumes that all taxpayers have enough income to contribute to these accounts, which may not be the case for lower-income individuals.
  • The benefits of contributing to a Roth IRA may not be as immediate in terms of tax savings since contributions are made with after-tax dollars a ...

Actionables

  • You can create a personalized tax credit checklist to ensure you're not missing out on any credits you're eligible for. Start by researching federal and state tax credits that apply to your situation, such as those for education, energy efficiency, or child care. Keep this checklist updated annually as tax laws change and review it before filing your taxes to maximize your savings.
  • Develop a habit of reviewing your pay stubs and investment statements for opportunities to increase contributions to tax-advantaged accounts. Set calendar reminders to check these documents quarterly, looking for ways to boost contributions to your 401(k), Roth IRA, or HSA, especially if you receive a raise or bonus, to further reduce your taxable income.
  • Engage in a yearly "tax fore ...

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