In this episode of Hidden Brain, psychologist Greg Walton and host Shankar Vedantam examine how negative thoughts can become self-fulfilling prophecies. Through personal stories and research examples, they explore how trying to suppress unwanted thoughts can backfire, and how the fear of not belonging can lead people to misinterpret everyday events as signs of rejection.
The episode also delves into Abigail Marsh's research on extreme altruists, including studies of kidney donors and their brain patterns. Marsh's work reveals how these individuals process others' welfare differently from most people, and explains the distinction between genuine altruism and people-pleasing behavior. The discussion includes practical insights about maintaining healthy boundaries while remaining generous.

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Psychologist Greg Walton and Shankar Vedantam explore how our fears and negative thoughts can create self-fulfilling prophecies. Walton illustrates this through his personal story of capsizing a canoe - his preoccupation with avoiding a crash ironically led to one. This connects to Daniel Wegner's "White Bear" experiment, which showed that trying to suppress thoughts actually keeps them more active in our minds.
Vedantam and Walton explain that when we anticipate negative outcomes, we often create destructive cycles. Small setbacks can trigger a cascade of failures, especially when we interpret these events through the lens of deeper concerns about our intelligence or belonging.
Walton introduces the concept of "belonging uncertainty" - the worry that we don't fit in certain settings. He explains how this uncertainty can lead people to misinterpret everyday events as signs of exclusion, particularly affecting individuals from underrepresented groups in various environments.
Sandra Murray's research shows how this plays out in relationships - people with low self-esteem might distance themselves when they perceive criticism, creating a harmful spiral. In educational settings, Walton's research demonstrates that helping students understand that belonging uncertainty is normal can prevent bad days from taking on broader negative implications.
Abigail Marsh's research reveals fascinating insights about highly altruistic individuals, such as kidney donors. Brain scans show that these people don't need to overcome selfish impulses - they naturally value others' welfare differently, showing reduced "social discounting" (valuing distant others' welfare nearly equally to close ones').
Marsh emphasizes that true altruists aren't easily exploited - they maintain healthy boundaries while caring deeply about others' welfare. She distinguishes this from people-pleasing behavior, noting that genuine altruists are motivated by intrinsic care for others rather than fear of disapproval. Marsh advises altruists to focus their efforts strategically, recognizing that they can't solve all the world's problems while remaining open-hearted and generous.
1-Page Summary
In the realm of psychology, downward spirals and self-fulfilling prophecies are critical phenomena that can significantly impact one's ability to succeed and perceive the world accurately. These cognitive traps can turn concerns into realities and, as Vedantam and Walton discuss, are inherently linked to the way individuals interpret events through the lens of their fears.
Psychologist Greg Walton recounts his canoe trip on the Sturgeon River as an anecdotal illustration of self-fulfilling prophecies. Although Walton was an accomplished canoeist, the warning from the outfitter about the river's challenging conditions planted a seed of doubt in his mind. This preoccupation with avoiding sweepers—overhanging trees that could cause boats to capsize—remained at the forefront of his actions. Ultimately, the fixation on not capsizing led to overreaction and caused the canoe to flip.
The "White Bear" experiment, led by psychologist Daniel Wegner, revealed that attempting to suppress thoughts ironically keeps them more active in our minds. When participants were told not to think about a white bear while they wrote down their thoughts, they found themselves thinking about it nonetheless. Walton connects this psychological phenomenon to his canoe experience, where his efforts to suppress thoughts of flipping the canoe likely led him to behave in ways that might cause it to happen.
Vedantam and Walton discuss how negative anticipations can create a destructive cycle. Vedantam suggests that setbacks may trigger further failures as one negative event seems to pave the way for the next. He poses the idea that our minds may set us up for failure through predetermined expectations of the worst. Walton further explains that when interpretations of small events connect to deeper existential questions, such as intelligence or belonging, individuals tend to overinterpret these events, causing a self-reinforcing cycle of negative behavior and interpretations.
The Psychology of Downward Spirals and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Greg Walton expresses concern about the impacts of detachment and disconnection, underscoring the influence belonging uncertainty has on behavior.
He refers to Sandra Murray’s study that explores the impact of self-esteem on relationships, where couples were asked to write things they disliked about each other. Under specific conditions, one partner might assume that their partner has a long list of grievances, leading to feelings of insecurity within the relationship. Walton explains that this insecurity can result in a harmful downward spiral in the relationship, as individuals with low self-esteem may begin to derogate their partners or distance themselves when they perceive criticism.
Walton delves into the concept of belonging uncertainty, where persistent worries in significant settings like school or work can lead one to misinterpret ambiguous events as signs of not belonging. This can become pronounced in environments where an individual's group is underrepresented or historically unwelcome. He cites examples like women in male-dominated professions or students of color at historically unwelcoming universities, leading to misinterpretations of everyday interactions, such as an unreturned email or an unfriendly classroom, as evidence of exclusion.
The influence of belonging extends to the perceptions of social norms and subsequent altruistic behaviors.
Marsh asserts that being raised in environments where helping others is common can change perceptions of social norms and lead to ingrained altruistic behaviors. She refutes the notion that there is an inherent selfishness in humans or a decline in social trust and moral norms, suggesting instead that cognitive biases may be responsible for these perceptions.
Walton shares his personal feelings of homesickness and exclusion at Stanford, admitting that he assumed other students would be different from him, thus enhancing his sense of disconnection. He reflects upon missing opportunities to connect with others due to not realizing these feelings were common among his peers. Walton further illustrates how one's psychology influences behavior, such as avoiding positive interactions, which can extend to more extensive patterns of avoiding engagement, affecting the overall experience and growth in sc ...
Influence Of Belonging On Behavior
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans reveal that altruistic kidney donors don't show increased activation in brain regions associated with overcoming internal biases, which includes the bias to be selfish. Instead, they display increased activation patterns in areas like the amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. These patterns correspond to the value placed on the welfare of socially distant strangers, suggesting that extreme altruists evaluate others' needs differently.
Altruistic individuals, such as kidney donors, demonstrate dramatically reduced social discounting—they are generous to those who are different from themselves, not well known, or even complete strangers. Sanyana Graff, an altruistic kidney donor, donated a kidney not because she knew someone in need but because she recognized the need in general. These donors often believe there is no one so unworthy that they don't deserve to live.
Psychologist and neuroscientist Abigail Marsh confirms that exceptionally altruistic individuals are not necessarily more susceptible to exploitation. Many of them, including law enforcement officials and military veterans, understand human nature accurately and are able to maintain stable self-images. Their sense of self-worth remains intact, suggesting they have firm boundaries to protect against exploitation.
Marsh explains that true altruists care about others' welfare intrinsically, as opposed to those who may help others due to fear of not being liked or to avoid someone's anger. People high in the trait of "honesty, humility," are genuinely caring and maintain healthy boundaries. This is different from individuals who might be agr ...
The Psychology of Extreme Altruists and Generosity
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