Podcasts > Hidden Brain > You 2.0: Stop Spiraling!

You 2.0: Stop Spiraling!

By Hidden Brain Media

In this episode of Hidden Brain, psychologist Greg Walton and host Shankar Vedantam examine how negative thoughts can become self-fulfilling prophecies. Through personal stories and research examples, they explore how trying to suppress unwanted thoughts can backfire, and how the fear of not belonging can lead people to misinterpret everyday events as signs of rejection.

The episode also delves into Abigail Marsh's research on extreme altruists, including studies of kidney donors and their brain patterns. Marsh's work reveals how these individuals process others' welfare differently from most people, and explains the distinction between genuine altruism and people-pleasing behavior. The discussion includes practical insights about maintaining healthy boundaries while remaining generous.

Listen to the original

You 2.0: Stop Spiraling!

This is a preview of the Shortform summary of the Dec 29, 2025 episode of the Hidden Brain

Sign up for Shortform to access the whole episode summary along with additional materials like counterarguments and context.

You 2.0: Stop Spiraling!

1-Page Summary

The Psychology of Downward Spirals and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Psychologist Greg Walton and Shankar Vedantam explore how our fears and negative thoughts can create self-fulfilling prophecies. Walton illustrates this through his personal story of capsizing a canoe - his preoccupation with avoiding a crash ironically led to one. This connects to Daniel Wegner's "White Bear" experiment, which showed that trying to suppress thoughts actually keeps them more active in our minds.

Vedantam and Walton explain that when we anticipate negative outcomes, we often create destructive cycles. Small setbacks can trigger a cascade of failures, especially when we interpret these events through the lens of deeper concerns about our intelligence or belonging.

Influence Of Belonging On Behavior

Walton introduces the concept of "belonging uncertainty" - the worry that we don't fit in certain settings. He explains how this uncertainty can lead people to misinterpret everyday events as signs of exclusion, particularly affecting individuals from underrepresented groups in various environments.

Sandra Murray's research shows how this plays out in relationships - people with low self-esteem might distance themselves when they perceive criticism, creating a harmful spiral. In educational settings, Walton's research demonstrates that helping students understand that belonging uncertainty is normal can prevent bad days from taking on broader negative implications.

The Psychology of Extreme Altruists and Generosity

Abigail Marsh's research reveals fascinating insights about highly altruistic individuals, such as kidney donors. Brain scans show that these people don't need to overcome selfish impulses - they naturally value others' welfare differently, showing reduced "social discounting" (valuing distant others' welfare nearly equally to close ones').

Marsh emphasizes that true altruists aren't easily exploited - they maintain healthy boundaries while caring deeply about others' welfare. She distinguishes this from people-pleasing behavior, noting that genuine altruists are motivated by intrinsic care for others rather than fear of disapproval. Marsh advises altruists to focus their efforts strategically, recognizing that they can't solve all the world's problems while remaining open-hearted and generous.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a belief or expectation influences behavior in a way that causes the belief to come true. Fears can trigger this by making people act anxiously or avoidantly, which then leads to the feared outcome. For example, worrying about failure might reduce effort or focus, increasing the chance of failing. This cycle reinforces the original fear, making it harder to break.
  • Daniel Wegner's "White Bear" experiment asked participants to avoid thinking about a white bear while verbalizing their thoughts. Despite instructions, participants frequently thought about the white bear, showing that suppressing thoughts can make them more persistent. This demonstrated the paradox of thought suppression, where trying not to think about something increases its mental presence. The experiment highlights how efforts to avoid negative thoughts can unintentionally reinforce them.
  • Social discounting refers to how much less value people assign to the welfare of others as social distance increases. It means people typically care more about close friends and family than strangers. In altruism, reduced social discounting means valuing others' well-being more equally, regardless of closeness. This trait is linked to extreme generosity and willingness to help distant others.
  • "Belonging uncertainty" refers to the doubt people feel about whether they are accepted or valued in a social group. This uncertainty can cause stress and reduce motivation, leading individuals to withdraw or perform poorly. It often arises in environments where people feel different or marginalized. Addressing belonging uncertainty can improve mental health and social engagement.
  • Genuine altruism is driven by an internal desire to help others without expecting anything in return. People-pleasing behavior is motivated by a fear of rejection or disapproval, leading individuals to prioritize others' approval over their own needs. Altruists maintain healthy boundaries, while people-pleasers often sacrifice their well-being to avoid conflict. This distinction affects how each responds to social situations and personal limits.
  • Destructive cycles occur when expecting failure causes anxiety and self-doubt, which impair performance. This leads to actual setbacks, confirming the negative expectation and reinforcing the cycle. Over time, these repeated patterns can damage confidence and motivation. Breaking the cycle often requires changing how one interprets setbacks and managing negative thoughts.
  • Low self-esteem causes individuals to doubt their worth and fear rejection. When they perceive criticism, they may withdraw to protect themselves from potential hurt. This distancing can unintentionally create emotional gaps, reinforcing feelings of insecurity. Over time, this cycle can weaken relationship bonds.
  • Brain scans help identify specific brain areas involved in altruistic behavior, showing how these regions function differently in extreme altruists. They reveal neural patterns linked to empathy, reward, and social decision-making. This biological evidence supports the idea that altruism can be rooted in brain structure and function, not just learned behavior. Understanding these differences helps explain why some people naturally prioritize others' welfare.
  • Intrinsic care means acting out of genuine concern and compassion for others, without expecting rewards or approval. Fear of disapproval motivates behavior to avoid negative judgment or rejection from others. The key difference is that intrinsic care is self-driven, while fear of disapproval is externally driven. Genuine altruism arises from intrinsic care, not from wanting to please or avoid criticism.
  • Healthy boundaries in altruism mean knowing when to say no to protect one’s own well-being. They prevent burnout by balancing care for others with self-care. This helps altruists avoid being taken advantage of or overwhelmed. Boundaries ensure generosity is sustainable and genuine.

Counterarguments

  • While fears and negative thoughts can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies, it's also possible that some individuals may become more cautious or prepared as a result of their concerns, potentially avoiding negative outcomes.
  • The idea that trying to suppress thoughts keeps them more active might not apply universally; some individuals may successfully use distraction or replacement techniques to manage unwanted thoughts.
  • The concept of destructive cycles triggered by anticipating negative outcomes could be challenged by resilience and growth mindset theories, which suggest that individuals can learn from setbacks and become stronger rather than entering a downward spiral.
  • The notion of "belonging uncertainty" might not fully account for the complexity of social interactions and individual differences in perception and response to social cues.
  • The impact of belonging uncertainty on underrepresented groups could be mitigated by other factors such as individual resilience, support systems, and personal coping strategies.
  • The research on altruism may not capture the full spectrum of motivations behind altruistic behavior, which could include a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
  • The idea that true altruists are not easily exploited might overlook the subtleties of interpersonal dynamics where altruists could be taken advantage of without clear boundaries.
  • The advice for altruists to focus their efforts strategically might be seen as limiting the spontaneous and selfless nature that characterizes altruistic behavior in some individuals.
  • The research presented may not be universally applicable across different cultures and social contexts, where the interpretation of belonging, altruism, and self-perception could vary significantly.

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
You 2.0: Stop Spiraling!

The Psychology of Downward Spirals and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

In the realm of psychology, downward spirals and self-fulfilling prophecies are critical phenomena that can significantly impact one's ability to succeed and perceive the world accurately. These cognitive traps can turn concerns into realities and, as Vedantam and Walton discuss, are inherently linked to the way individuals interpret events through the lens of their fears.

Negative Thoughts and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Can Lead To Failure

Expectations of Psychologist Greg Walton Caused Canoe to Flip

Psychologist Greg Walton recounts his canoe trip on the Sturgeon River as an anecdotal illustration of self-fulfilling prophecies. Although Walton was an accomplished canoeist, the warning from the outfitter about the river's challenging conditions planted a seed of doubt in his mind. This preoccupation with avoiding sweepers—overhanging trees that could cause boats to capsize—remained at the forefront of his actions. Ultimately, the fixation on not capsizing led to overreaction and caused the canoe to flip.

"White Bear" Experiment: Suppressing Thoughts Makes Them More Accessible and Behaviorally Influential

The "White Bear" experiment, led by psychologist Daniel Wegner, revealed that attempting to suppress thoughts ironically keeps them more active in our minds. When participants were told not to think about a white bear while they wrote down their thoughts, they found themselves thinking about it nonetheless. Walton connects this psychological phenomenon to his canoe experience, where his efforts to suppress thoughts of flipping the canoe likely led him to behave in ways that might cause it to happen.

Downward Spirals Start With Negatively Interpreted Events Driven by Preconceived Worries

Anticipating the Worst Causes a Self-Fulfilling Cycle

Vedantam and Walton discuss how negative anticipations can create a destructive cycle. Vedantam suggests that setbacks may trigger further failures as one negative event seems to pave the way for the next. He poses the idea that our minds may set us up for failure through predetermined expectations of the worst. Walton further explains that when interpretations of small events connect to deeper existential questions, such as intelligence or belonging, individuals tend to overinterpret these events, causing a self-reinforcing cycle of negative behavior and interpretations.

Suppressing Negatives May Lead Us ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

The Psychology of Downward Spirals and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • A downward spiral in psychology refers to a pattern where negative thoughts and emotions reinforce each other, leading to worsening mental states. It often begins with a small setback that is interpreted negatively, causing increased stress or anxiety. This negative interpretation then influences behavior, which can create further problems or failures. Over time, this cycle can deepen, making it harder to break free without intervention.
  • A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a belief or expectation influences behavior in a way that causes the belief to come true. It often starts with a prediction or assumption about a situation or person. This expectation shapes actions and reactions, which then reinforce the original belief. Over time, this cycle can solidify false or negative outcomes as reality.
  • The "White Bear" experiment demonstrates the paradox of thought suppression: trying to avoid certain thoughts makes them more persistent. This occurs because the mind monitors for the unwanted thought to ensure it is not present, ironically keeping it active. The experiment highlights how suppression can backfire, increasing the influence of negative thoughts on behavior. It suggests that acceptance rather than avoidance of thoughts may be a healthier coping strategy.
  • Suppressing thoughts requires mental effort to monitor and avoid the unwanted thought, which ironically keeps it active in the mind. This monitoring process acts like a mental "search," making the thought more accessible and harder to ignore. Over time, the suppressed thought can become more intrusive and influential on behavior. This phenomenon is known as the "ironic process theory" in psychology.
  • A "fixed mindset" is the belief that intelligence and abilities are static and cannot change. People with this mindset may avoid challenges to prevent failure and feel threatened by others' success. This contrasts with a "growth mindset," which views intelligence as developable through effort and learning. The fixed mindset can limit motivation and resilience in the face of difficulties.
  • Small events can trigger reflections on core aspects of our identity, such as intelligence or social acceptance. These reflections are "existential" because they relate to fundamental questions about who we are and our value. When people interpret minor setbacks as evidence of personal flaws, it deepens negative self-beliefs. This process intensifies emotional reactions and influences future behavior, reinforcing a negative cycle.
  • The metaphor compares how repeated negative thought patterns shape our mindset, similar to how clay takes form when molded. Over time, these patterns become rigid and automatic, making change difficult. This rigidity limits flexibility in thinking and behavior. It highlights the importance of addressing negative patterns early before they solidify.
  • Preconceived worries are existing fears or anxieties that shape how we v ...

Counterarguments

  • The idea that negative thoughts inevitably lead to negative outcomes may be too deterministic; some individuals may experience negative thoughts but still achieve success through resilience, support systems, or other coping mechanisms.
  • The connection between thought suppression and increased thought presence, while supported by the "White Bear" experiment, may not apply universally to all individuals or situations; some people might successfully use suppression as a temporary coping strategy.
  • The concept of self-fulfilling prophecies could be seen as oversimplifying complex situations; external factors and random events also play significant roles in outcomes, and not everything is within an individual's control or caused by their expectations.
  • The emphasis on the negative impact of a fixed mindset may overlook the potential benefits of stability and consistency that a fixed mindset can provide in certain contexts, such as when it fosters expertise through focused practice.
  • The assertion that small setbacks can trigger further failures does not account for the possibility that setbacks can also be learning opportunities that lead to greater success in the ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
You 2.0: Stop Spiraling!

Influence Of Belonging On Behavior

Feelings Of Not Belonging Can Lead To Assumptions About Others' Views

Greg Walton expresses concern about the impacts of detachment and disconnection, underscoring the influence belonging uncertainty has on behavior.

Study: Low Self-Esteem Leads To Partner Derogation When Criticized

He refers to Sandra Murray’s study that explores the impact of self-esteem on relationships, where couples were asked to write things they disliked about each other. Under specific conditions, one partner might assume that their partner has a long list of grievances, leading to feelings of insecurity within the relationship. Walton explains that this insecurity can result in a harmful downward spiral in the relationship, as individuals with low self-esteem may begin to derogate their partners or distance themselves when they perceive criticism.

"Belonging Uncertainty" - Worries in Important Settings Can Lead To Interpreting Ambiguous Events As Signs Of Not Belonging

Walton delves into the concept of belonging uncertainty, where persistent worries in significant settings like school or work can lead one to misinterpret ambiguous events as signs of not belonging. This can become pronounced in environments where an individual's group is underrepresented or historically unwelcome. He cites examples like women in male-dominated professions or students of color at historically unwelcoming universities, leading to misinterpretations of everyday interactions, such as an unreturned email or an unfriendly classroom, as evidence of exclusion.

Social Norms Shape Altruistic Behaviors

The influence of belonging extends to the perceptions of social norms and subsequent altruistic behaviors.

Valuing Helping Others Instills Prosocial Orientation

Marsh asserts that being raised in environments where helping others is common can change perceptions of social norms and lead to ingrained altruistic behaviors. She refutes the notion that there is an inherent selfishness in humans or a decline in social trust and moral norms, suggesting instead that cognitive biases may be responsible for these perceptions.

Perceptions of Declining Social Trust and Moral Norms May Reflect Cognitive Biases Rather Than Actual Changes

Walton shares his personal feelings of homesickness and exclusion at Stanford, admitting that he assumed other students would be different from him, thus enhancing his sense of disconnection. He reflects upon missing opportunities to connect with others due to not realizing these feelings were common among his peers. Walton further illustrates how one's psychology influences behavior, such as avoiding positive interactions, which can extend to more extensive patterns of avoiding engagement, affecting the overall experience and growth in sc ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

Influence Of Belonging On Behavior

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Belonging uncertainty is a psychological state where individuals doubt whether they fit in or are accepted in a social environment. This doubt causes heightened sensitivity to social cues, often leading to misinterpretation of neutral or ambiguous interactions as rejection. As a result, people may withdraw, avoid engagement, or behave defensively, which can reinforce feelings of exclusion. Over time, this cycle can negatively impact confidence, motivation, and social relationships.
  • Partner derogation refers to the act of criticizing or devaluing one's romantic partner, often as a defensive response to feeling insecure or threatened in the relationship. It can create a negative feedback loop, worsening relationship satisfaction and trust. This behavior may serve as a way to protect self-esteem by blaming the partner rather than addressing personal insecurities. Over time, partner derogation can lead to emotional distance and relationship decline.
  • Social norms are shared expectations about how people should behave in a group. They guide individuals to act in ways that are accepted and valued by their community. When helping others is a common norm, people are more likely to develop habits of kindness and cooperation. These norms influence behavior by creating social rewards for altruism and social costs for selfishness.
  • Moral elevation is a positive emotional response experienced when witnessing acts of kindness or virtue. It often inspires feelings of warmth, admiration, and a desire to become a better person. This emotional uplift can motivate individuals to engage in prosocial behaviors themselves. Essentially, seeing kindness encourages more kindness through this uplifting psychological effect.
  • Cognitive biases are mental shortcuts that distort how we perceive reality. They can cause people to remember the past as better than it was, known as nostalgia bias. This leads to the false belief that social trust and moral values have declined over time. Such biases affect judgments without people realizing it, shaping negative views about society.
  • "The Illusion of Moral Decline" is a research paper that challenges the common belief that society's morals are worsening over time. It shows that people tend to remember the past as more virtuous than it actually was, a cognitive bias called nostalgia. The paper uses historical data to demonstrate that moral behaviors and social trust have remained relatively stable. This suggests that perceptions of moral decline are often exaggerated or unfounded.
  • Feelings of exclusion trigger stress and self-protective behaviors that reduce social engagement. This leads individuals to interpret neutral or ambiguous social cues as rejection, reinforcing withdrawal. Avoidance of interaction limits opportunities to form connections, creating a feedback loop of isolation. Over time, this cycle diminishes social skills and confid ...

Actionables

  • Create a "Belonging Journal" to track and reflect on daily interactions, noting when you feel included or excluded and the context of these feelings. This can help you identify patterns in your behavior and environments that may contribute to feelings of belonging uncertainty. For example, if you notice you often feel excluded during team meetings, you might plan to speak up more or ask for feedback to foster a sense of inclusion.
  • Start a "Kindness Ripple" initiative where you perform one small, anonymous act of kindness each day and journal the action and any observed outcomes. This could be as simple as leaving a positive note for a coworker or paying for the next person's coffee. The goal is to create a personal awareness of altruism and its impact, potentially inspiring others to act kindly as well.
  • Develop a "Gratitude Mapping" habit where, at the end of eac ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
You 2.0: Stop Spiraling!

The Psychology of Extreme Altruists and Generosity

Highly Altruistic People Show Reduced "Social Discounting," Valuing Distant Others' Welfare Nearly Equally to Close Ones

Brain Scans Suggest Altruists Value Others' Welfare Differently

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans reveal that altruistic kidney donors don't show increased activation in brain regions associated with overcoming internal biases, which includes the bias to be selfish. Instead, they display increased activation patterns in areas like the amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. These patterns correspond to the value placed on the welfare of socially distant strangers, suggesting that extreme altruists evaluate others' needs differently.

Altruistic Kidney Donors Value Universal Human Worth, Not Judging Who Is "Deserving."

Altruistic individuals, such as kidney donors, demonstrate dramatically reduced social discounting—they are generous to those who are different from themselves, not well known, or even complete strangers. Sanyana Graff, an altruistic kidney donor, donated a kidney not because she knew someone in need but because she recognized the need in general. These donors often believe there is no one so unworthy that they don't deserve to live.

Altruism Doesn't Mean Being Exploited

Altruists Maintain Stable Self-Images and Protect Boundaries Against Exploitation

Psychologist and neuroscientist Abigail Marsh confirms that exceptionally altruistic individuals are not necessarily more susceptible to exploitation. Many of them, including law enforcement officials and military veterans, understand human nature accurately and are able to maintain stable self-images. Their sense of self-worth remains intact, suggesting they have firm boundaries to protect against exploitation.

True Altruism Vs. People-Pleasing: Motivations Matter

Marsh explains that true altruists care about others' welfare intrinsically, as opposed to those who may help others due to fear of not being liked or to avoid someone's anger. People high in the trait of "honesty, humility," are genuinely caring and maintain healthy boundaries. This is different from individuals who might be agr ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

The Psychology of Extreme Altruists and Generosity

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Social discounting is a psychological concept describing how people typically value the welfare of others less as social distance increases. It means individuals usually prioritize close friends and family over strangers when making decisions involving generosity. Reduced social discounting, as seen in extreme altruists, means they value distant others' well-being almost as much as that of close ones. This shift challenges the common tendency to favor those socially closer to us.
  • The amygdala processes emotions and helps detect the significance of social stimuli, influencing empathy and emotional responses to others' needs. The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) is involved in regulating emotions and social decision-making, integrating emotional and cognitive information to guide prosocial behavior. Together, these areas support valuing others' welfare by linking emotional significance with social cognition. Their activation suggests altruists emotionally resonate with and prioritize others' well-being, even for distant strangers.
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, as active brain areas consume more oxygen. It tracks oxygen-rich blood, which alters magnetic properties, allowing visualization of which brain regions are more active during tasks or thoughts. This method helps researchers link specific mental processes to particular brain areas. fMRI does not measure electrical activity directly but infers activity from blood flow changes.
  • True altruism is motivated by genuine concern for others' well-being, independent of external approval or personal gain. People-pleasing stems from a desire to be liked or to avoid conflict, often driven by insecurity or fear of rejection. True altruists maintain healthy boundaries and a stable self-image, while people-pleasers may sacrifice their own needs to gain acceptance. This distinction affects the sustainability and authenticity of their helping behaviors.
  • Honesty and humility are personality traits characterized by truthfulness, modesty, and a lack of arrogance. People high in these traits tend to be sincere and avoid manipulating others for personal gain. These qualities foster genuine concern for others rather than helping for selfish reasons. Research links honesty-humility to ethical behavior and prosocial actions like altruism.
  • Altruists maintain stable self-images by having a clear understanding of their own values and worth, which helps them stay confident in their decisions. They set firm boundaries by recognizing their limits and saying no when necessary to protect their well-being. This self-awareness prevents them from feeling obligated to help beyond their capacity, reducing vulnerability to exploitation. Their intrinsic motivation to help others is balanced with self-care, ensuring generosity does not come at their own expense.
  • Intrinsic care means helping others because you genuinely want to, driven by internal values and empathy. Motivations based on fear of rejection or conflict avoidance involve helping to gain approval or avoid negative outcomes, not from true concern. The former leads to healthy boundaries and self-respect, while the latter can cause stress and resentment. Understanding this difference helps distinguish true altruism from people-pleasing behavior.
  • Law enforcement officials and military veterans often face high-stress, morally complex situations requiring strong self-discipline and clear boundaries. Their inclusion highlig ...

Counterarguments

  • While fMRI scans can show differences in brain activation, the interpretation of these results can be complex and may not fully capture the nuances of altruistic behavior.
  • The concept of reduced social discounting in altruists could be influenced by other factors such as cultural background, personal experiences, or even the current mood of the individual, which are not accounted for in the text.
  • The belief that no one is undeserving of help is noble, but it may not always be practical in resource-limited situations where prioritization is necessary.
  • The assertion that altruists are not more susceptible to exploitation might overlook individual differences and the possibility that some altruists do struggle with setting boundaries.
  • The distinction between true altruism and people-pleasing could be oversimplified, as motivations for helping others can be complex and multifaceted.
  • The idea that altruists should focus their efforts to avoid being overwhelmed might be seen as limiting the potential sco ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free

Create Summaries for anything on the web

Download the Shortform Chrome extension for your browser

Shortform Extension CTA