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The Reset Button

By Hidden Brain Media

In this episode of Hidden Brain, Dacher Keltner shares his personal experiences with anxiety and describes how he found relief through awe-inspiring moments. He explains the scientific concept of awe as a restructuring of knowledge to comprehend vast mysteries, and discusses research showing how experiences of awe—whether from nature, moral exemplars, or acts of kindness—can affect both psychological and physical health.

The episode also explores how awe and transcendent thinking can enhance education. Mary Helen Immordino-Yang discusses the benefits of connecting classroom lessons to broader ideas and community issues, while acknowledging the challenges teachers face in implementing these approaches within rigid educational systems. The conversation examines how educators can better support students' emotional and cognitive development through meaningful, community-connected learning experiences.

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The Reset Button

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The Reset Button

1-Page Summary

The Personal Experience and Psychological Importance of Awe

Dacher Keltner shares his journey through anxiety, describing how a move from California to Wisconsin triggered severe panic attacks and isolation. He found relief through awe-inspiring experiences, from basketball games to Iggy Pop concerts, which helped him transcend personal worries and connect to something larger.

The Scientific Definition and Study of Awe

According to Keltner, awe requires 'accommodation' - a restructuring of knowledge to comprehend vast mysteries beyond current understanding. Research by Yang Bai showed that people who experience awe in natural settings like Yosemite tend to perceive themselves as smaller in relation to the world. The experience isn't limited to natural wonders; moral exemplars and everyday acts of kindness can also evoke awe.

The physiological effects are significant: awe triggers the vagus nerve, calming heart rate and digestion, and reduces inflammation. These findings suggest both psychological and physical health benefits from awe-inspiring experiences.

Role of Awe in Education and Transcendent Thinking

Mary Helen Immordino-Yang defines transcendent thinking as the intrinsic desire to find profound meaning in experiences by connecting them to broader ideas, histories, and values. This approach has been successfully implemented in classrooms, as demonstrated by teacher Talania Noor-Pharr, who connected math lessons to community financial advising.

However, implementing transcendent thinking in schools faces challenges from rigid curricula and testing requirements. Immordino-Yang advocates for giving teachers more autonomy in building curricula and suggests that educators should act as developmental scientists, focusing on observing and responding to students' thought processes rather than simply delivering content. She emphasizes the importance of designing learning experiences that tackle complex, community-connected problems while supporting students' emotional and cognitive development.

1-Page Summary

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Counterarguments

  • While awe-inspiring experiences can have positive effects, they may not be a universal remedy for everyone's anxiety or mental health issues, and other interventions like therapy or medication might be necessary.
  • The concept of 'accommodation' in the context of awe might not be easily measurable or observable, and there could be other psychological processes at play.
  • The perception of being smaller in relation to the world when experiencing awe might not be a universal feeling, and some individuals might instead feel empowered or elevated.
  • The physiological effects of awe, such as triggering the vagus nerve, might not be solely attributable to awe but could also be influenced by other factors like general relaxation or the context of the awe-inspiring event.
  • The application of transcendent thinking in education, while beneficial, might not be practical or effective in all subjects or for all students, depending on their individual learning styles and needs.
  • The success of implementing transcendent thinking in classrooms might be difficult to replicate across different educational environments due to varying resources, teacher training, and student demographics.
  • Giving teachers more autonomy in building curricula could lead to inconsistencies in educational standards and outcomes if not carefully managed and supported by appropriate professional development.
  • The role of educators as developmental scientists might not be feasible in all educational settings due to time constraints, class sizes, and the diverse range of responsibilities teachers already have.
  • Designing learning experiences that tackle complex, community-connected problems might not always align with the foundational knowledge students need to acquire in certain subjects.
  • The emphasis on emotional and cognitive development through complex problem-solving might inadvertently neglect the importance of mastering basic skills and knowledge that are also crucial for students' overall education.

Actionables

  • You can create a personal 'awe journal' to document moments that inspire wonder and challenge your understanding of the world. Carry a small notebook or use a digital app to jot down when you encounter something that leaves you in awe, whether it's a kind gesture from a stranger, an impressive feat by someone you admire, or a natural phenomenon. Reflect on these moments weekly to foster a sense of connection to the larger world and to encourage the accommodation of new perspectives.
  • Start a 'micro-volunteering' habit to experience the joy of everyday acts of kindness. Micro-volunteering involves small, quick tasks that benefit others, such as writing a thank-you note to someone who has made a difference in your life, picking up litter during your daily walk, or offering to help an elderly neighbor with groceries. These acts can evoke feelings of awe related to moral beauty and contribute to your psychological well-being.
  • Engage in 'transcendent conversations' with friends or family members to connect deeper with community and history. During social gatherings or meals, initiate discussions that go beyond everyday topics and delve into questions about life's mysteries, historical events, or moral dilemmas. This practice can help you and others develop transcendent thinking, fostering a sense of profound meaning and connection to broader ideas.

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The Reset Button

The Personal Experience and Psychological Importance of Awe

Dacher Keltner shares his personal journey through anxiety and how awe-inspiring experiences played a pivotal role in his psychological well-being.

Dacher Keltner's Journey With Anxiety and Awe-inspiring Experiences

Keltner's Move From California to Wisconsin Led To Isolation, Anxiety, and Panic Attacks

Dacher Keltner's life was marred by extreme anxiety after moving from California to Wisconsin, where he felt isolated and experienced panic attacks. The cultural, environmental, and climate differences in Wisconsin made him feel out of place socially and physically.

Activities Like Basketball, Iggy Pop, and Storms Helped Keltner Transcend His Worries

Keltner began to find solace in awe-inspiring experiences that took him away from his anxieties. Whether playing basketball, getting energized in the mosh pit at an Iggy Pop concert, or sitting with his wife during a severe storm, Keltner discovered that these moments allowed him to transcend his personal worries and feel connected to something larger. A response letter from Iggy Pop, in particular, provided Keltner with courage and strength.

The Emotional and Psychological Benefits of Awe-inspiring Experiences

Awe-inspiring Activities Foster Connection Beyond Self-Focus

Through various activities, Keltner illustrates how awe can shift focus from self-preoccupation to a larger sense of connection. He describes feeling like "one giant goose bump" on stage with the Dalai Lama, which helped him sense a greater purpose and diminution of ego.

Awe Reduces Anxiety, Distress, and Promotes Purpose and Meaning

Keltner’s research provides evidence of awe's profound benefits. Subjects looking up at eucalyptus trees rep ...

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The Personal Experience and Psychological Importance of Awe

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Counterarguments

  • While awe-inspiring experiences can have positive effects, they may not be a universal remedy for everyone's anxiety or psychological issues. Individual responses to awe and what constitutes an awe-inspiring experience can vary greatly.
  • The connection between awe and psychological well-being might be correlational rather than causal; individuals who are able to experience awe might already have certain psychological strengths or be in environments that support mental health.
  • The long-term effects of awe on psychological well-being are not fully understood, and it's possible that the benefits may diminish over time or require regular exposure to awe-inspiring experiences.
  • Some individuals with severe anxiety or panic disorders may require more structured psychological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or medication, in addition to or instead of seeking awe-inspiring experiences.
  • The accessibility of awe-inspiring experiences might be limited for individuals living in urban environments or those with mobility issues, economic constraints, or other barriers that prevent them from engaging in such activities.
  • There could be a selection bias in the research on awe; individual ...

Actionables

  • Create a 'wonder journal' to document daily moments that inspire awe, such as a unique cloud formation or an act of kindness observed. Keeping a dedicated journal encourages you to actively seek out and reflect on awe-inspiring moments in your everyday life, which can shift your focus from daily stressors and foster a sense of connection to the world around you.
  • Develop a habit of 'awe walks' where you take a different route each time to explore new environments, whether it's a city street you've never walked down or a trail in a local park. This practice can help you discover the extraordinary in the ordinary and provide the benefits of awe without needing to attend large events or concerts.
  • Engage in 'micro-volunteering' online, which inv ...

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The Scientific Definition and Study of Awe

The scientific community studies the complexities of emotions such as awe, underlining its impacts on our understanding of the world and physiological health.

Awe As an Experience of Vast, Mysterious Knowledge Needed

Dacher Keltner articulates the challenge of defining awe. He explains that awe is akin to mystical experiences and requires 'accommodation,' a restructuring of one's knowledge to comprehend vast mysteries that one's current understanding cannot grasp. Awe introduces profound uncertainty and destabilizes our comprehension of the world, often leading to reactions like expansive language, laughter, crying, and feeling moved beyond oneself.

Keltner describes awe as both destabilizing and quieting, prompting individuals to seek new knowledge and occasionally abandon previous assumptions. An experiment by Yang Bai indicated that after experiencing awe in natural settings like Yosemite, people depicted smaller self-drawings, suggesting a diminished sense of personal identity compared to control conditions. Another study involving older participants revealed that awe did not diminish with experience; on the contrary, it became richer and deeper, acting as a mental reset button and fostering a ‘beginner's mind.’

Awe From Natural Wonders to Moral Exemplars

While natural wonders are common sources of awe, Keltner points out that encounters with moral exemplars also evoke this profound emotion. The virtuous actions of others — their kindness, courage, and capacity to overcome obstacles — can inspire awe. It emerges from the moral beauty shown by ordinary people, including neighbors and strangers, just as often as it does from famous f ...

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Clarifications

  • Accommodation is a concept from developmental psychology introduced by Jean Piaget. It refers to the process of changing existing mental frameworks or creating new ones to incorporate new information. This cognitive restructuring allows individuals to understand experiences that do not fit their current knowledge. In the context of awe, accommodation helps people adjust their worldview to grasp vast or mysterious phenomena.
  • The vagus nerve is a major nerve that runs from the brainstem to the abdomen, connecting the brain to many organs. It plays a key role in the parasympathetic nervous system, which controls rest and digestion functions. By slowing the heart rate and promoting digestion, it helps the body relax and recover from stress. Stimulating the vagus nerve can also reduce inflammation and improve mood.
  • Smaller self-drawings indicate a reduced focus on the individual self, reflecting a feeling of being part of something larger. This is linked to the concept of "self-diminishment," where personal boundaries feel less rigid. It suggests increased humility and connectedness with the environment or others. Researchers use this as a visual, nonverbal way to measure changes in self-perception after awe experiences.
  • "Beginner's mind" is a concept from Zen Buddhism emphasizing openness and eagerness to learn, as if encountering something for the first time. It involves letting go of preconceptions and approaching experiences without judgment. This mindset fosters curiosity and creativity by allowing fresh perspectives. In the context of awe, it means feeling mentally refreshed and open to new understanding.
  • Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury or infection, helping to heal damaged tissue. However, chronic inflammation occurs when this response persists without a clear cause, damaging healthy cells and tissues. This ongoing inflammation is linked to diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Reducing chronic inflammation can therefore lower the risk of these serious health problems.
  • Awe destabilizes by challenging existing beliefs, creating a sense of uncertainty and cognitive dissonance. Simultaneously, it quiets by fostering a focused, contemplative state that reduces mental noise and self-centered thoughts. This dual effect encourages openness to new p ...

Counterarguments

  • While awe may lead to a restructuring of knowledge, it's important to consider that not all individuals may experience or interpret awe in the same way due to cultural, personal, or contextual differences.
  • The destabilization caused by awe could potentially be overwhelming or distressing for some individuals, particularly those with certain psychological conditions, and this aspect of awe is not addressed in the text.
  • The claim that awe prompts individuals to seek new knowledge and abandon previous assumptions may not always hold true, as some individuals might resist changing their beliefs even when faced with awe-inspiring experiences.
  • The experiment involving smaller self-drawings after experiencing awe may not conclusively prove a diminished sense of personal identity, as the act of drawing could be influenced by many other factors, including artistic ability or the participants' interpretation of the task.
  • The assertion that awe does not diminish with age could be challenged by individual differences in aging, cognitive decline, or life experiences that could affect the capacity to experience awe.
  • The idea that awe arises as often from the moral beauty of ordinary people as from famous figures could be influenced by the availability heuristic, where individuals might rec ...

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Role of Awe in Education and Transcendent Thinking

The role of awe in education can propel students beyond traditional means of learning, fostering a sense of transcendence and deep connection to the material explored.

Transcendent Thinking: Connecting Situations to Broader Ideas

Transcendent thinking, as defined by Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, is the intrinsic desire to find profound meaning from experiences by engaging with the why, history, intentions, beliefs, values, identities, and potential futures related to a situation.

Transcendent Thinking Finds Deeper Meaning In Experiences

This type of thinking, as Immordino-Yang describes, helps learners to engage not just with data and information, but with their subjective emotional processes during learning. These emotional thought processes become the framework for organizing information and allow for a reliving of the learning experience when accessing the information again.

Cultivating Transcendent Thinking Through Education Prioritizing Engagement and Growth Over Rote Learning

The hosts and guests on the show discuss transcendent thinking in various contexts. For instance, Talania Noor-Pharr, a teacher, connected math lessons to a civic opportunity, where her students applied mathematical concepts to financial advising for families in their community, thus enhancing the learning's meaning and engagement. This approach underscores the potential of education that surpasses rote learning.

Challenges In Implementing Transcendent Thinking In Schools

Rigid Curricula, Testing, and Mandates Hinder Transcendent Thinking

Curriculum demands, pacing guides, and state standards leave little room for individual exploration. A teacher named Eileen mentions the chronic absenteeism and unrealistic demands placed on teachers, which serves as another hurdle.

Scalability Is a Concern Since It May Be Difficult to Replicate Transcendent Thinking Across Classrooms

The scalability of methods fostering transcendent thinking in educational environments is a concern. Despite Charles' efforts to create classroom environments that support transcendent thinking, sustaining this approach has proven difficult.

Integrating Awe and Transcendent Thinking Into Education

The essence of transcendent thinking in education involves framing learning in a manner that students can emotionally and cognitively connect with the material, using awe as an engine to instigate a holistic, systemic view.

Designing Learning Experiences For Students to Tackle Complex, Open-Ended, Community-Connected Problems

Learning experiences that prompt students to tackle complex, community-related problems can imbue a sense of purpose. Immordino-Yang suggests that educators start with a clear understanding of who the student is and then facilitate growth by engaging with new content in a way that becomes an integral part of their identity.

Supporting Teachers ...

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Role of Awe in Education and Transcendent Thinking

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While awe and transcendent thinking can enhance education, there is a risk of subjective experiences overshadowing objective learning outcomes, which are also important.
  • The emphasis on connecting learning to personal experiences and community problems may not always be practical for all subjects or compatible with the needs of all students.
  • The scalability and sustainability concerns mentioned are significant; without addressing these, transcendent thinking may remain an ideal rather than a widespread practice.
  • The autonomy for teachers to build curricula could lead to inconsistencies in educational quality and content if not carefully managed and standardized to some degree.
  • There is a potential for bias when teachers act as developmental scientists, as their subjective interpretations of students' thought processes and feelings could influence assessments and outcomes.
  • The focus on emotional and cognitive engagement may inadvertently neglect the development of basic skills and knowledge that are essential for higher-level thinking and understanding.
  • Not all students may respond positively to open-ended, complex problems, especially those who may need more structure an ...

Actionables

  • You can create a personal "Awe Journal" to document moments that inspire wonder and connect them to your daily learning. Start by carrying a small notebook or using a digital app to jot down anything that amazes you throughout the day, whether it's a passage from a book, a conversation, or a natural phenomenon. At the end of each week, review your entries and reflect on how these moments relate to your broader life experiences, values, and future aspirations. This practice can deepen your appreciation for the interconnectedness of knowledge and experience.
  • Engage in "Transcendent Conversations" with friends or family members about topics that are typically taken at face value. For example, when discussing a news event, delve into the underlying reasons, historical context, and potential future implications of the event. This can be done during regular catch-ups or as a dedicated discussion group. By doing so, you'll practice transcendent thinking and encourage others to look beyond the surface level, fostering a shared sense of curiosity and depth in understanding.
  • Volunteer for a community project tha ...

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