American History Tellers examines the early days of America's ice trade through the story of Frederick Tudor. After leaving school at 13 to work in retail, Tudor noticed an opportunity to transport New England's abundant ice to warmer climates, leading him to purchase a ship and establish a pioneering ice trading business.
The summary covers Tudor's first ventures in ice trading, including his failed attempt to sell ice in Martinique and his subsequent expansion to Havana. It also details the various obstacles Tudor faced, from the practical challenges of storing and transporting ice to broader issues like export restrictions during the Napoleonic Wars and mounting debts that eventually led to his arrest.

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Frederick Tudor, who would later pioneer the ice trade, rejected his father's plans for him to pursue a legal career. Instead, he left school at 13 to work in retail, where he developed an interest in trading. During a trip to Havana, Cuba, Tudor noticed how the tropical heat created an opportunity: New England's abundant ice could be a valuable commodity in warm climates.
Tudor's first attempt at ice trading involved purchasing a ship called the Favourite for about $5,000 (equivalent to $125,000 today) to transport 130 tons of ice to Martinique. Despite securing exclusive import rights through his brother and cousin's negotiations with local authorities, the venture failed. Without proper storage facilities in Martinique, Tudor was forced to sell ice directly from the ship, watching his product melt faster than he could find buyers.
Learning from his Martinique experience, Tudor adapted his approach for the Havana market. He sold the Favourite and began renting cargo space on merchant vessels instead. He also had a custom ice house built in Havana for storage. The business thrived initially, particularly during a spring heat wave when demand for chilled beverages and ice cream soared.
Tudor's success in Havana was short-lived. His business faced setbacks from unreliable partners who left him with unpaid customs duties, and President Jefferson's export restrictions during the Napoleonic Wars forced him to suspend operations for two winters. These challenges led to mounting debts, and Tudor was eventually arrested outside the Boston Custom House for failing to pay his creditors.
1-Page Summary
Frederick Tudor, who became known for his revolutionary idea in the ice trade, had a background and a series of realizations that led him to this unique business venture.
Frederick Tudor, coming from a family of some renown, was expected to continue the legacy of his father, a lawyer and Judge Advocate of the Continental Army, by attending Harvard and joining the legal profession. However, young Frederick had different aspirations, and he decided against following in his father's footsteps.
Tudor abandoned his studies at the age of 13 and took a job in a local store, which his father viewed as an indication of lacking ambition. But it was during this time that Tudor gained valuable insights into retail and trade. His experience with the exchange, buying, and selling of goods ignited his desire to become a trader.
Frederick Tudor saw an opportunity during a trip to Havana, Cuba, where the sweltering heat made a deep impression on him.
Noticing the ...
Frederick Tudor's Background and Ice Trade Inspiration
Frederick Tudor, an aspiring ice trader from New England, faced a multitude of challenges in his first venture to export ice to the Caribbean—a journey marked by determination, innovation, and ultimately disappointment.
Facing skepticism from ship owners about the viability of transporting ice without it melting and damaging their vessels, Frederick Tudor took a bold step. He decided to purchase his own ship, believing firmly in the potential of the ice trade. This led him to buy the old brig named the Favourite for nearly $5,000—equivalent to about $125,000 today—granting him full control over the transportation schedule. Although the Favourite required some repairs to be sea-ready, it offered Tudor a direct shot at testing his business model.
Tudor chose Saint-Pierre in Martinique as the target market for his trial due to its manageable size and distance from potential competition. After ordering the ice blocks from Rockwood Pond on his family's estate outside Boston, he had them loaded onto carts and transported to Boston Harbor. From there, the ice was loaded onto the Favourite with insulation materials like sawdust and wood planks to mitigate melting.
The Favourite set sail on February 13, 1806, its hold packed with 130 tons of New England ice bound for the tropics. However, Tudor confronted an immediate problem upon arrival: there was no infrastructure to store the ice. The temperature in the hold of the vessel rose, and he had to resort to selling ice directly from the ship. Tudor had anticipated earning around $10,000 from his venture but, constrained by circumstances, made meager sales of only about $25 a day.
Tudor had dispatched his brother William and cousin James to negotiate exclusive ice import rights with the governor of Martinique. Their mission was to secure a monopoly that would protect Frederick Tudor's investment and business interests. Unfortunately, the governor initially demanded a license fee of $400, a sum beyond the means of William and James. Their workaround involved a smaller bribe to the governor's secretary, which eventually granted Tudor t ...
Tudor's Unsuccessful Ice Export to Martinique
Frederick Tudor pioneered the ice export industry, seeing the potential of ice sales in the warm climate of Havana, Cuba. Despite initial success, Tudor faced significant obstacles.
Realizing that ice could endure the journey to the Caribbean, Frederick Tudor decided not to use his own ship for transportation. He sold his ship, the Favorite, and recovered from his losses by renting cargo space on merchant vessels. This strategy allowed Tudor to continue exporting ice without the burden of owning and managing a shipping vessel.
To ensure the ice remained solid upon arriving in Havana, Tudor had a custom-built ice house constructed to store the shipments.
Upon making his first shipment of 180 tons of ice to Havana, Tudor received news that the demand was more than sufficient to justify further shipments. His business thrived, particularly during a spring heat wave in Cuba, when chilled beverages and ice cream were in high demand, allowing him to sell most shipments before melting.
However, Tudor's profitable venture was soon troubled by unreliable business partners and trade restrictions.
Tudor's Ice Exports to Havana, Cuba, and Challenges
Frederick Tudor, known for pioneering the ice trade, faced significant financial challenges that led to legal troubles, culminating in an arrest for debt non-payment.
After experiencing early sales successes in Havana, Frederick Tudor’s business encountered a downturn for the second year in a row due to an incident involving molasses. This setback forced Tudor to borrow money once again to sustain his ice trade business.
Tudor's financial difficulties escalated to the point where he faced legal action for failing to pay his debts. He was approached by a representative from the Suffolk County Sheriff's Office carrying a court order demanding payment of a large sum of money. The situation intensified when Tudor was informed of his imminent arrest and was told he would remain in jail until the debt was settled. Tudor's request to negotiate an arrangement was met with a firm response from the sheriff's deputy, whose sole duty was to take Tudor into custody. Subsequ ...
Tudor's Financial Troubles and Legal Issues
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