American History Tellers explores the story of Libby Prison, a Confederate prisoner of war compound during the Civil War. The summary details the severe conditions endured by Union soldiers in the winter of 1864, including extreme overcrowding, food shortages, and abuse from prison authorities, while housed in a converted warehouse complex with minimal supplies and rampant vermin infestations.
The episode focuses on an ambitious escape plan devised by Colonel Rose and Major Hamilton, who engineered a tunnel through an abandoned rat-infested cellar. Their efforts culminated in the Civil War's largest prison break, with fifty-nine prisoners reaching Union lines despite harsh winter conditions, while others, including Rose himself, faced recapture and further imprisonment before eventual release through prisoner exchange.
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Libby Prison, a converted warehouse complex seized by Confederate authorities, became one of the most notorious prisoner of war compounds during the Civil War. By the winter of 1864, approximately 1,200 inmates were crammed into just six upper-floor rooms, where they faced brutal living conditions. With no beds or basic supplies, prisoners slept on freezing floors and battled constant infestations of lice, fleas, and rats. The situation was made worse by severe food shortages and the cruel treatment from Commandant Thomas Turner and his deputy Richard Turner, who routinely beat and robbed prisoners.
Colonel Rose and Major Hamilton orchestrated an ingenious escape plan that began in December 1863. They utilized an area known as "Rat Hell," an eastern cellar that guards avoided due to severe rat infestation, as their starting point. Despite several setbacks, including tunnel collapses and flooding, the team developed innovative solutions such as a pulley system for dirt removal and air fanning to prevent suffocation. Rose, showing remarkable determination, took on additional digging shifts and implemented clever tactics like "repeating" during roll calls to conceal their activities.
On February 9, 1864, the escape plan was executed. The escapees faced a treacherous 50-mile journey through enemy territory in winter conditions. While Colonel Rose himself was recaptured near Williamsburg, Virginia, fifty-nine prisoners successfully reached Union lines, marking the largest prison break of the Civil War. In response, Confederate authorities increased security at Libby Prison and transferred most inmates to a facility in Macon, Georgia. Rose, after enduring two months in solitary confinement, was eventually exchanged for Confederate prisoners and returned to service with the Union Army, having cemented a legacy of resilience for Union prisoners.
1-Page Summary
Libby Prison, one of the Confederacy's most infamous prisoner of war compounds, was notorious for its brutal conditions and the desperation of its inmates.
Luther Libby's warehouse complex was seized by Confederate authorities and converted into Libby Prison, where brutal conditions prevailed. As the war dragged on into its third winter, the prison became increasingly packed with inmates, resulting in overcrowded rooms, and a lack of basic necessities such as soap and silverware, forcing prisoners to sleep on the dirty, freezing floors and breathe air thick with the smell of an open latrine.
Colonel Thomas Rose's observations upon approaching Libby Prison – gaunt faces peering helplessly through barred windows and the subsequent confrontation with guards – painted a clear picture of the overcrowding and the prisoners' dehumanizing treatment. With 1,200 inmates crammed into six rooms in the three-story facility, living conditions became unbearable, and diseases spread rapidly.
Every surface within Libby was teeming with parasitic infestations such as lice, fleas, and rats, while freezing conditions and a lack of medical care only exacerbated the inmates' dire situation. The stench, the cold, and the vermin made the struggle for survival nightmarish as even injuries as grave as a broken foot went untreated.
The prison's dwindling supplies led to rampant starvation, as inmates were left with paltry rations of stale bread, rotten meat, and thin soup. By January 1864, with Union blockades cutting off supplies, prisoners began dying from starvation, in ad ...
Harsh Conditions and Desperation of Libby Prison Inmates
Colonel Rose and Major Hamilton meticulously orchestrated a daring tunnel escape from Libby Prison in 1863 that involved overcoming not only physical barriers but also the imminent dangers of discovery and suffocation.
Colonel Rose and Major Hamilton planned an intricate escape from Libby Prison by tunneling from the east cellar to the outside. They exploited the area known as "Rat Hell," where the guards avoided due to the rat infestation, and used an unused fireplace in the kitchen to access the tunnel after cellar doors were shut. On December 30, 1863, Rose and Hamilton successfully completed the passage to the eastern cellar, where they began their efforts to tunnel out beneath Libby Prison.
After accessing the rat-infested eastern cellar, full of filth and stench, the escape team, including Colonel Rose, chose the southeastern corner closest to the sewer for their breakout site. Despite encountering obstacles, such as a collapsed tunnel that brought freezing mud into the cellar, Rose and the imprisoned officers were quick to regroup, firmly plugging up the tunnel to prevent further flooding.
The team faced two major setbacks that almost derailed their plans. Firstly, solid rock and massive oak beams caused the tunnel to collapse and flood, nearly drowning Rose. Secondly, after the initial flood, a second smaller sewer was targeted for a new tunneling effort. Despite previous failures, desperation prompted the original crew to join the digging, overcoming their fear of cave-ins and the lack of air that caused some diggers to collapse.
Rose and Hamilton applied innovative tunneling techniques, including a makeshift pulley system for dirt removal and fanning air into the tunnel to prevent suffocation. The dirt was concealed under a straw pile, and to ensure the safety of the diggers, a rope was tied around each man's leg for quick rescue. Hamilton personally fanned air into the tunnel, and Rose, taking on additional shifts, showed stamina and determination as the most effective digg ...
The Planning and Engineering of the Tunnel Escape
Colonel Thomas Rose and Major Andrew Hamilton, along with other Union prisoners, meticulously executed a daring escape from Libby Prison on February 9, 1864.
Following the breakout, the escapees knew the stakes were high as they emerged into the heart of enemy territory near Williamsburg, Virginia. They would have to travel through Richmond, thick with Confederate soldiers and hostile civilians, then traverse 50 miles of enemy territory in winter without weapons and with little sustenance. Colonel Rose himself was recaptured by Confederate soldiers close to Union lines near Williamsburg during his solo journey.
Despite the risks, fifty-nine prisoners managed to reach Union lines, their success marking the largest prison break of the Civil War. This achievement rattled Southern officials and bolstered the morale among Union prisoners who remained.
Reflecting the severity of the escape, the remaining inmates at Libby Prison faced heightened security under Commandant Turner. General Winder ordered most of Libby's inmates to be transferred to a new prison in Macon, Georgia, with Libby serving as a temporary holding space for a decreased number of prisoners.
Prison Break Execution and Aftermath
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