PDF Summary:The Simple Faith of Mister Rogers, by Amy Hollingsworth

The Simple Faith of Mister Rogers delves into the profound spirituality that inspired the beloved television personality's life and work. The author, Amy Hollingsworth, unveils the core practices—like prayer, contemplation, and forgiveness—that anchored Fred Rogers' belief system and guided his mission to nurture all human beings.

Rogers emerges as a champion for the overlooked and underserved members of society, whose worth he steadfastly upheld. The book elucidates the immense impact his words and actions had on countless lives—from providing solace to a grieving child, to motivating an adult battling addiction. It reveals how Rogers' kindness channeled a divine spirit, allowing it to reach the hearts of viewers across generations.

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• Develop a personal mission statement that encapsulates your core values and principles. Refer to this statement when faced with decisions or situations that challenge your authenticity. It can act as a compass, guiding you to make choices that align with your true self, rather than succumbing to external pressures or doubts.
• Create a "Common Ground" conversation starter kit with questions and topics designed to find shared interests and values when meeting new people. Use this kit to initiate discussions that go beyond small talk, aiming to establish deeper connections based on mutual understanding and authenticity. For example, instead of asking about the weather, you might ask someone about a passion project they're working on or a cause they care about.
• Engage in role-playing games (RPGs) where you deliberately choose characters that embody emotions or perspectives different from your own. Through gameplay, you can experiment with these roles in a safe environment, which can improve your ability to understand and express a range of emotions in real-life situations.
• Create a puppet storytelling blog where you share weekly stories using homemade puppets to illustrate life lessons. Start by crafting simple puppets from socks or paper bags, and use them to act out scenarios that teach emotional intelligence or problem-solving. Take photos or short videos and write accompanying posts that narrate the story, focusing on the emotions and experiences the puppets go through.

Fred explored different aspects of his personality through his puppet characters, which allowed him to show vulnerability and express a broader range of emotions.

Hollingsworth delves into Rogers' use of puppetry as a means to engage with and understand the complex dimensions of human behavior. The puppets were not merely tools for storytelling; they embodied aspects of his character, allowing him to express emotions and embark on tasks that could have been intimidating for him alone. The author emphasizes that the inventor of this seemingly uncomplicated world intricately interlaced a tapestry of human feelings into his fictional neighborhood, embedding the characters with personal elements of his fears, joy, and profound realizations.

The puppets not only represented Fred Rogers' inner world but also provided a safe space for children to encounter and process their own emotions. He employed puppetry to tackle difficult topics like anger, ensuring that the method was accessible and not overly intimidating, while also addressing trepidation and sorrow. The persona of Lady Elaine Fairchild illustrated methods for handling intense emotions such as anger and provided models for young audiences to emulate when dealing with similar emotional difficulties. Fred Rogers possessed a deep understanding of children's developmental processes and recognized the importance of play in fostering emotional intelligence and encouraging self-acceptance.

Context

• The puppets often interacted with Rogers and each other in the "Neighborhood of Make-Believe," a fictional setting that provided a safe space for exploring various themes and emotions.
• Puppets can serve as a form of projection, where individuals can externalize their feelings and thoughts, making it easier to address and reflect on them without feeling personally exposed or vulnerable.
• Rogers was influenced by child development theories, particularly those of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, which emphasize the importance of addressing emotions in early childhood to foster healthy psychological development.
• Lady Elaine Fairchild is a puppet character from "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood," known for her assertive and sometimes mischievous personality. She often challenged norms and questioned authority, which made her a unique vehicle for exploring complex emotions.
• Fred Rogers often used interactive dialogue with his puppets, encouraging children to think about how they might respond in similar situations. This interactive element helps children practice problem-solving and emotional responses in a guided manner.
• Play is considered a crucial part of learning, as it allows children to experiment with different roles and scenarios, helping them understand the world and develop problem-solving skills.

Fred held the conviction that the idea of "neighbor" ought to encompass every person, acknowledging that everyone, fashioned in the likeness of the Divine, is worthy of respect and thoughtful attention.

Fred Rogers' concept of "neighbor" is explored by Amy Hollingsworth, revealing a profound interpretation that surpasses the usual notion of someone residing in close proximity. Mister Rogers firmly believed that the term "neighbor" applies to all individuals, recognizing the inherent worth and dignity each one possesses through their resemblance to the divine. This inclusive definition defied societal norms, embracing those often marginalized or overlooked. His unwavering conviction that every person deserves respect and compassion, no matter their differences, drove his dedication.

Fred Rogers' deeply held convictions shaped his understanding of the essence of being a considerate neighbor. He was convinced that a divine element exists within every individual, regardless of their social status or perceived flaws. He saw his role as recognizing and bolstering the intrinsic sacred nature in individuals, particularly those confronting difficulties or who felt overlooked. His belief was strengthened by his engagement with the Benedictine monks in the area, who emphasized the significance of acknowledging the divine in all elements of nature. Fred Rogers, during his early development, nurtured a broad understanding that the term "neighbor" encompasses all individuals held dear and valued by God.

Other Perspectives

• In some cultures or contexts, the term "neighbor" has specific connotations that may not align with Rogers' broader interpretation.
• Some may argue that respect should be earned through actions and behavior, rather than being an automatic entitlement based on the concept of divine likeness.
• Embracing everyone as a neighbor could be seen as an idealistic goal that may not always be feasible in practice, given the complexities of human relationships and societal structures.
• In some cases, treating everyone with the same level of compassion could inadvertently ignore or downplay the unique challenges and injustices faced by certain groups, which may require more focused attention and support.
• The concept of a divine element within each person could be challenged by scientific viewpoints that attribute human characteristics and behaviors to biological, genetic, and environmental factors, rather than a divine essence.
• The emphasis on individual sacredness could potentially lead to overlooking the role of community and collective action in supporting those facing challenges.
• The influence of the Benedictine monks suggests a specific Christian context, which might not acknowledge or incorporate the diversity of global spiritual and religious traditions that have their own unique perspectives on the divine and human dignity.
• Some might argue that the focus on divine valuation could inadvertently minimize the importance of secular ethics and humanistic values in defining social responsibility and neighborliness.

Fred Rogers was firmly convinced that a divine spark resides within every person, irrespective of their societal standing.

Hollingsworth delves into the influential figures who significantly influenced Rogers' understanding of what it means to be a neighbor. Fred Rogers' respected mentor during his theological studies, Dr. William Orr, stressed the importance of recognizing the inherent worth of each person as a creation of God. Dr. Orr emphasized that a crucial element of true discipleship involves speaking up for others, which goes against the tendency to pass judgment and dehumanize them.

The author portrays the manner in which Fred Rogers interacted with Junior, a person who lived in isolation and was frequently ostracized due to his unique appearance and way of life. Recognizing the sacred nature intrinsic to Junior, even after his initial social misstep, he inspired the author to do the same. This instance underscores the profound effect of acknowledging the intrinsic value of people, particularly those whom society has overlooked or deemed less important. The book emphasizes the importance of deliberately recognizing and valuing the best attributes in others, recognizing that everyone has inherent worth as they are created in the image of the divine.

Context

• In educational settings, recognizing the inherent worth of each person can lead to more inclusive and supportive environments, encouraging educators to see beyond a student's immediate behavior or circumstances to their potential and intrinsic value.
• In Christian theology, discipleship traditionally involves following the teachings and example of Jesus Christ, who emphasized love, compassion, and service to others. This includes advocating for marginalized individuals and promoting social justice.
• During Rogers' time, societal norms often marginalized individuals who were different. His approach was countercultural, advocating for inclusivity and acceptance at a time when many were excluded based on superficial judgments.
• Many religious and spiritual traditions teach that every person is created with a divine spark or soul, which forms the basis for treating others with respect and kindness.
• Deliberately recognizing others' positive qualities can be practiced through active listening, offering genuine compliments, and engaging in acts of kindness. This practice can transform personal interactions and create a more compassionate environment.

Forgiveness's influential nature

Fred emphasized the remarkable power of forgiveness to rise above the deepest human flaws.

Hollingsworth explores the profound understanding that Fred Rogers possessed regarding forgiveness, highlighting its essential importance in navigating the complexities of relationships and overcoming the inevitable hurts and betrayals that occur. Fred Rogers viewed the act of forgiving as a courageous gesture that diminishes the power of evil and fosters harmony and healing, rather than a sign of weakness or a concession of loss. Fred Rogers was firmly convinced that forgiveness has the power to remove barriers, heal broken relationships, and lay the groundwork for new beginnings and reconciliation.

Fred Rogers consistently embodied the act of forgiveness through his behavior, showcasing it as a value to be put into action rather than just a concept. Fred Rogers often reflected on the deep wisdom imparted by Dr. Orr, who believed firmly that the strength of forgiveness could withstand any malicious act. This conviction shaped his engagements, leading him to offer empathy and insight when confronted with suffering and setbacks. People bestow upon themselves a considerable advantage when they opt for forgiveness, as this act liberates them from the burdensome feelings of resentment, allowing for a lighter spirit to move forward.

Other Perspectives

• Laying the groundwork for new beginnings and reconciliation assumes that both parties are willing to move forward, which may not always be the case; one party's forgiveness does not guarantee the other's readiness to reconcile.
• There are circumstances where forgiveness without accountability might enable further malicious behavior, suggesting that forgiveness should be coupled with justice to ensure that harmful actions are not repeated.

Fred demonstrated a forgiving disposition, advocating for its importance and believing that it enhances the lives of both the individual who forgives and the one who is forgiven.

The writer offers a variety of compelling examples that illustrate the steadfast commitment of Fred Rogers to the practice of forgiveness. The book recounts Amy Hollingsworth's interactions with Cardinal Bernardin, who faced unfounded allegations of sexual abuse that were later proven to be without merit. As his life neared its end, Cardinal Bernardin responded to the accusations with kindness and offered reconciliation to the person who had brought them forward, despite the significant pain they caused. Fred Rogers presented this behavior as a profound demonstration of forgiveness despite profound suffering and unfairness.

Hollingsworth shares a touching story of how Fred Rogers offered forgiveness to a close friend who was struggling with mental health challenges, a battle that ultimately resulted in their taking of their own life. Following the loss of his friend, Fred Rogers focused on the commendable qualities of his peer, remembering the affection and inventiveness that were put into crafting a wooden cross that was presented to him before his friend passed away. These acts of forgiveness illustrate the deep effect of choosing to release anger and resentment, focusing instead on love and understanding, especially in moments of grief. They highlight the liberating effects of forgiveness, which allow individuals to break free from the cycle of pain and move toward a state of peace and harmony.

Context

• His gentle demeanor and consistent message of kindness and forgiveness made him a beloved figure, influencing generations to approach life with empathy and understanding.
• Forgiveness in the context of mental health can be particularly complex, as it involves recognizing the impact of mental illness on a person's actions and choices. Rogers' forgiveness likely involved acknowledging these factors and choosing to focus on the positive aspects of his friend's character.
• Focusing on positive memories can be a therapeutic way to process grief. By remembering his friend's good qualities, Rogers was likely engaging in a form of healing that allowed him to cope with the loss.
• The act of forgiving does not necessarily mean condoning or forgetting the wrongdoing; rather, it involves a conscious decision to move beyond the hurt and not let it define one's life.
• Engaging in forgiveness has been linked to lower blood pressure, improved heart health, and a stronger immune system, as it reduces the physiological effects of stress.

Advocacy and service

This section of the story explores Fred Rogers' dedication to living out his convictions, highlighting his conviction that true adherence to one's faith involves assisting those in need and helping society's most susceptible individuals. The book emphasizes his steadfast conviction that every person has intrinsic value and his commitment to leveraging his influence to elevate and support those frequently ignored.

Fred deeply valued and cared for people often overlooked by society, particularly those who had mental and physical challenges, acknowledging their vital place in God's kingdom.

Fred Rogers is portrayed by Hollingsworth as a champion for individuals frequently marginalized in society, particularly for those dealing with mental and physical disabilities. He regarded them not merely as recipients of compassion but as individuals possessing inherent value and the capacity to significantly enrich the lives of everyone they interact with. The book depicts the interactions of Fred Rogers with a group of bell ringers, each facing their own distinct challenges, and highlights the sincere joy, dedication, and infectious enthusiasm they contributed to their performance. Fred Rogers highlighted the significance of recognizing our spiritual guidance requirements and embracing our susceptibilities as essential elements of belonging to God's domain, regardless of personal skills or limitations.

Fred Rogers dedicated his existence to aiding individuals, convinced that each person mirrors the divine and is therefore worthy of respect and kindness. He viewed his responsibility as validating their value, acknowledging their distinct talents, and championing their integration into society. Fred Rogers conveyed his conviction that individuals can evolve and transform by conducting a college-level child development course for prisoners at a high-security correctional facility in Pittsburgh. He focused on fostering relationships that transcended the educational environment by emphasizing their individual characteristics, rather than dwelling on their past mistakes.

Context

• His work extended beyond television; he was involved in educational initiatives that emphasized emotional intelligence and the development of self-worth in children, regardless of their abilities.
• Rogers’ background in child development and education informed his understanding of the unique contributions that individuals with disabilities can make, emphasizing their potential beyond traditional academic or physical achievements.
• The group of bell ringers likely consisted of individuals with various disabilities, showcasing how they could work together to create something beautiful and meaningful, challenging societal perceptions of their capabilities.
• In many religious traditions, spiritual guidance refers to the process of seeking direction and wisdom from a higher power or spiritual leader. This can involve prayer, meditation, or counsel from a religious mentor, helping individuals align their lives with spiritual principles.
• Through his television program "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood," Rogers communicated messages of acceptance and kindness, using the medium to reach children and adults alike with his philosophy of inherent human value.
• Fred Rogers was influenced by his Christian faith, which emphasized the inherent worth of every individual. This belief was rooted in the idea that all people are created in the image of God, deserving dignity and respect.
• During the time Rogers conducted this course, there was a growing interest in rehabilitation and education within the prison system, reflecting broader societal shifts towards restorative justice.

Fred remained steadfast in his commitment to improving public broadcasting and connecting with underserved communities, demonstrating his strong determination to assist those who needed it most.

Hollingsworth details how Fred Rogers was committed to helping those in need, encompassing both his personal interactions and his work in advocating for public causes and engaging with the community. She narrated his fervent appeal to the US Senate Subcommittee on Communications in 1969. At a time when the funding for educational broadcasting faced potential cuts, the cherished TV figure passionately defended its crucial role in providing enlightening and educational material to young viewers, particularly those from less privileged backgrounds. He understood the profound influence that well-crafted television shows could exert in fostering a child's self-esteem and expanding their worldview with a variety of experiences.

Fred Rogers showcased his commitment to aiding those less fortunate by passionately advocating for community-accessible broadcasting and actively participating in outreach to frequently neglected neighborhoods. The author recounts his involvement in prison ministry, his engagement with those facing mental health challenges, and his support for organizations that provide safe havens and educational experiences to neglected children. Motivated by his convictions, Fred Rogers took active measures to alleviate suffering and offer support to those grappling with hardships and societal marginalization.

Context

• Public broadcasting in the United States, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, was a crucial platform for educational content, often serving as a counterbalance to commercial television. It aimed to provide educational, informative, and cultural programming that was accessible to all, regardless of socioeconomic status.
• His work in these areas was part of a holistic approach to community service, where he aimed to address not just educational needs but also emotional and social challenges faced by individuals.
• He was known for his personal interactions with fans and community members, often taking the time to respond to letters and engage in meaningful conversations.

Other Perspectives

• The focus on Fred Rogers' determination might overshadow the collective effort and support of others who also contributed to the initiatives and causes he championed.
• There could be a perspective that, although well-intentioned, advocacy by celebrities or public figures like Fred Rogers might inadvertently overshadow the voices of educators and experts in the field of educational broadcasting.
• The reliance on educational broadcasting could inadvertently contribute to increased screen time for young viewers, which some research suggests should be limited in early childhood.
• While well-crafted television shows can be influential, they are not the only factor in fostering a child's self-esteem; family, school environment, and peer interactions also play significant roles.
• The focus on broadcasting and outreach might inadvertently overshadow or underfund other critical areas of need within underserved communities, such as healthcare, housing, and food security.

Challenging periods

Fred recognized the inevitability of hardship and sorrow in life and aimed to provide solace and the freedom to mourn.

Amy Hollingsworth explores the deep understanding that Rogers had about the unavoidable nature of pain and loss in life. He emphasized the importance of acknowledging and addressing grief, providing comfort, and creating a space where those facing difficult times can openly express their emotions. Fred Rogers' personal experiences with sorrow, including his son's near-fatal drowning incident and the loss of a cherished companion, shaped his profound understanding of others' pain. Fred Rogers recognized that failing to acknowledge or suppressing grief can hinder the path to recovery and result in deeper emotional wounds.

He addressed difficult topics like grief and separation through his broadcast program, imparting truths in a way that was accessible to children, and offered comfort by affirming that feeling sad or scared is a normal and acceptable reaction. He encouraged candid conversations about feelings, recommended that people rely on their loved ones for support, and to find positive ways to handle challenging circumstances. Fred Rogers' approach emphasized the importance of expressing grief as a vital step in the healing process, not as a sign of weakness. He aimed to establish a secure environment where people could confront their suffering free from any judgment or embarrassment.

Practical Tips

• Start a 'hardship narrative' project where you document stories of overcoming challenges, either your own or those of people you know, in a blog, video series, or podcast.

Other Perspectives

• In some cultural or personal contexts, the emphasis on mourning and solace might conflict with norms or beliefs that prioritize stoicism or private grieving, potentially alienating those who grieve differently.
• Open emotional expression is valuable, but without proper guidance, it might lead to overwhelming or unmanageable feelings for some individuals, potentially necessitating additional coping mechanisms.
• Some individuals may have a natural empathy and understanding of pain without having to undergo personal hardship.
• There is evidence that suggests some individuals may naturally have a more resilient disposition, which allows them to recover from grief without extensively expressing it, challenging the notion that unexpressed grief always leads to deeper emotional wounds.
• Some may argue that discussing such serious topics as grief and separation on television removes the personal touch and nuance that individual counseling or family discussions can provide.
• Making truths accessible to children is a delicate task, and there's a risk that the nuances of certain truths may be lost or misunderstood by young audiences.
• Rogers' affirmation is valuable, but it's also important to consider cultural differences in the expression and acceptance of emotions, as what is considered normal and acceptable can vary widely across societies.
• In some cases, focusing too much on talking about feelings can overshadow the need for practical solutions to the problems causing those feelings.
• Some individuals may not have a supportive network of loved ones, which could make this recommendation less applicable or helpful to them.
• Some challenges may require practical solutions or systemic changes rather than a positive mindset, such as issues stemming from social injustice or structural inequalities.
• In certain situations, expressing grief openly can make an individual feel more vulnerable or may lead to uncomfortable social situations, which could potentially delay healing.
• Some might argue that the idea of a completely nonjudgmental space is idealistic, as even well-intentioned individuals can unconsciously project biases or judgments that affect others.

Fred Rogers utilized his own experiences with the sorrow of losing friends and colleagues to offer solace and insight to individuals facing difficult times.

The author examines specific moments of sorrow in the life of Fred Rogers that influenced his capacity to provide comfort and support to others. profoundly affected by the death of his dear friend and colleague, Johnny Costa, finding comfort in the prayers he received. This episode highlights his human side and deep understanding of the intense grief associated with the loss of a loved one.

He also reflected on his childhood experience of observing his father's sorrow, which taught him that it was acceptable to openly show his sadness through crying when he experienced the loss of his own grandfather. Fred Rogers understood the importance of children seeing adults in mourning, demonstrating that experiencing and expressing grief is a natural and fitting response to loss. He was convinced that by embracing openness and vulnerability, children could gain a better grasp of their emotions, leading to enhanced familial bonds and comprehension. He aimed to establish an environment that acknowledged sorrow as an inherent aspect of existence, providing solace and assistance to individuals grappling with suffering and bereavement.

Context

• Johnny Costa was the musical director for "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood," and his death in 1996 was a significant loss for Rogers, highlighting the close personal and professional relationships he maintained.
• For Rogers, prayer was not just a religious act but also a way to process emotions and find peace, serving as a coping mechanism during difficult times.
• This lesson from his father might have contributed to Rogers' lifelong commitment to creating safe spaces for emotional expression, both in personal relationships and through his work.
• Children learn emotional responses by observing adults. Witnessing adults express grief can help children understand that emotions are normal and manageable, fostering emotional intelligence.
• His philosophy was that by normalizing discussions about difficult emotions, children would feel less isolated in their experiences and more connected to others who share similar feelings.

Insights into existence, the culmination of our earthly voyage, and the everlasting.

This section delves into Fred Rogers' reflections on the profound significance of life and his view of death as an ally, as a transition into a broader existence. He emphasizes the importance of discovering hidden insights that offer direction and significance throughout our existence.

Journeying towards the celestial realm.

Fred was firmly convinced that the deepest truths of life are understood not by visual observation but by sensing them with the heart and spirit.

Amy Hollingsworth portrays Fred Rogers as a person deeply attuned to the subtle but essential truths that elevate us beyond the ordinary elements of daily life. Fred Rogers often repeated a cherished saying from "The Little Prince," emphasizing that what is truly important is not seen with the eyes. He firmly believed that by fostering our inner spirit, forming a deep connection with the sacred, and participating in religious exercises that enhance our openness to a wider truth, we acquire true understanding and knowledge. Fred Rogers incorporated this conviction firmly within his program, striving to cultivate an appreciation for the intangible factors that shape our existence.

Fred Rogers understood that people instinctively seek meaning and connections in ways that can be superficial, ultimately resulting in a sense of emptiness. He motivated people from every generation to rise above the material world and cultivate an awareness of the eternal truths that bestow significance and direction upon our lives. The emphasis on essential elements struck a chord with a wide-ranging audience, offering solace and optimism in periods often characterized by shallowness and instability.

Other Perspectives

• Sensing with the heart and spirit can be influenced by personal biases and emotions, which may not always lead to objective or universal truths.
• The focus on essential truths beyond daily life might overlook the practical and immediate impact of Rogers' work, which also emphasized the importance of dealing with everyday emotions and situations.
• The saying might be interpreted as dismissing the importance of the physical world, which is also a fundamental part of our existence and can be full of meaning and truth.
• Some may argue that understanding and knowledge are built upon observable phenomena and that dismissing visual observation can limit one's comprehension of the world.
• Critics might argue that the concept of intangible truths is too abstract for the target age group of Fred Rogers' program, potentially leading to confusion rather than clarity.
• Some may argue that material achievements and advancements have their own value and can coexist with a pursuit of spiritual or non-material truths without one undermining the other.
• The concept of essential elements might have been too vague or philosophical for some, leading to a lack of resonance with individuals who prefer clear, concrete ideas and guidance.
• In an increasingly diverse society, the idea of what constitutes "shallowness" and "instability" can vary greatly, and thus, a singular approach may not universally offer solace and optimism.

Fred viewed death not simply as an end, but rather as a transition to a deeper understanding of the eternal truths that he had dedicated his life and career to.

Hollingsworth sheds light on Rogers' conviction that death marks the beginning of a deeper stage of existence, a continuation of life's journey that originates in our current world. He recognized the grief and absence that accompany death, yet he also highlighted the enduring hope and assurance of everlasting life that his faith provided. Fred Rogers maintained the belief that death was not an end but a transition to a deeper understanding of the essential truths he sought to convey throughout his life and work.

As Fred Rogers neared life's conclusion, he did so with a sense of peace and expectancy, as if he looked forward to rejoining those who had passed before him and to deepening his connection with the divine realm. This perspective offers comfort and inspiration to those facing their inevitable end by presenting it as a transition into a deeper state of being where love, compassion, and grace are fully realized. He saw the approaching period as a chance to enhance his knowledge and grow personally, exploring the mysteries of existence and faith more deeply, with his experiences around the globe adding to his enrichment.

Other Perspectives

• The concept of eternal truths itself is abstract and varies greatly among different philosophies and religions, making the idea of transitioning to a deeper understanding of them subjective and open to interpretation.
• Some philosophical perspectives argue that consciousness is intrinsically linked to the physical brain, and once the brain ceases to function at death, consciousness ends, suggesting that death is a definitive end rather than a continuation.
• The belief in everlasting life is often intertwined with religious doctrine that may not resonate with those who are non-religious or who adhere to different spiritual beliefs.
• Approaching death with peace and expectancy is a personal experience and may not resonate with everyone, as individuals have diverse emotional responses to death based on their own beliefs, experiences, and psychological states.
• It could be argued that the focus should be on maximizing knowledge and personal growth during life, as it is the only existence that is certain.
• The concept of death as a transition to a deeper understanding may inadvertently minimize the significance of seeking knowledge and personal growth during one's lifetime, suggesting that such pursuits are more appropriately or fully realized after death.