PDF Summary:The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, by Edmund Morris

Theodore Roosevelt's rise to power was marked by an unwavering dedication to physical fitness, a thirst for knowledge, and an unshakeable moral compass that guided his journey. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt by Edmund Morris follows the 26th U.S. president from his childhood battles with illness through his political crusades against corruption and his legendary military leadership during the Spanish-American War.

With meticulous detail, Morris provides insight into the people and events that shaped Roosevelt's convictions and determination. The narrative explores how family, privilege, and an adventurous spirit propelled Roosevelt's ascendancy—and how his experiences ultimately formed a legacy of reform.

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The burgeoning political aspirations led to a determination to overhaul the established governmental structure and challenge the entrenched political hierarchy.

The author highlights how Roosevelt's dedication to his political principles was genuine, yet it was also closely linked with a significant level of personal aspiration. While residing at Morton Hall, he began to perceive the power hierarchies as tools for retaliation, aiming to redress the wrongs inflicted upon his father by Boss Conkling. Roosevelt sharpened his ability to influence the masses and strategically navigated the political landscape he sought to surpass, solidifying his status within the upper echelons of power.

During his subsequent term in the Assembly, his exposure of pervasive corruption and bribery increasingly alienated him from the party's higher-ups in Albany. He relentlessly exposed a faction he termed a group determined to protect the financial interests of New York through the cunning abuse of the legislative system. Theodore Roosevelt swiftly earned a reputation across the nation as an advocate for honest government by challenging powerful political figures and the wealthy wrongdoers they protected, which garnered considerable media coverage, including from the New York Times.

Theodore Roosevelt commenced his political career with an unwavering dedication to combating corruption.

The segment underscores Roosevelt's unwavering determination to disentangle the connection between the influence of corporations and the powers of government, a union he saw as a significant threat to the core principles of American democracy. Theodore Roosevelt's audacity in confronting notable figures, particularly those at the top of the judiciary, coupled with his ability to attract considerable attention from the press, cemented his reputation as a powerful force in the political landscape, challenging the influential network established by Boss Platt in New York.

Theodore Roosevelt exposed the unscrupulous financial transactions linked to Judge Westbrook and Attorney General Ward.

During his following term in the legislature, Theodore Roosevelt started to challenge corrupt entities, focusing particularly on the Manhattan Elevated Railroad. The New York Times exposé enthralled the young legislator by uncovering the methods a prominent financier employed, utilizing the legal strategies of Attorney General Hamilton Ward and Supreme Court Justice T.R. Westbrook, to orchestrate the stock market and acquire a coveted corporation for a nominal amount. Roosevelt was determined to act in a unique way, with the knowledge that clandestine strategies had played a part in undermining the political pursuits of his father.

Morris details how the young lawmaker conducted an exhaustive probe into the origins of this "disgraceful affair," amassing significant proof of collusion involving associates of Gould and a pair of government representatives from the state. Roosevelt, fully aware that his allies had benefited from corporate donations in the past, nevertheless chose to challenge Gould, known for being a major fraudster in the financial sector, as well as the extensive corruption that the case represented. Throughout the rest of the 1882 legislative session, he concentrated mainly on the measure known as the Westbrook Resolution.

The commencement of impeachment proceedings was hindered by the sway held by different political factions.

Roosevelt's failure to hold Westbrook and Ward accountable nonetheless solidified his reputation as a relentless proponent of change, fearless in challenging powerful individuals. Roosevelt's vocal criticisms of figures like Gould, along with others, piqued public curiosity and strengthened his standing among groups and news platforms advocating for reform, such as The New York Times. His passionate oratory and unwavering resolve echoed powerfully, quieting experienced legislators with a level of fervor that had never been seen before.

Morris details the tactics that party chiefs, following Boss Platt's direction, implemented to weaken and counteract the criticisms directed at Roosevelt. Supporters of the inexperienced lawmaker tried to pressure him, offered temptations, and ultimately left him to his own devices. It initially appeared certain that Westbrook and Ward were involved; however, the sudden withdrawal of backing from the Judiciary Committee put a stop to any attempts to begin the impeachment process. Even though he was disheartened, his belief in the justness of his mission grew firmer when the 1882 legislative session concluded without him attaining success. He showcased his courage by advocating for open government and developed a deep comprehension of the intricate role that corporate finances play within New York's political arena.

The ascent of Theodore Roosevelt as a fervent proponent of open government garnered him a mix of supporters and opponents.

The incident involving the Westbrook Resolution profoundly influenced Roosevelt's views on governance ethics and his strategy for interacting with the public. From this point on, according to Morris's portrayal, he viewed each public matter as a struggle between virtuous advocates and nefarious adversaries, whom he labeled a devious group of foes. His commitment to enhancing public administration sparked a passionate crusade that earned him the respect of those who favored reform, while also drawing the ire of those whose misconduct he exposed. He relentlessly pursued his adversaries, finding satisfaction in exposing their deceit and contrasting their cunning tactics with his own straightforward and ethical methods.

In his subsequent term, his critiques received wider acknowledgment as he took on the responsibilities of Minority Leader. In the legislative body, he was noted for his directness, wit, and unwavering support for higher moral principles. Even when discussing everyday legislative issues, his speeches were filled with energy and an unwavering fighting spirit, highlighting his character as someone who, according to Morris, remained resolute when confronted with challenges. Theodore Roosevelt set out on a journey that would cement his place in history, beginning in 1882 when his remarkable deeds started drawing notice from New York City to Albany, and extending to Washington, D.C., capturing the attention of the entire country.

He attained leadership by resolutely pursuing reform and taking decisive actions.

During his third tenure in office, Roosevelt successfully executed major changes to the governance systems at both the state and local levels. He was marked by a strong sense of individual independence and a resolute commitment to his party loyalties. Although he did not ascend to the role of Speaker in 1883, he viewed it as an opportunity to exert influence in a more subtle way and succeeded in steering legislative matters through his leadership in various committees. In this endeavor, he became known across the nation for his astute political insights and "independence," setting a standard for reform-minded individuals everywhere.

Despite not securing the position of Speaker, Theodore Roosevelt maintained a significant impact in his capacity as Minority Leader.

Despite failing to secure the position of Speaker, Roosevelt swiftly emerged as the principal figure within the Assembly. He recognized that the influence of a title paled in comparison to the tactical benefit of gaining solid support from his peers within the Republican Party. He continued to cultivate relationships with a growing circle of reform-minded colleagues in the Assembly, including Isaac Hunt and "Billy" O'Neil, thereby increasing his influence among the more experienced members, a consequence of the esteem he had earned from the chairperson of the Assembly. After the announcement of committee assignments, Roosevelt made certain that key leadership roles were filled by his advocates, commonly known as "Roosevelt Republicans."

He diligently oversaw the fiscal responsibilities of the state. He successfully blocked several corrupt bills, campaigned with increased determination to cleanse the electoral process, and worked to pass legislation aimed at diminishing the influence of New York City's Democratic and Republican political organizations. His work received praise, particularly from The New York Times, a prominent proponent of reform. Theodore Roosevelt had gained recognition not just for his unwavering support but also for his thorough analysis of legislative tactics.

The enactment of the Civil Service Act was the result of an unforeseen alliance with Governor Cleveland.

The collaboration between Theodore Roosevelt and his political counterpart from the Democratic Party demonstrated that even adversaries can unite in the pursuit of a shared objective, specifically the reform of the civil service appointment process. They both dedicated themselves to overhauling the system that distributed government jobs to political supporters, considering the creation of laws mandating employment based on qualifications and impartiality as an essential first step. They agreed on the principle and then cooperatively worked out its implementation.

Morris portrays the partnership as a pragmatic blend of unique political tactics and personal temperaments, with Roosevelt, a Republican, turning to Cleveland, the Democratic Governor, for advice on how to effectively navigate the bill through the legislative process. The coalition's victory underscored the Governor's shrewdness in politics, evidenced by his previous rejection of the Five-Cent Bill that positioned him alongside proponents of change, and showcased Theodore Roosevelt's adeptness in garnering backing from fellow Republicans, despite their firm opposition to Cleveland and the notion of "timid good." The Civil Service Act finally passed with an overwhelming majority, due as much to Roosevelt and Cleveland's personal magnetism and sense of principle as to any pressure from their respective parties.

Theodore Roosevelt's growing stature within the Assembly earned him a reputation as a significant player on the national political stage.

By the end of his third term in the legislature, Roosevelt had emerged as a powerful, albeit somewhat contentious, figure in politics. Despite some reservations regarding his assertive character and tendency to advocate for ethical conduct, he emerged as a key proponent of reform within the Republican ranks at New York's state capital, where many anticipated his progression to more significant accomplishments. The "Baltimore Affair" enhanced his reputation as an unflinching advocate for change, leading to an ignominious defeat for Postmaster Johnson and exposing widespread corruption within the executive branch under President Harrison.

The media played a substantial role in elevating his prominence in the public eye. Regardless of their stance on him, newspapers were captivated by Roosevelt's conduct, his incisive critiques, and his remarkable successes in overcoming legislative obstacles, as depicted by Morris. The media widely documented Theodore Roosevelt's endeavors, and the memorable alliterative nicknames featured in the coverage solidified his standing with American readers. Theodore Roosevelt was equally adept at navigating the press and orchestrating political strategies. He realized that these individuals could provide more substantial backing for his initiative than even the prominent figures from New York State, so he dedicated his full attention to them.

Other Perspectives

• While Roosevelt did challenge societal conventions, it could be argued that his family's wealth and status provided him with a unique platform and resources that facilitated his entry into politics, which may not have been as readily available to others without such advantages.
• Roosevelt's early political career was marked by ambition and reform, but some critics might suggest that his actions were also driven by personal aspirations and a desire to distinguish himself from his peers.
• His efforts to challenge corruption were notable, but some historians might point out that Roosevelt's approach was sometimes confrontational and could have alienated potential allies within his own party.
• The exposure of financial misconduct was a significant achievement, yet it's possible to argue that Roosevelt's actions were part of a larger political struggle and that he was not the only reformer of his time.
• The failure to impeach Westbrook and Ward could be seen as a setback for Roosevelt, and some might argue that it highlighted his inexperience and the limitations of his influence at that time.
• Roosevelt's advocacy for open government was a hallmark of his career, but some might contend that his methods were not always inclusive or considerate of differing viewpoints within the political spectrum.
• His impact as Minority Leader was significant, but critics might argue that his leadership style was sometimes divisive and that he could have achieved more through compromise and building consensus.
• The passage of the Civil Service Act was a collaborative effort, and while Roosevelt played a key role, it could be argued that the success was also due to the efforts of others, including Governor Cleveland and fellow reformers.
• Roosevelt's growing stature in national politics was undeniable, but some might suggest that his rise was also a result of the era's political climate, which was ripe for reform, rather than solely his own efforts.

Theodore Roosevelt's notable service in the military throughout the conflict with Spain.

Theodore Roosevelt's evolution from a potential leader of the Rough Riders to their actual commander in combat unfolded during a succession of unfortunate events.

The section recounts Roosevelt's evolution from being captivated by the theoretical concept of combat to directly engaging with the harsh truths of warfare, culminating in his prominent participation in the Spanish-American War. The author highlights that Roosevelt's reluctance to take on the role of Colonel was deeply influenced by a series of personal tragedies, including the deaths of his mother and brother Elliott, as well as his wife Edith's grave illness, compounded by his concern that the war might conclude without his regiment engaging in combat. Theodore Roosevelt stood ready to demonstrate his convictions regarding valorous manhood by leading a regiment in Cuba, where he would confront the challenges of combat.

Theodore Roosevelt initially hesitated to take on the role of colonel, fearing he might miss participating in the war.

Before the war began, Roosevelt used his influence with friends in the military bureaucracy to help him obtain a position in a unit bound for Cuba, with the goal of beginning his service at a high officer level. The sinking of the Maine in Havana Harbor, which sparked widespread indignation against Spain, solidified his belief that war was imminent, and he was averse to the notion of being confined to administrative tasks in Washington while his fellow countrymen set out on a campaign to liberate Cuba and annex new territories for the United States. The appointment of Theodore Roosevelt as the Colonel of the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry filled him with immense joy, especially after Congress sanctioned the war and initiated the formation of three volunteer cavalry units. The idea of creating a regiment made up of undisciplined horse soldiers was something Theodore Roosevelt would jest about frequently.

After careful deliberation, Roosevelt made the surprising decision to reject Alger's proposal. Morris skillfully illustrates his unwavering resolve to achieve thorough preparedness, even if it meant potentially missing out on the conflict. Theodore Roosevelt understood that equipping and training a substantial military force was fraught with difficulties, and he was concerned that any postponement in deploying them might result in the Cuban conflict ending before his "cowboy contingent" could participate. He subsequently acknowledged his complete lack of understanding regarding the intricacies of military ranking and structure. Theodore Roosevelt proposed that the experienced yet less charismatic Leonard Wood take on the position of Colonel, while he himself would step into the role of Lieutenant Colonel, allowing him to fully develop his leadership abilities.

Theodore Roosevelt assembled a varied collective dubbed the Rough Riders, comprising both ranch hands and graduates from prestigious universities.

The creation of the Rough Riders highlighted Roosevelt's conviction that the selection of outstanding fighters ought to be grounded in their skills and physical fitness rather than their societal position or ancestry. Morris portrays the assembly as a unique mix of ranchers, individuals from collegiate athletic backgrounds, and some graduates of Ivy League schools, along with those who worked in ranching and mining.

The appointment of the Colonel to his new role elicited a swift and broad reaction, as a deluge of applications from all over the country flooded in within a mere seven days. Theodore Roosevelt carefully evaluated these proposals for their unique appropriateness. For every person who was admitted, the selection process was so rigorous that it rejected at least twenty applicants, making acceptance a significant accolade. Theodore Roosevelt sought to gather a loyal band of friends prepared to follow him regardless of the potential dangers to themselves. The involvement of Theodore Roosevelt played a significant role in the rapid and effective organization and outfitting of the Rough Riders in San Antonio, garnering praise from seasoned military figures.

Navigating through the administrative and operational challenges to send the regiment to Cuba.

The Rough Riders' voyage to Cuba turned into a story highlighting the US Army's inefficiency in managing the complexities of military deployment and sea transport, even though Colonel Wood skillfully prepared his soldiers for combat. Morris illustrates the complex undertaking of moving a thousand soldiers and their horses from San Antonio to Tampa, and the subsequent challenges they faced when boarding a ship for Cuba, an endeavor filled with unforeseen difficulties and disorder that tested Roosevelt's patience, as he was keen to enter the fray.

The four-day train trip from Texas to Florida was plagued with sweltering temperatures, irregular meal schedules, and several derailments. Upon reaching the assembly point near Tampa, the volunteer cavalry unit known as the Rough Riders faced additional delays, spending weeks waiting for orders to deploy in a harbor filled with mislabeled equipment and confused troops. Roosevelt himself, anxious to secure an advantageous position for his regiment during the debarkation process, was obliged to hijack a transport ship in midstream and repel assaults on it by two regiments, all the while supervising the loading of horses and equipment (some of the latter, inevitably, being carried back to New York). The complexities of bureaucratic systems often posed a greater obstacle to Roosevelt than any encountered during his Cuban tenure.

Theodore Roosevelt solidified his standing through displays of valor and decisive leadership while serving in Cuba.

This part of the narrative depicts how, in just a month of political campaigning, Roosevelt evolved from a character frequently ridiculed and misunderstood to an emblem of American assurance and military prowess.

Theodore Roosevelt's actions in the clash at Las Guásimas earned him considerable admiration, even though the conflict did not result in a triumph.

Theodore Roosevelt's initial encounter with live combat occurred during the Battle of Las Guásimas on June 24, 1898. The clash, involving less than 500 Americans against 2000 entrenched Spaniards, became a defining moment in his life, as depicted by Morris. It was on this scorching, humid day that the foppish dandy of his youth years – the man with ridiculously tight trousers and pince-nez who so amused his Harvard classmates transformed himself into a brave and effective commander.

Morris recounts the struggle by drawing on the vivid recollections of Roosevelt himself, highlighting a series of especially memorable incidents. Theodore Roosevelt showcased his command skills by leading three divisions through dense foliage near the primary route, demonstrating an innate grasp of the terrain and military tactics, enabling him to swiftly engage and repel the enemy's vanguard. Although General Young's regulars bore the brunt of the casualties, their numbers being three times higher than the Rough Riders, Roosevelt nonetheless garnered praise from the press and earned the respect of his soldiers. The skirmish at Las Guásimas, despite its minor strategic importance, was pivotal in forging the legend surrounding Roosevelt.

Leading the Rough Riders in their renowned ascent of San Juan Hill.

On the first day of July in 1898, Roosevelt, having attained the rank of Colonel and with General Young unable to lead, took command of the Rough Riders in a historic clash that occurred during the Cuban campaign, a battle that would be remembered for its importance. Morris portrays the climb up Kettle Hill as an unexpectedly rapid and successful operation, highlighted by the serendipitous find of a sizable metal pot at the summit, in spite of the significant obstacles faced by the American forces. In this attack, the assailants were compelled to dash over a vast stretch of open ground, a distance of seven football fields, always vulnerable to intense shooting from a strongly defended position, unlike the sudden encounter in the thick brush at Las Guásimas.

Morris highlights the critical elements of the confrontation: the intense bombardment endured by Sumner's troops as they took positions near the San Juan River, and Roosevelt's decisive role in leading his men to the scant protection of the woods; his realization that the slight rise offering a view of the Camino Real was the enemy's nearest and most significant stronghold, prompting him to capture it on his own initiative without direct orders; the fearless courage of Bucky O'Neill, who casually made himself a target as if daring the Spanish to shoot, which tragically ended with a sniper's bullet; the confusion and frustration during the two hours they were stuck between Bloody Ford and Kettle Hill; the overwhelming, instinctive thrill of leading soldiers in combat; the sight of Spanish troops fleeing their trenches as his forces neared the crest; and ultimately, the "crowded hour" of victory at the top, as they opened fire on the enemy's main fortification. The valor displayed by Roosevelt's cavalry unit, though not the pivotal tactical factor in contrast to the 1st Infantry's capture of San Juan Hill, subsequently emerged as the focal point of stories that emphasized Roosevelt's daring command, greatly enhancing his national stature.

During the encirclement of Santiago, Theodore Roosevelt was a beacon of comfort, leadership, and inspiration.

Having captured Kettle Hill and then San Juan Heights, the U.S. army began a long, grueling siege of Santiago – a city which Roosevelt “now stood overlooking” from the front line of the trenches. Morris portrays him as an extraordinary leader in battle, fearless amidst peril, whose influence greatly elevated his soldiers' spirits, even in the most dire situations, and who steadfastly maintained military discipline in the face of increasing casualties and illness.

The arrival of the troops was managed poorly, which severely undermined the effectiveness of the Fifth Corps, as they were left lacking in adequate supplies, water, or medical support for a prolonged duration. The leadership of Theodore Roosevelt was evident, a fact that he and his soldiers could attest to. Theodore Roosevelt's courage was unmistakable as he walked with apparent ease along the top of the fortifications, undisturbed by the surrounding gunfire, instilling in his men a sense of awe and belief in his indestructibility; his magnanimity was demonstrated when he used his own funds to purchase fresh fruit, beans, and treats for the ailing soldiers, a gesture that stood out in a regiment where it was typical for leaders to dedicate a substantial part of their earnings to their troops' welfare; his knack for bringing levity and a relaxed atmosphere amidst the danger of flying bullets allowed his troops to momentarily forget the grim realities of war; his dedication to drill and the reinforcement of commands after dark, which might seem superfluous to seasoned military academy officers, further solidified the loyalty and confidence of those who observed and heeded his commands. Morris believes that the successful outcome of the siege was crucial in creating a strong bond between the Colonel and his Rough Riders, cementing his legacy in their memories and in the minds of Americans nationwide as "Teddy, the one man who would never demand of his soldiers what he wouldn't undertake personally," and who would guide them to triumph if they followed his lead.

Utilizing his military background as a foundation for advancing to higher political roles.

This segment of the narrative uncovers the latent doubts that exist underneath Roosevelt's outwardly genuine and fervent ethical beliefs. The mind of Theodore Roosevelt frequently alternated between an enthusiasm for battle and political interests, consistently relishing the intense sensations of military engagements he would frequently recount.

The widespread distribution of the letter put considerable pressure on officials to hasten the evacuation procedures.

Throughout the extended period of conflict in Cuba, the command structure of the American armed forces quickly acknowledged the brutal realities of warfare. Despite the capitulation of Cuban forces under Spanish control, the relentless attacks by indigenous mosquitoes, coupled with the harsh effects of tropical illnesses and gastrointestinal infections, presented a more formidable obstacle to the American invaders than any opposition offered by General Linares. As July drew to a close, a significant number of soldiers positioned near Santiago, including those from the Rough Riders, were greatly debilitated by disease, weighed down further by the oppressive heat and the effects of tainted rations, leading Colonel Wood to warn of the imminent risk of a collapse, emphasizing the urgent necessity for their swift removal from the area.

Roosevelt's story shows that he was driven to act on his own when it seemed that Secretary of War Alger and the Administration were disregarding his appeals. The result was his well-known order demanding the prompt return of Shafter's troops. Theodore Roosevelt took charge of composing the correspondence endorsed by every senior officer in the Santiago vicinity, overseeing its circulation and eventual disclosure to the press. The publication's sensational character unmistakably identified the army's rescuer to the populace, and the President, probably perusing the headlines with restrained annoyance over his morning meal, contemplated the wisdom of retracting.

Morris views the distribution of the circular letter as a pivotal moment that launched Roosevelt into widespread recognition. The military's administrative staff were justifiably incensed when Alger spitefully included a portion of another letter from Roosevelt that praised the Rough Riders, while concurrently downplaying the contributions of the established army forces and the militia, thus portraying the writer in a positive manner. The Colonel quickly gained a reputation as a guardian of his troops, demonstrating bravery through his willingness to confront superiors on issues critical to survival, and proving himself as a commander who prioritized the welfare of his men above theoretical concepts.

Theodore Roosevelt laid the groundwork for his eventual rise to the governorship after making a triumphant return to New York.

The emergence of the Rough Riders at Montauk Point in August 1898 stands alone as an unparalleled event in the history of American politics. Theodore Roosevelt was met with an extraordinary wave of national respect and admiration that would stand unparalleled for a considerable time after he arrived. Despite his determination to be recognized for his military contributions rather than his political standing, and his commitment to sharing commendations fairly with his comrades in arms, including the battle-seasoned veteran known as "Joe,"

Other Perspectives

• While Roosevelt's leadership was commendable, it's important to recognize the contributions of other officers and enlisted men who also displayed bravery and strategic acumen during the Spanish-American War.
• The narrative may romanticize Roosevelt's hesitation to become a colonel, but it could also be viewed as a strategic career move, ensuring he would be in a position to gain maximum public exposure and political advantage.
• The diversity of the Rough Riders is often celebrated, but it's worth noting that the unit still reflected the racial and social prejudices of the time, excluding African American soldiers who also played a significant role in the war.
• The administrative and operational challenges faced by Roosevelt and the Rough Riders were not unique to them and were indicative of broader systemic issues within the U.S. military at the time.
• Roosevelt's valor in Cuba is well-documented, but some historians argue that his actions were at times reckless and could have endangered his men unnecessarily.
• The ascent of San Juan Hill is a storied part of Roosevelt's legacy, but some military historians suggest that the strategic significance of the hill was overstated and that other battles were more pivotal to the war's outcome.
• Roosevelt's leadership during the encirclement of Santiago was crucial, but the hardships faced by the troops were exacerbated by the overall lack of preparedness and understanding of tropical diseases by the U.S. military leadership.
• Roosevelt's use of his military background to advance his political career could be seen as opportunistic, leveraging his war hero status for personal gain rather than purely out of a sense of public service.
• The pressure exerted by the distribution of the letter to hasten evacuation procedures was a bold move, but it also bypassed the chain of command and could be seen as undermining military discipline and protocol.
• Roosevelt's rise to the governorship was undoubtedly aided by his military service, but it's also important to consider the political machinations and support from key figures that facilitated his ascent in New York politics.