PDF Summary:Secondhand Time, by Svetlana Alexievich

In her sweeping oral history Secondhand Time, author Svetlana Alexievich masterfully weaves together diverse personal narratives capturing the profound societal shifts that unfolded across the former Soviet republics following the collapse of the Soviet Union. From the reemergence of nationalist conflicts to the psychological wounds inflicted by witnessing the disintegration of deeply held shared values, the book portrays ordinary citizens grappling with the challenges of navigating new cultural landscapes and economic realities.

Juxtaposing nostalgia for the communal ethos and supposed egalitarian promise of the Soviet system with disenchantment over the stark inequities ushered in by capitalism, Alexievich offers an intimate glimpse into widespread anxieties surrounding ethnic strife, poverty, and the yearning for a resurgent strongman leader capable of restoring a sense of national unity and purpose.

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• The persistence of bureaucratic systems may have provided some stability during times of transition, rather than simply being a negative legacy of the past.
• The pursuit of power by mobsters and tycoons might not be entirely separate from the bureaucratic systems; there could be instances of collusion and symbiosis between the two, with each influencing the other.
• The characterization of the society might overlook the resilience and adaptability of its people, who may find ways to thrive or maintain a sense of community despite the challenges presented.
• The idea that early business partners instilled terror might overlook the possibility that there were also legitimate, non-violent entrepreneurs in the denim trade.
• It's important to consider that the narrative might be influenced by the perspective of those who experienced the worst of the era, which could unintentionally overshadow instances where people disappeared but were eventually found or returned.
• The statement doesn't account for other forms of protection or security measures that might have been in place, which could have reduced the need for protective gear.
• The use of fear to maintain order often leads to human rights abuses and can be challenged on ethical and moral grounds.

The revival of nationalist and ethnic strife sharply contradicts the previously lauded notion of peaceful coexistence among different ethnic groups, which was once thought to be a unique hallmark of the former Soviet Union.

The book explores the alarming resurgence of nationalist disputes and ethnic tensions, starkly opposing the once glorified Soviet portrayal of peaceful ethnic cohabitation. Alexievich recounts the distress of individuals suddenly deemed enemies because of their ethnicity, leading to their displacement from their homes and witnessing the disintegration of what seemed to be a united community into factions.

Refugee experiences and the difficulties of navigating a new identity in a hostile environment.

Through these narratives, the author captures the trauma and displacement experienced by refugees as they struggled to navigate a new and hostile environment, often facing discrimination, violence, and a profound sense of loss. Margarita's story offers a deep understanding of the re-emergence of ethnic conflicts, seen from the perspective of someone who fled Armenia. Margarita, compelled to escape her beloved Baku due to threats and the brutal treatment of her community, finds herself adrift in the immense sprawl of the Russian capital, hiding her true heritage, concerned for her family's well-being, and struggling with the stark difference between the warm camaraderie of her youth and the intense hostilities of a war fueled by ethnic passion.

Practical Tips

• Create a personal challenge to live on a refugee's budget for a week to experience a fraction of the financial constraints they face. Document your experiences, feelings, and the choices you have to make on this limited budget. This exercise can provide a stark realization of the economic hardships refugees endure and can inspire more compassionate actions and policies within your sphere of influence.
• Create a personal reading list of narratives written by refugees to broaden your perspective. Diversifying your reading material to include memoirs, novels, and poetry by refugees can provide a more nuanced view of their experiences. You could start with lesser-known authors to explore a variety of stories and contexts.
• Start a personal journal to document your thoughts and feelings about community treatment and human rights. This reflective practice can help you identify your values and biases, leading to more informed and empathetic viewpoints when discussing or encountering similar situations in your community or social circles.
• Start a monthly "family board meeting" to discuss goals, worries, and achievements. This structured approach ensures that everyone's voice is heard and that you're collectively addressing family well-being. During these meetings, you might set a specific topic, like discussing financial security or planning for family outings, which contributes to a sense of unity and purpose.
• Start a dialogue with someone from a different background to bridge cultural divides. Choose a topic related to cultural understanding and engage in a conversation with the aim of learning about their experiences. This can foster empathy and reduce the potential for hostilities based on misunderstandings or stereotypes.

The enduring impact and continued discussions surrounding the history and ideology of the Soviet regime.

The stories weave together echoes from the Soviet period, particularly the idealized view of Stalin, coupled with a continuous allure towards autocratic governance, depicting a complex and occasionally contradictory relationship with the past. Alexievich explores the intricate feelings of those who, despite acknowledging the oppressive and dictatorial nature of the Soviet era, still yearn for a time they equate with order, stability, and patriotic sentiment, frequently comparing Stalin to a powerful figure capable of restoring the former glory of their nation.

The longing for a time marked by steadiness, structure, and national pride still drives the appeal of a strong leader, evoking the kind of esteem that was once bestowed upon Stalin.

The author dismantles the often idealized image of Stalin, an image especially prevalent among older individuals who experienced the postwar period, recalling it as an era marked by national triumph and economic growth. Alexievich underscores a yearning for constancy, certainty, and shared dignity, which sometimes leads to the minimization of severe deeds carried out in Stalin's time, despite this epoch being noted for Russia's prominent role in global affairs.

The glorification of past Soviet achievements amidst present-day anxieties and uncertainties, highlighting selective memory and an idealized view of history.

The book delves into how past achievements during the Soviet era are often held in high regard, juxtaposed with current concerns and uncertainties, revealing a certain romanticization of past events. Many individuals vividly recall the triumphs of the Soviet era, such as defeating fascism, pioneering space travel with manned missions, and undertaking massive building endeavors, yet they also observed a stark decline in societal values and moral fabric following the Soviet Union's collapse.

An interviewee fervently proclaims their connection to their origins, revealing a profound affection for their Soviet motherland. As a child, their literacy flourished, with Pravda's pages serving as their initial instruction, reflecting their father's steadfast dedication to the principles of Communism. To them, the country was splendid, even though some saw it as a primitive territory equipped with ballistic arms. The desire for a powerful and esteemed country stands in stark contrast to the current disenchantment characterized by a state of degradation and reliance on imported sustenance. The land they called their mother has transformed into an expansive marketplace. They found no value in that kind of liberty.

Practical Tips

• Create a visual timeline of the Soviet era using mixed media, such as newspaper clippings, photos, and personal notes. Include both widely accepted historical facts and lesser-known events or perspectives. This hands-on activity will help you visualize the complexity of history and the selective nature of collective memory.
• Engage with older generations to gain firsthand accounts of past triumphs. Arrange casual conversations with family members or community elders who lived through notable periods of history. Ask them to share stories about their experiences and feelings during those times, and note any patterns of romanticization or critical perspectives they offer. This could reveal how collective memory is shaped over time.
• Encourage ethical behavior by creating a 'kindness ripple' initiative in your daily interactions. Perform an act of kindness, like helping someone with their groceries, and give them a card or a token that encourages them to pass on a good deed. This creates a visible chain of positive actions, which can inspire others to uphold and spread societal values.
• Craft a recipe book that combines traditional dishes from your cultural background with personal anecdotes or family stories. Gather recipes from relatives or research dishes that are significant to your heritage. As you compile the recipes, include short stories or memories associated with each dish. This not only preserves culinary traditions but also creates a narrative of your family's connection to their homeland.
• Start a journal where you reflect on how the media you consume influences your thoughts and beliefs, similar to how reading Pravda affected the interviewee. This could be anything from news outlets to social media platforms. Note any shifts in your opinions after consuming different types of media and consider why certain content resonates with you.
• You can explore different perspectives by starting a dual-themed book club focused on the history and politics of the Soviet Union. Invite members to read one book that presents the Soviet Union in a positive light and another that offers a critical view. After reading, host a discussion comparing the two viewpoints, encouraging members to consider the evidence and arguments from both sides.
• Engage with your local government representatives to express your concerns and desires for the country's direction. By attending town hall meetings, writing letters, or participating in community surveys, you contribute to the democratic process and ensure that your voice is heard in shaping the future of your community and, by extension, your country.
• You can diversify your diet by incorporating locally sourced foods to reduce reliance on imports. Start by visiting farmers' markets or joining a community-supported agriculture (CSA) program, where you can get a share of seasonal produce directly from local farmers. This not only supports the local economy but also introduces you to new, possibly healthier food options that you might not find in a typical supermarket.
• Create a "Liberty Audit" of your daily life by tracking decisions you make over a week that you feel are influenced by external pressures versus your own free will. This could involve noting each decision in a small notebook or a digital app, categorizing them as "free choice" or "compelled." You might discover patterns, such as societal expectations or financial obligations, that heavily influence your choices.

Understanding the bleak history associated with the Soviet era is difficult, as it underscores the persistent impact of the Terror and the long-term effects of the gulag on today's society.

Alexievich emphasizes the difficulty of coming to terms with the darker segments of Soviet past, showing how the anguish from the Terror and the gulag persists, influencing not only personal memories but also the wider social consciousness and tensions in the period following the Soviet Union's collapse. The author presents the disconcerting truth that perpetrators and their victims, as well as betrayers and those they misled, coexisted in close proximity, their existences intricately entangled in a sometimes disturbing network.

Investigating the intricate dynamics among family members and the challenges they encounter when confronting the roles they adopted during the era of Soviet rule.

The book delves into the complex dynamics among family members and the challenging endeavor of confronting each person's behavior in the period governed by the Soviet regime. Alexievich reveals how the legacy of betrayal, silence, and fear continue to shape relationships, leading to painful confrontations and a struggle to reconcile the idealized image of loved ones with the often-uncomfortable truths revealed by the unsealed archives.

A woman was devastatingly faced with the reality that the neighbor, whom she had depended upon for comfort and support during her husband's imprisonment, was in fact the very individual who had deceived him, leading to his arrest. Upon discovering the details in the dossier about her spouse's activities with the NKVD, the woman is compelled to end her life. Their offspring recounts a story deeply rooted in grief, revealing the deep-seated psychological scars left by a time characterized by intense fear and betrayal, highlighting the enduring impact of diminished morals and pervasive unease.

Practical Tips

• Develop a deeper appreciation for historical family dynamics by writing a fictional short story set in the Soviet era, using your family's background as inspiration. Research the period to add authenticity, focusing on the daily life and struggles of that time. This exercise can provide insights into the resilience and adaptability of families during challenging times.
• Engage in a digital detox week, drawing parallels to the restricted information flow during Soviet times. For one week, limit your access to information to a few predetermined sources, akin to the state-controlled media of the Soviet era. Reflect daily on how this limitation affects your perception of the world, your decision-making, and your understanding of your role in society. This self-imposed restriction can offer a modern-day glimpse into the challenges of confronting roles when information is controlled.
• Engage in role-playing exercises with a friend to practice responding to situations of betrayal or silence. Take turns acting out scenarios where one of you feels betrayed or silenced, and the other responds. This can help you develop healthier communication habits and emotional responses for when real-life situations arise, fostering stronger, more open relationships.
• Create a "truth mirror" by setting up a monthly meetup with a trusted group where members can share their aspirations and receive honest, constructive feedback. This group acts as a sounding board, helping each other confront the gap between their idealized self-image and the feedback they receive, thus grounding their self-perception in a more realistic context.
• You can enhance your observational skills by keeping a daily journal of subtle changes in your environment. Note down any unusual patterns or behaviors you notice in your neighborhood or household, which could help you become more attuned to the dynamics around you, similar to how the protagonist noticed her neighbor's betrayal.
• Create a "truth pact" with a close friend or partner where you both agree to share something truthful that you've never told each other before. This exercise can strengthen your bond and help you practice handling truths in a safe and controlled environment. It's important to approach this with care and respect for each other's feelings, setting ground rules for what kind of truths are shared and how to support each other after the revelation.
• Create a visual family tree that includes emotional milestones, not just names and dates. Use symbols or colors to represent different emotions associated with family events. This can help you visualize the emotional legacy of your family and identify patterns or recurring themes that may have influenced your own psychological development.
• Try engaging in role-playing games that simulate environments of suspicion and alliance, such as "Werewolf" or "Among Us," to experience the complexities of trust and betrayal in a controlled, low-stakes setting. These games require players to deduce who among them is a traitor, mirroring the tension of the Soviet era on a smaller scale.
• You can foster a sense of moral clarity by starting a daily reflection journal where you note any decisions you made that day which had moral implications. This practice encourages you to be mindful of your choices and their ethical dimensions, helping to counteract any potential decline in morals. For example, if you decided not to report a cashier's mistake that was in your favor, reflecting on this might lead you to consider the importance of honesty and its impact on your character.

The challenges of growing up within the framework of Soviet ideology and the struggle to overcome ingrained Soviet mentalities during worldwide transformations.

The stories frequently explore the enduring impact on those who grew up in a community molded by Soviet principles, including the psychological consequences of living for years in an environment defined by shared convictions, rigid social hierarchy, and an omnipresent fear of state power, compounded by a deep-seated suspicion of one's peers. Alexievich emphasizes the difficulties encountered by people who were initially enthusiastic about the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the potential for a better life via democratic and capitalist changes, as they work to overcome the deep-seated mental habits of their past Soviet existence while adapting to the drastically altered circumstances.

Questioning whether “the market" can replace the shared goals and beliefs that defined Soviet society.

The author raises a crucial question that echoes throughout the narratives: Can "the market" truly replace the shared goals, beliefs, and sense of collective purpose that defined Soviet society? Alexievich's work stimulates profound contemplation on the compatibility of a society's pursuit of individual achievement and material prosperity with the maintenance of egalitarianism and importance, particularly within a country characterized by a traditional focus on self-sacrifice and the prioritization of collective goals over personal ambitions.

A retired construction worker looks back with a sense of longing for the shared dreams that motivated him and his peers, recognizing his previous endorsement of the communalist principles. Every member of his family adhered to communist ideals. During his early years, it was not the gentle tunes of bedtime songs that lulled him into slumber, but the stirring songs of revolution that his mother vocalized. He was prepared to assert that communism amounted to nothing more than an alluring illusion. He grapples with the disillusionment stemming from the collapse of a system he previously believed in and expresses sorrow over the present circumstances by exclaiming, "they deceived us with pledges of reform!" Individuals engaged in black market activities and currency trading assumed control.

Context

• The rapid changes affected people's mental health, leading to increased stress and anxiety. The loss of a familiar way of life and the uncertainty of the future contributed to widespread psychological distress.
• The shift from a collectivist to an individualist society can have profound psychological effects, including feelings of alienation and loss. People who were once part of a unified collective might struggle with the competitive nature of a market economy, which can feel isolating.
• During the Soviet era, cultural and educational systems reinforced communal values, often through propaganda, literature, and music that celebrated collective achievements and revolutionary ideals.
• The Soviet Union, established after the Russian Revolution of 1917, was founded on Marxist-Leninist principles, which emphasized the importance of communal living and the subordination of individual desires to the needs of the state and society.
• The chaotic privatization process allowed a small group of individuals to acquire vast wealth and power, leading to widespread corruption and inequality. This was a stark contrast to the egalitarian ideals many Soviet citizens had been taught to value.
• The rapid economic changes led to increased social inequality. While some individuals thrived in the new market conditions, many others struggled, exacerbating the divide and pushing those left behind to participate in the black market as a means of economic survival.

The challenges and tensions faced by marginalized groups and ordinary citizens amidst broader societal upheaval and political change.

In "Secondhand Time," Svetlana Alexievich explores the struggles faced by ordinary people and marginalized communities amid times of social turmoil and major political transformations. The author depicts the vulnerability of people who struggled with economic hardship, social isolation, and an ingrained fear as they lacked the resources, power, or financial backing to adjust to the new realities following the Soviet Union's collapse, especially when the promised advantages of freedom and prosperity failed to materialize.

Ordinary citizens grappled with the challenges of adapting to a capitalist environment, highlighting their unpreparedness for the complexities and requirements of a market-driven economy.

The author draws attention to the plight of ordinary citizens who, having spent their lives under the rigid structures of Soviet communism, found themselves ill-equipped to navigate the uncertainties and demands of the newly established free market system. Alexievich underscores that the sudden loss of protection provided by the collectivist regime, along with an unpreparedness for capitalist economic practices, resulted in extensive unemployment, poverty, and a deep feeling of betrayal stemming from the failure to fulfill promises of compensation for years of dedication and sacrifice.

Individuals whose identities and self-awareness were intricately intertwined with the principles of the Soviet Union experience a profound detachment and a feeling of loss, as if time itself has left them behind.

The book delves into the profound sense of dislocation and alienation experienced by people whose lives and self-conceptions were deeply connected to the ideologies of the Soviet Union, revealing a drop in their social status and a profound cultural and psychological detachment with the advent of a new capitalist environment. Alexievich captures the sentiments of individuals who long for the return of a system that, despite its imperfections, provided a feeling of unity and purpose at a time when they felt adrift in an unfamiliar reality that seemed to render their convictions and personal histories meaningless.

She contemplates the hardships her family faced as society transitioned to capitalism, feeling forsaken and grieving over the understanding that their endured hardships were ultimately futile. Their enduring pain ultimately proved to be futile. Acknowledging the horror was dreadful, but enduring it surpassed that in severity. Their construction efforts were significant. They built everything from scratch, and they experienced times of considerable difficulty. They grew more despondent upon realizing that the promises of a better life associated with socialism, which had been guaranteed to their generation, turned out to be mere illusions.

Practical Tips

• Create a personal mission statement that reflects a sense of unity and purpose in your life. Write down what you believe in and what you want to achieve, then use this statement to guide your decisions and actions. This mirrors the collective direction people might have felt under a unified system, and it can help you live a more focused and intentional life.
• You can track your efforts and outcomes in a journal to identify patterns of futile endeavors. Start by writing down your daily activities and the results they yield. After a month, review your entries to spot any recurring efforts that consistently fail to produce the desired outcome. This will help you recognize and eliminate unproductive habits.
• You can critically evaluate political systems by starting a personal journal where you document and analyze current events and policies. Write down observations about how different political ideologies are applied in various countries and the outcomes they produce. This will help you understand the practical implications of political theories and compare them with the promises made.
• You can create a 'memory box' to physically compartmentalize past memories and keep them out of your daily thoughts. Start by finding a box that resonates with you aesthetically. Fill it with items that represent or trigger memories you wish to set aside. Once filled, store the box in a place that's out of sight and designate a specific, infrequent time to open it, if ever. This act symbolizes the intentional resting of past memories and can help you focus on the present.

The rise in poverty and economic instability sharply contrasts with the portrayal of a society characterized by equality and utopian dreams, which was promoted during the Soviet era, underscoring the severe consequences that have emerged from a capitalist system driven by competition.

Alexievich contrasts the utopian promises promoted by the authorities of the USSR, which guaranteed a future where basic needs would be met for all and equality would be achieved, with the harsh truths of a competitive capitalist economy, where the pursuit of personal success often happens at the expense of others. The author details the rapid rise of poverty and economic insecurity, revealing how the sudden emphasis on material wealth and individual success created a new social order defined by inequality, resentment, and a frantic scramble for survival.

Veterans struggling with economic hardships and insufficient acknowledgment express their sense of being denied the promised rewards for their military service.

The narratives of Soviet veterans from World War II and the Afghanistan conflict powerfully express the disillusionment felt by those who committed their lives to the ideals espoused by the Soviet state. Alexievich portrays the deep resentment of veterans struggling with financial difficulties and insufficient acknowledgment of their sacrifices, as they feel forsaken by the very establishment they once trusted, now eclipsed by an aggressive chase for wealth and societal standing.

At a gathering of veterans lamenting the loss of their comrade Timeryan Zinatov, who committed suicide, a tangible resentment pervades the atmosphere when an individual voices their sorrow regarding the gradual decay and despoilment of the beloved Soviet Union. If they had anticipated the unfolding of events, their reflections could have guided them down a different path. Reflecting on the adversity they faced during times of turmoil, an individual evaluates their own courageous deeds. Currency was now measured in kopecks. Citizens encountered sorrow rather than the retirement funds they anticipated. The author captures a profound sense of betrayal and disorientation, as these veterans grapple with a present where their sacrifices are seemingly forgotten amidst the clamor for wealth and consumerism.

Practical Tips

• Engage in reflective writing to explore the emotional impact of societal change. Set aside time each week to write about how current events and societal shifts affect you emotionally, drawing parallels to the feelings that individuals might have experienced during the Soviet Union's decay. This practice can enhance empathy and provide insights into the human consequences of large-scale political changes.
• Create a digital photo album highlighting the courageous acts of veterans you know or learn about. Gather photos and stories through interviews or social media outreach, focusing on the personal aspects of their service. Share this album online to spread awareness and appreciation for their bravery, ensuring their stories are seen and celebrated by a wider audience.
• Consider purchasing products and services from veteran-owned businesses to directly contribute to their financial success. By doing this, you're not only getting what you need but also putting your money into businesses that support veterans' livelihoods, which can be more impactful than one-time donations.
• Advocate for veteran support policies by writing to your local representatives. Educate yourself on the current policies affecting veterans and draft letters or emails that highlight the need for better support systems to address their sense of betrayal and disorientation. Encourage friends and family to do the same. This grassroots approach can lead to policy changes that provide better support for veterans.
• Start a habit of educating yourself on military history and current events involving the military once a month. This can be as simple as reading an article or watching a documentary. By doing so, you're actively reminding yourself of the sacrifices made by service members, which can influence your consumer choices and conversations with others.

The book explores the pervasive atmosphere of fear that influenced individual lives, juxtaposing the fear of totalitarian rule during the Soviet period with the concerns over disorder and aggression that marked the decade after the Soviet Union's disintegration.

Running throughout the book is an exploration of the pervasive nature of fear and its impact on individual lives. Alexievich masterfully juxtaposes the fear induced by the constant surveillance of behavior and words during the Soviet era, when a simple slip of the tongue could lead to arrest or worse, against the anxiety associated with the widespread turmoil, hostility, and economic downfall marking the tumultuous period following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The author depicts how, following the collapse of the authoritarian regime, a sense of doubt and mistrust continued to linger within the wider community.

The anxieties surrounding the potential for further violence and upheaval amidst uncertainty about the future

Many narratives convey a pervasive unease about the possibility of additional violence and turmoil, coupled with a continuous doubt regarding what lies ahead. Alexievich reveals the profound wounds inflicted by witnessing the collapse of the Soviet Union, a time that also initiated an era of discomfort, leaving many feeling vulnerable, distrustful, and anxious about the possibility of past horrors reoccurring. The writer conveys the trepidation linked to the escalation of unlawful activities and the delicate state of democratic systems, as well as the deep discomfort felt by people struggling with the disintegration of a collective belief system and the instability of their common national sense of self.

Tanya Kuleshova, a student, lived with a persistent sense of discomfort that culminated in her detention and later incarceration due to her participation in the 2010 protests that challenged the presidential election outcomes within the Belarusian borders. She reflects on the psychological weight of her incarceration during her early twenties. How could she adjust to this new and unknown reality? She worries that her nervousness will lead her to keep her gaze lowered during her journeys to and from the city. A pact forms between those penalized and the individuals carrying out the punishment. An unspoken consensus persists, originating from the communist period. The populace is cognizant of the circumstances but chooses to withhold their voices. They aspire to receive just remuneration, which would enable them to acquire a second-hand Audi and afford them the opportunity to vacation in Turkey as restitution. Conversing about democratic principles or the rights of individuals with this group feels like speaking in an ancient, unused tongue!

Other Perspectives

• The emphasis on unease and turmoil could be seen as a self-fulfilling prophecy, where constant focus on negative outcomes can influence public sentiment and expectations, potentially escalating tensions that might otherwise be resolved through dialogue and peaceful means.
• The collapse of the Soviet Union, while certainly causing widespread uncertainty, also opened doors for new opportunities, freedoms, and reforms that some may have welcomed, thus offering a more nuanced view of the period rather than one solely defined by negative emotions.
• While people may fear the recurrence of past horrors, it is also possible that they are using the lessons from the past to build a more resilient and just society, preventing the same mistakes from happening again.
• The idea that national identity and collective belief systems are disintegrating assumes a uniformity that may never have existed; diverse societies often contain multiple identities and belief systems coexisting simultaneously.
• The discomfort experienced by Kuleshova could be seen as a natural reaction to being involved in high-stakes political activism, rather than a direct result of the detention and incarceration.
• The act of lowering one's gaze in public could be interpreted in various ways, not solely as a sign of fear; it might also be a strategic choice to avoid unwanted attention or conflict in a volatile environment.
• The idea could be challenged by historical and contemporary examples where penalized groups have not accepted their punishment as part of an agreement but have been coerced into submission through force or the threat of force.
• The assumption that people are primarily motivated by material gain when they withhold their voices underestimates the range of human motivations, including altruism, ideology, and personal ethics.
• The idea that discussing democratic principles is like speaking an "ancient, unused tongue" fails to recognize that the language of rights and freedoms is universal and can resonate with individuals from all walks of life when conveyed compellingly.