PDF Summary:Fosse, by Sam Wasson

Bob Fosse redefined the boundaries of musical theater with his provocative choreography and direction. In Fosse, biographer Sam Wasson delves into Fosse's early life in the seedy underbelly of vaudeville, his relentless pursuit of artistic perfection fueled by insecurity, and his navigation of vice and cardiovascular challenges that shaped — and nearly destroyed — his creative genius.

Wasson chronicles how Fosse's groundbreaking work challenged theatrical conventions, offering dark, socially-conscious commentary through his signature style. From the iconic jazz hands and bowler hats of "Steam Heat" to the searing cynicism of "Chicago," Fosse's shows encapsulated America's gritty reality behind the showbiz glitz.

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Context

• Bob Fosse was a renowned choreographer and director, while Gwen Verdon was a celebrated dancer and actress. Their personal and professional lives were deeply connected, as they were married and frequently collaborated on various projects, including Broadway shows and films.
• Verdon often prioritized Fosse's projects over her own career opportunities, demonstrating her commitment to their shared artistic goals and the success of their joint ventures.
• The works they created together, such as "Chicago" and "Cabaret," became cultural touchstones, reflecting and shaping societal attitudes of the time. Their ability to address contemporary themes through dance and theater was part of their artistic triumphs.
• Rehearsals lacked the immediate judgment of an audience, providing a space where Verdon could focus on the art itself rather than the reception, which might have been more fulfilling for her as an artist.

Delving into somber subjects and societal observations via the medium of amusement.

Wasson argues that the creative output of Fosse transcended the typically light-hearted subject matter of musical comedy, evolving to address significant topics like social disparity, deception, and the illusory aspects of the American dream. He utilized a unique mix of biting wit and mimicry to subvert the traditional norms of musical comedy, endowing the genre with a feeling of doubt, unrefined authenticity, and a modern grasp of life's darker elements through his groundbreaking choreography.

Introducing a unique fusion of unadorned realism and doubt that challenged the traditional norms of musical comedy.

Wasson emphasizes Fosse's departure from the usually charming conventions of musical comedy, underscoring his ambition to infuse the genre with an unvarnished and often questioning view of the human condition. The author suggests that while Fosse deeply cherished the lively allure and dynamic energy of traditional musical-comedy, his goal was to expose the human frailties and societal injustices that the genre's optimistic facade often concealed.

Wasson emphasizes the significance of the musical "Sweet Charity," which depicts the isolated existence of a dance-hall hostess through Fosse's unique fusion of dark humor and groundbreaking dance moves, illustrating the inherent despair and manipulation present in Charity's environment. Wasson argues that through the use of humor and irony in "Chicago," Fosse critiqued America's obsession with fame and celebrities, exposing the corruption within the legal system and the media's inclination to emphasize sensationalism rather than substantive material.

Context

• Fosse collaborated with writers and composers who shared his vision for a more realistic and critical approach to musical theater, such as Stephen Sondheim and Kander and Ebb, which helped him push the boundaries of the genre.
• During the mid-20th century, when Fosse was most active, America was experiencing significant social changes, including the civil rights movement and shifts in cultural norms. These changes often highlighted societal injustices, which Fosse sought to reflect in his work.
• The protagonist, Charity Hope Valentine, is a dance-hall hostess who is perpetually optimistic despite her challenging circumstances. Her character is central to exploring themes of loneliness and the search for love.
• Characters like Roxie Hart and Velma Kelly are based on real-life figures who became infamous during their trials, showcasing how notoriety can be exploited for personal gain.
• The musical satirizes the legal system by showing how justice can be swayed by money and publicity. Lawyers like Billy Flynn are depicted as showmen who manipulate the truth to win cases, highlighting the flaws in the pursuit of justice.

The piece uses humor to examine American society, displaying a distinctive and complex style via its choreographed movements.

Wasson explores the idea that Fosse's dance creations went beyond simple visual allure, acting as powerful tools for social commentary. He masterfully employed overstated and humorous choreography to expose the ingrained illusions and destructive habits at the heart of American culture. Wasson offers multiple examples to support his point, such as the choreography in "New Girl in Town," which utilized overstated and provocative motions to challenge the romanticized depiction of prostitution, and the "War Is a Science" number in Pippin, which darkly satirized the glorification of war as a theatrical performance.

Wasson suggests that Fosse's initial experiences with burlesque established a foundation for his fascination with the entertainment industry's darker aspects, which were later reflected in the more melancholic aspects of his creative work. He recognized the influence of the media industry in twisting reality and maintaining harmful myths through its persuasive control. Wasson delves into the way Fosse's astute observations were subsequently employed in stage productions, uncovering the inherent savagery and moral deterioration that form the core of American society.

Context

• Fosse's early exposure to vaudeville and burlesque, which often used humor and satire to comment on social issues, heavily influenced his choreographic style and thematic choices.
• Fosse was critical of how media could distort reality, and his choreography often highlighted this by presenting a polished surface that concealed darker truths, encouraging audiences to question what they see.
• This number is part of the musical "Pippin," which follows the story of a young prince searching for meaning in life. The song satirizes the strategic and often absurd nature of war, using theatrical elements to critique how war is glorified and trivialized in society.
• Burlesque is a form of entertainment that originated in the 19th century, known for its satirical and often risqué performances. It combines elements of comedy, dance, and striptease, often pushing societal boundaries and challenging norms.
• The media industry often shapes public perception by selectively presenting information, which can lead to a skewed understanding of reality. This influence can perpetuate stereotypes and myths that align with certain agendas or cultural narratives.
• Bob Fosse was known for his unique dance style characterized by turned-in knees, rolled shoulders, and jazz hands. This style often conveyed a sense of irony and critique, which he used to highlight societal issues.

Fosse encountered personal challenges, including difficulties in his personal relationships, battles with addiction, and a range of health issues.

Wasson presents a complex portrait where the intertwining of extraordinary artistic skill and personal strife molds the artistic path of the celebrated individual, Fosse. His interactions with the opposite sex, coupled with destructive habits and the constant risk of heart problems, shaped his creative endeavors, endowing his productions with a unique emotional depth and subject matter.

Fosse's behavior towards women was often detrimental, influenced by his deep-seated insecurities and a compulsion for control.

Wasson explores the tumultuous and often harmful patterns that defined the interactions with women of the renowned choreographer, scrutinizing how his need for control and deep-seated insecurities drove a consistent cycle of infidelity and emotional turmoil. He argues that Fosse's unyielding quest for approval and his inability to sustain intimate relationships led him to seek out sexual encounters as a means of validation, ultimately exacerbating his feelings of isolation and detachment.

Sex served as a means for creative discovery and self-affirmation.

Wasson makes a persuasive argument that Fosse's profound sexual impulses were not only about seeking gratification or subconsciously coping with previous sexual trauma, but were also fundamentally linked to his creative process. Bobby viewed closeness not just as an objective but also as a way to gain deeper insights into the people he worked with, a sentiment observed by Reinking. It was his job, Fosse felt, as a director and choreographer, to be intimate with his performers, to know more about their bodies than they knew about their own if it would help the dance, or the show. If a kiss blossomed into a gentle caress, escalating into an encounter that went beyond simple physical interaction, it was seen as an extra delight, a splendid climax to the night's events. His vitality stemmed not only from personal interactions but also from the consumption of Dexedrine.

Wasson observed that the artists he collaborated with typically regarded him with great respect. Many of his romantic partners eventually left him. Fosse's relentless pursuit of intimate relationships and his tendency to be unfaithful could be seen as a profound dedication to his art, almost to the point of professional obsession. A participant in the event characterized the interaction as transcending mere tactics, despite its regularity. The stage's craftsmanship held a captivating charm. He fostered a feeling of uniqueness among us. Fosse often pushed the boundaries of excess, which resulted in the women he seemed to cherish feeling deserted and isolated.

Other Perspectives

• Fosse's sexual impulses being linked to his creative process could be conflated with a harmful stereotype that artistic genius is inherently linked with sexual promiscuity or misconduct, which can perpetuate a dangerous tolerance for inappropriate behavior in creative spaces.
• Relying on personal intimacy as a tool for creative discovery could be seen as a lack of professional boundaries and may not be necessary for artistic success, as many directors and choreographers create compelling work without such practices.
• Personal interactions as a source of vitality do not necessarily need to be intimate or sexual in nature; professional respect, platonic friendships, and other forms of social support can also be significant contributors to a person's energy and enthusiasm.
• The respect observed by Wasson might not be universally felt; it's possible that some collaborators felt pressured to display respect due to Fosse's status and success in the industry, rather than genuine admiration.
• The framing of infidelity as dedication to art could be perceived as an excuse for unethical behavior, rather than a legitimate aspect of the creative process.
• The perspective that Fosse's excesses led to women feeling deserted and isolated might not take into account the broader social and cultural context of the time, which could have influenced interpersonal dynamics in ways that extended beyond Fosse's personal actions.

His inability to sustain intimacy leading to repeated infidelity and heartbreak

Wasson delves into Fosse's relentless pursuit of success, which was often followed by his own actions that diminished the victories he had attained. Fosse made a concerted effort to distance himself from "The Conquering Hero," a stance that extended beyond his personal life, as noted by Wasson. He reached the summit of the esteemed Triple Crown. Before he gained considerable acclaim, he was already susceptible to mistakes. Wasson frequently portrays Fosse as being his most formidable opponent.

Fosse sought self-improvement through his relationships with McCracken, Niles, and Verdon, each possessing professional expertise and the capacity for rewarding collaborations. Aware of his own imperfections, he frequently believed that any affection shown to him was due to a misapprehension of his true character. He embraces his darker qualities to demonstrate that their misconceptions are unfounded. He often acknowledged his own shortcomings, confessing to a persistent sense of blame, but he never truly understood why he was always so self-critical.

Context

• His relationships with collaborators were complex; while they often resulted in groundbreaking work, his personal issues sometimes strained these partnerships.
• This phrase often refers to a persona or archetype of someone who achieves great success and is celebrated for their victories. In Fosse's context, it might symbolize the public image of a flawless, triumphant figure, which he found difficult to relate to or maintain.
• Although not mentioned in the text, Ann Reinking was another significant figure in Fosse's life, both personally and professionally. She was a dancer, actress, and choreographer who worked closely with Fosse and was considered one of his protégées.
• Embracing one's darker qualities can be a form of psychological insight or self-awareness. For Fosse, this might have been a way to confront and understand his own motivations and behaviors, which were often at odds with societal norms.
• The "Triple Crown" refers to winning an Oscar, Emmy, and Tony Award, a rare accomplishment that highlights Fosse's exceptional talent and versatility across different entertainment mediums.

The dependence on stimulants was a two-sided blade, boosting his creativity yet simultaneously hindering it.

Wasson examines the continuous battles with addiction that the innovator of dance movements endured, analyzing how it influenced his creative drive while simultaneously affecting his health in both body and mind. He argues that Fosse used stimulants to manage his anxiety, enhance his concentration, and above all, to meet the demanding standards set by his unwavering commitment to the art form. The relentless self-examination and reliance on substances by Fosse, coupled with his profound fear of failure, resulted in considerable mental and physical consequences over time.

Relying on drugs to manage anxiety and boost focus also increased creative productivity.

Fosse viewed substances as crucial for unlocking his artistic capabilities, as noted by the person who chronicled his life. A performer expressed the sensation, noting that one's sight becomes unclouded when under the influence of stimulants. The clarity was undeniable. Every tiny detail." The choreography in "Steam Heat" and "Sweet Charity," as noted by Wasson, was marked by meticulousness and occasionally surprising aspects that went beyond mere dance steps. The artist's creativity was shaped by the use of Dexedrine. Fosse acknowledged that these substances heightened his awareness of his capabilities. He understood that his drug consumption exacerbated his bouts of sadness.

As he matured and his achievements mounted, the early thrill of Dexedrine often gave way to deep despair that the drug could not reliably keep at bay. The task of managing every facet of his work became more daunting as the drug's influence waned, especially when it came to maintaining meticulous attention to detail.

Context

• During the mid-20th century, many artists and performers experimented with drugs, believing they could enhance creativity and break through conventional boundaries. This was a period when the use of substances like amphetamines was not uncommon in creative circles.
• Stimulants like Dexedrine can lead to heightened concentration and energy, potentially allowing artists to work for extended periods and explore creative ideas more deeply. However, this can also lead to dependency and negative side effects.
• Long-term use of stimulants can alter brain chemistry, affecting neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, which are crucial for regulating mood and emotional stability.
• Beyond professional pressures, Fosse's personal life, including relationships and health issues, may have contributed to his reliance on substances and the subsequent emotional challenges he faced as he aged.
• Choreography requires not only creativity but also precision and attention to detail. The pressure to innovate and maintain high standards can be intense, especially in competitive fields like dance and theater.

Addiction not only undermined his mental well-being but also had a detrimental impact on his physical condition.

Wasson chronicles the progressive decline in Fosse's well-being as a result of his persistent substance abuse. His reliance on various stimulants and sedatives, combined with his heavy smoking and insufficient rest, significantly contributed to the heart attacks and seizures that he suffered during his forties.

Wasson explores the psychological impacts of addiction, suggesting that dependency on substances exacerbated Fosse's existing worries and further impeded his capacity to establish intimate connections. Fosse's unyielding quest for gratification through the misuse of substances, coupled with the ensuing consequences, intensified his feelings of inadequacy and self-loathing, ultimately contributing to destructive behaviors and playing a pivotal role in the breakdown of his marriage to Verdon.

Practical Tips

• You can track your habits to identify potential addictive behaviors by using a daily journal. Start by noting down your daily activities, the time spent on each, and your feelings before and after the activity. This self-monitoring can reveal patterns that may indicate the onset of addictive behavior, allowing you to take proactive steps to address them.
• Start a moderated online community focused on sharing and discussing healthy lifestyle choices. This platform would enable individuals to share their experiences, support each other in making healthier life decisions, and provide a space for accountability. It could include sections for discussing stress management, exercise routines, and nutrition tips, all of which contribute to better heart health.
• Engage in a new hobby that promotes mindfulness, such as gardening or painting. These activities can serve as therapeutic outlets for your worries and reduce the temptation to turn to substances. The focus required for these hobbies can also provide a calming effect and a break from stressors.
• Engage in a new social hobby that doesn't trigger addictive behaviors and encourages building intimate connections. Choose an activity like a book club, a cooking class, or a volunteer group where interaction is key, and substance or behavior-related triggers are minimal. This will help you form bonds based on shared interests and collaborative experiences, rather than through the lens of addiction.
• Develop a self-reward system for choosing healthier coping mechanisms. Whenever you opt for a positive activity, like exercise or a hobby, instead of substance misuse, reward yourself with something small but enjoyable. This could be as simple as an extra half-hour of your favorite show or a special coffee. The key is to make the reward immediate and satisfying, reinforcing the healthier choice.
• Start a conversation with your partner about habits and their effects on your relationship. Use a neutral setting and time when both of you are relaxed. Discuss openly how certain behaviors might be affecting your bond and listen to their perspective as well. This can foster understanding and collaborative problem-solving.

The specter of heart disease constantly overshadowed Fosse's personal life and professional pursuits.

Wasson portrays Fosse’s struggles with heart disease as a recurring presence that shaped his psyche and cast a long shadow over his artistic life. Throughout his life, Fosse struggled with a fragile heart, initially affected by childhood illnesses such as asthma and pneumonia, and subsequently exacerbated by heart-related episodes and medical procedures aimed at enhancing circulation in his middle years. Wasson suggests that the perpetual awareness of his delicate health ignited an impassioned artistic fervor, a meticulous focus on detail, and a profound predisposition for premature self-depletion, all of which were apparent in his every creative endeavor.

Early battles with pneumonia and a frail heart molded his psychological framework.

The portrayal of Fosse's early life in the book draws on personal accounts from both Fosse himself and his peers, painting a picture of a youth marked by the struggles with chronic asthma and repeated bouts of pneumonia, which instilled in him an acute awareness of life's delicate nature. Fosse chose to stay inside, steering clear of strenuous activities due to concerns that they could hasten his demise, while his older siblings occupied themselves with football and stealing cars.

Wasson argues that Fosse's fragile health, combined with his mother's overbearing attention and protection, resulted in his introverted nature and cultivated a deep-rooted anxiety that, although largely unnoticed during his younger years, had a significant impact on the choices he made in his creative work. Reinking later expressed her continuous worry regarding the limited availability of time.

Practical Tips

• Use personal health history to set tailored wellness goals by reviewing any past medical issues and consulting with a healthcare professional to establish a proactive health plan that addresses these vulnerabilities. If you've had respiratory issues like pneumonia, you might prioritize lung health through exercises like swimming or practicing breathing techniques.
• Reflect on your own health experiences to cultivate gratitude and resilience by journaling about past illnesses or health scares and how they impacted your perspective on life. This can be a daily practice where you write down what these experiences taught you about the value of health and the importance of cherishing each moment.
• Incorporate low-impact exercises like swimming, yoga, or tai chi into your routine to maintain fitness without putting undue stress on your body. These activities offer the benefits of exercise, such as improved flexibility and strength, without the high impact on your joints and cardiovascular system. You could join a local class or follow online tutorials at home to get started.
• Create a personal space that feels safe and comfortable to counteract feelings of anxiety. This could be a room in your home or a corner that you design with calming colors, comfortable seating, and items that bring you peace. Use this space regularly to practice relaxation techniques or engage in hobbies that make you feel at ease.
• Start a peer discussion group focused on sharing how personal challenges impact professional or creative work. This can be done through social media groups or local community meetups. The goal is to exchange stories and strategies on how to adapt and thrive despite difficulties, fostering a supportive network that encourages growth and resilience.
• Develop a habit of conducting a nightly reflection where you jot down three things that went well and why. This practice can shift your focus from worrying about time to recognizing how you're effectively using it. Over time, you'll build a more positive outlook on your time management and identify patterns that contribute to your success.

Physical toll of his demanding work ethic and unhealthy lifestyle

Sam Wasson's book delves into the relentless commitment Fosse had to his artistry, while also detailing how his reliance on various substances like drugs, alcohol, and tobacco further compromised his fragile heart condition. He portrays his unyielding quest for excellence, which pushed him to the edge of exhaustion, requiring absolute commitment and superior performances not only from his dancers but also from himself, frequently compromising his own well-being.

The author sheds light on Fosse's extraordinary tolerance for discomfort and his apparent disregard for his delicate health, which many saw as a self-destructive inclination, through anecdotes and viewpoints of individuals acquainted with him. Wasson argues that Fosse, motivated by the fear of a decline in his productivity and artistic contribution, overlooked his well-being, leading to a cardiac arrest at the onset of his involvement with the Chicago production.

Context

• His commitment often came at the expense of his personal life, with relationships and health taking a backseat to his professional ambitions. This illustrates the depth of his dedication to his art.
• The combination of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco can significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular issues, especially in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, as these substances can lead to increased heart rate, high blood pressure, and other complications.
• His perfectionism was legendary in the entertainment industry, often leading to long rehearsal hours and a high-pressure environment to achieve the exact vision he had for each performance.
• Fosse's behavior can be understood through the lens of perfectionism, where the fear of failure and the drive for perfection can lead individuals to neglect their health and well-being.
• The entertainment industry often demands constant output and reinvention, which can lead to anxiety about staying relevant and successful.

Fosse's later career and creative decline significantly impacted both the musical theater and the film industries.

The concluding parts of Sam Wasson's detailed account explore the complexities of Fosse's later life, examining the influence of his successes, personal struggles, and the changing landscape of the entertainment industry on his artistic choices. Wasson explores the tepid reception and audience reaction to Star 80, Fosse's retreat from filmmaking, and his enduring successes in stage productions like Chicago and Dancin', arguing that these contributions affirm Fosse's enduring influence on the domain of musical theater.

The lackluster performance of "Star 80" at the box office, coupled with its poor critical reception, led to a period of profound introspection.

Wasson implies that Fosse's deep disillusionment, which arose from his intense involvement with "Star 80," prompted a considerable phase of introspection about his artistic endeavors. He delves into the film's somber narrative and Fosse's deep focus on the entertainment industry's more unglamorous sides, as well as an authentically poignant depiction of the tragic existence of Dorothy Stratten, a mix that alienated both audiences and critics, leading Fosse to question his artistic choices and sense a deficit in understanding.

Artistic burnout and disillusionment with the evolving nature of the film business.

Wasson argues that Fosse's increasing disillusionment with the film business was a result of the letdown from "Star 80" and the transformation of Hollywood's scene in the early 1980s. Fosse experienced a growing sense of marginalization and a waning enthusiasm in his artistic endeavors as the movie business began favoring productions that prioritized strong marketability and high-concept notions, moved toward a more corporate framework, and placed a higher value on monetary success than on innovative artistry.

Wasson delves into how Fosse stepped back from the movie business, feeling estranged from the Hollywood community, a sentiment that led him back to the familiar and comforting environment of Broadway. He depicts Fosse as he struggles with creative fatigue, striving to imbue his work with meaning amidst the changing landscape of the entertainment industry, and more and more relying on habitual behaviors such as smoking and perpetual refinement to manage his stress.

Other Perspectives

• Decreased artistic enthusiasm can be a common phase in any artist's career, regardless of industry changes, and might be more related to individual creative cycles than to external factors.
• A corporate framework does not inherently devalue innovation or artistry; rather, it can provide the financial stability and infrastructure necessary for artists to pursue ambitious projects.
• The notion of estrangement implies a one-sided disconnection, but it's possible that Hollywood's changing dynamics were mutually incompatible with Fosse's artistic vision, suggesting a divergence rather than a one-sided feeling of alienation.
• Fosse's struggle with creative fatigue might not solely be attributed to the evolving entertainment industry but could also be a result of personal or internal challenges unrelated to industry changes.
• The constant refinement of work, while potentially a sign of dedication and perfectionism, could also be indicative of an unhealthy obsession or inability to delegate, which might not be a sustainable or healthy long-term strategy for dealing with stress.

He turned his focus from directing films to more profoundly immerse himself in the realm of New York's theatrical scene.

Wasson portrays Fosse's decision to stop making movies following the negative reception of Star 80 as a move influenced by his disillusionment with the movie business, the harshness of public criticism, and perhaps a sense of self-preservation that led him to find solace in the relatively more welcoming environment of the stage.

Fosse nurtured the aspiration to find a script that would be well-suited to his talents, which led him to contemplate the script for "Good Morning, Vietnam," and he even momentarily toyed with the notion of directing a music video for Michael Jackson. He explored the complexities of theme and aesthetics in Star 80 as deeply as he, or perhaps anyone, had ever done before. When does an artistic endeavor cross ethical lines in its quest for amusement? Wasson suggests that the most profound inquiry concerning Fosse revolves around the lasting influence his creations have had. What will their response be when they discover that I lack a performance? Opting for a resurgence on Broadway seemed like a safer choice given the condition of having "one artery partially clogged."

Context

• "Star 80" was a film directed by Fosse, based on the true story of the murder of Playboy model Dorothy Stratten. The film's dark themes and critical reception may have contributed to Fosse's decision to step back from Hollywood.
• The film industry often subjects directors to intense scrutiny, with public and critical reception playing significant roles in a director's career trajectory. Negative reviews can affect future opportunities and personal reputation.
• "Good Morning, Vietnam" is a 1987 film starring Robin Williams, directed by Barry Levinson. It is a comedy-drama set during the Vietnam War, showcasing Williams' improvisational skills. Fosse's interest in this script indicates his desire to explore projects that combined humor with serious themes.
• "Star 80" received mixed reviews, with some critics praising its bold storytelling and others criticizing its graphic content and perceived sensationalism.
• An artist's decisions about ethical boundaries can shape their legacy, influencing how their work is viewed by future generations and its place in cultural history.
• Broadway offered Fosse a familiar and supportive environment where he had previously achieved significant success, making it a logical choice for a career shift.

Fosse's influence continues to resonate through the ongoing popularity of shows such as 'Chicago' and 'Dancin''.

Wasson argues that despite the challenges Fosse faced in his later years, his brilliance and influence were unmistakably evident in the enduring successes of works like "Chicago" and "Dancin'." Fosse's distinctive mix of skepticism, dark comedy, choreographic style, and expert direction was exemplified in these shows, captivating and challenging audiences while cementing his status as a groundbreaking influence in American musical theater.

The resurgence of interest in the musical "Chicago" underscored the lasting impact and continuous significance of the groundbreaking methods pioneered by Fosse.

Wasson highlights the resurgence of "Chicago" on the stage and points to its adaptation into a film as a testament to the enduring impact of Fosse's work. Despite its initial mixed reception in 1975, the show's exploration of fame, corruption, and the shaping of public opinion found a deeper connection with subsequent audiences, and its distinctive choreography, marked by a minimalist approach and emphasis on precise movements, cemented its status as a groundbreaking work in the realm of stage musicals.

Wasson suggests that the lasting allure of Chicago is due to its forthright portrayal of the darker facets of human nature, its critical perspective on America's obsession with celebrity, and its questioning of the traditional expectations within the realm of stage musicals. He argues that the show's ability to entertain and challenge viewers, causing them to reconsider their convictions and moral positions, made it particularly relevant in the era of reality TV and social media, thus ensuring the choreographer's lasting influence.

Context

• The 1996 Broadway revival of "Chicago" was a major success, becoming one of the longest-running shows in Broadway history. This production helped solidify the musical's status as a classic and contributed to its ongoing popularity.
• The themes resonate with contemporary issues, such as the influence of social media on public opinion and the blurred lines between fame and infamy in modern celebrity culture.
• The precise movements in "Chicago" serve to enhance the storytelling by reflecting the themes of control and manipulation present in the narrative, mirroring the characters' calculated actions and intentions.
• By the time of the show's revival and film adaptation, society had undergone significant changes, including a growing fascination with true crime and media scandals, making the themes of "Chicago" more resonant.
• The production frequently broke the fourth wall, directly addressing the audience and involving them in the spectacle, which was an innovative technique that blurred the lines between performance and reality.
• "Chicago" critiques the way society often prioritizes sensationalism over substance, a commentary that remains relevant in the age of digital media and viral content.
• The show uses satire to expose the absurdity of the public's fascination with celebrity culture, questioning the moral implications of idolizing individuals for their notoriety rather than their achievements.

"Dancin'" stands as a tribute to the broad expertise Fosse held in numerous styles of dance.

Wasson explores 'Dancin’', a dance musical that breaks away from conventional storytelling, showcasing it as the apex of Fosse's artistic development, marked by his adeptness in a variety of dance styles, his groundbreaking use of lighting, and his steadfast dedication to the performing arts. He emphasizes the creative freedom Fosse enjoyed in this distinctive framework, free from conventional storytelling constraints, allowing him to explore the pure joy and expert craftsmanship found in the realm of dance composition.

The writer suggests that 'Dancin’', with its diverse musical choices, an ensemble representing various cultures, and impressive visual spectacles, was a testament to Fosse's dedication to exploring the deep and expressive potential of dance. Moreover, Wasson argues that 'Dancin'' was a prime example of how Fosse continually revitalized his artistry by pushing the limits of his hallmark style and importantly, by remaining open to fresh influences while expressing his unique artistic vision through new techniques.

Context

• "Dancin'" was a Broadway production that premiered in 1978, designed as a revue to highlight dance itself rather than a narrative storyline.
• Fosse collaborated closely with lighting designers to push the boundaries of what was technically possible at the time, experimenting with new equipment and methods to achieve his vision.
• A varied musical score can keep audiences engaged by offering a dynamic auditory experience, preventing monotony and maintaining interest throughout the performance.
• The choice to include dancers from various cultural backgrounds would have contributed to a richer, more varied performance, highlighting Fosse's commitment to diversity and inclusivity in the arts.
• Fosse might have incorporated multimedia elements such as projections or video to add layers to the visual presentation, creating a more immersive experience for the audience.
• The structure of "Dancin'" allowed Fosse to experiment without the constraints of a traditional narrative, which was a departure from his previous works that were more story-driven.
• Fosse drew inspiration from his personal life experiences, which often led to the exploration of new themes and emotional depths in his work.
• He used lighting not just for visibility but as an integral part of the storytelling, creating moods and highlighting specific movements or dancers.

Fosse wrestled with his internal struggles, endeavoring to create a permanent imprint with his creative works.

Wasson delves into the artist's relentless drive to create, attributing his exceptional abilities not only to his passion for the art form but also to an intense fear of failure and feelings of inadequacy. Wasson delves into Fosse's struggle with enduring self-doubt, even as he attained significant accomplishments in ventures that were both creatively and financially successful, pushing himself and his team members to the edge of exhaustion in his uncompromising quest for excellence.

He grappled with aligning his artistic aspirations alongside the demands of commercial triumph.

Wasson explores the deep connection between Fosse's steadfast dedication to his art and his intense desire for broad recognition. Fosse consistently faced the challenge of balancing his desire for innovative and artistically demanding projects with the imperative to engage a broader audience, especially in Hollywood where economic factors frequently overshadowed creative aspirations.

Wasson depicts how the success and monetary gains from "Sweet Charity" brought Fosse pleasure, yet they also sparked worries; these successes confirmed his talent but suggested that reaching widespread acclaim might necessitate concessions in his artistic principles. During the development of Big Deal, Fosse faced a similar challenge. His inclination toward dramatics could have overshadowed his work, rendering it unnecessarily grave, sluggish, and excessively laborious.

Context

• The film industry, particularly in Hollywood, often prioritizes projects that promise high box office returns. This can lead to a preference for formulaic or mainstream content over more experimental or avant-garde works.
• "Sweet Charity" is a musical directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse, based on Federico Fellini's film "Nights of Cabiria." It premiered on Broadway in 1966 and was later adapted into a film in 1969, marking Fosse's film directorial debut.
• Widespread acclaim often requires understanding and catering to the tastes and preferences of a diverse audience, which can be at odds with an artist's unique or avant-garde approach.
• "Big Deal" was a musical adaptation of the Italian film "Big Deal on Madonna Street." Fosse not only directed and choreographed the show but also wrote the book, which added pressure to balance his artistic vision with audience expectations.

Fosse pursued absolution by deeply engaging with his artistic pursuits.

Wasson delves into Fosse's quest for salvation by channeling his creative endeavors, indicating his desire to rise above his flaws and secure an enduring place in history through his craft, while showing scant regard for financial rewards or societal status. My fortune will resemble that of the legendary character who could transform objects into gold, persisting until the inevitable tides arrive. Amidst a backdrop of personal struggles and widespread acclaim, he scrutinized his artistic process, aiming to transform his suffering into allure, his vulnerabilities into strength, and his concerns into a graceful artistry.

Wasson suggests that even with Fosse's considerable accomplishments in realizing his creative visions in theatrical works like Cabaret and Pippin, he continued to be plagued by an elusive understanding of his personal identity. Through the portrayal of individuals like Joe Gideon, he could convey elements of his own character, even though these were merely pieces of his full identity. He was honored with the film industry's highest accolades for his work on "Cabaret," securing the Palme d'Or as well as an Oscar for directing. Despite reaching the pinnacle of his career, the happiness he felt was short-lived. Bob's constant state of discontent, as noted by Verdon, was indeed his greatest misfortune. He failed to recognize his own aptitude.

Context

• Despite his personal challenges, Fosse achieved significant professional success, earning numerous awards, including multiple Tony Awards and an Academy Award for Best Director.
• Released in 1972, "Cabaret" is a musical film set in 1930s Berlin during the rise of the Nazi Party. It is known for its innovative storytelling, choreography, and its exploration of complex themes such as politics, sexuality, and societal change.
• Fosse's experiences with anxiety and depression may have played a role in his fleeting happiness, as these conditions can affect one's ability to experience joy.
• The character Joe Gideon in the semi-autobiographical film "All That Jazz" reflects Fosse's own life, showcasing his struggles with work-life balance, addiction, and the pursuit of artistic perfection, providing a window into his personal challenges.
• Psychological factors, such as imposter syndrome, could have played a role in his inability to fully acknowledge his talent, causing him to doubt his achievements despite evidence to the contrary.