PDF Summary:The Truth About Contagion, by Thomas S. Cowan and Sally Fallon Morell

What if the prevailing beliefs about viruses and germ theory are flawed? In The Truth About Contagion, Thomas S. Cowan and Sally Fallon Morell challenge widespread assumptions about the transmission and nature of disease. They propose that illnesses attributed to pathogens are caused by other factors like poor sanitation, malnutrition, or exposure to toxic substances and electromagnetic radiation.

The authors also examine the COVID-19 pandemic through this lens, suggesting the global outbreak correlates more closely with the rollout of 5G wireless technology than with a contagious virus. Cowan and Morell argue for a holistic, terrain-based theory of health, emphasizing nutrition, environmental exposures, and the influence of mental and emotional states.

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Cowan and Morell argue that the illness attributed to the coronavirus is neither a new disease nor contagious, but rather stems from extensive exposure to toxins, especially those linked to electromagnetic fields. They emphasize the resemblance between COVID-19 symptoms and the responses observed in people who are sensitive to electromagnetic fields.

Other Perspectives

• Financial incentives in healthcare systems are complex and do not necessarily lead to systematic overreporting of COVID-19 cases or deaths, as there are checks and audits in place to prevent and detect fraud.
• Questioning the classification of COVID-19 as a viral disease overlooks the robust peer-reviewed research and consensus in the scientific community, which is based on a multitude of studies, clinical trials, and data collected from millions of cases worldwide.
• In Italy, the classification of COVID-19 deaths was conducted according to international guidelines provided by the World Health Organization, which aimed to ensure consistency and accuracy in reporting.
• While it is true that a significant number of deaths occurred among elderly individuals with pre-existing conditions, this does not necessarily diminish the severity or impact of COVID-19, as the virus can exacerbate underlying health issues and lead to premature death.
• The increased workload and resource use during a pandemic could offset any additional reimbursements, making the financial incentive argument less compelling.
• Epidemiological data show clear patterns of human-to-human transmission, supported by contact tracing, cluster outbreaks, and super-spreader events, which are not consistent with a disease caused by general environmental toxins.
• The spread of COVID-19 has been tracked and modeled by epidemiologists using data that strongly supports person-to-person transmission through respiratory droplets, which is not a mechanism associated with electromagnetic field exposure.

The rollout of 5G technology occurred simultaneously with the appearance of COVID-19.

Cowan and Morell present a compelling case that the ailments often attributed to the coronavirus could in fact be the result of exposure to 5G technology, which may directly provoke these ailments or disrupt the vital bioelectrical currents necessary for life. Illness reports started to surface shortly after the introduction of sophisticated wireless technology in Wuhan, China, around the end of September 2019. In major cities around the globe, including those in the United States, the authors present a persuasive argument that the rollout of 5G technology has often been followed by the occurrence of disease outbreaks.

Practical Tips

• Create a low-EMF sanctuary in your home by choosing a room to shield from 5G signals using materials like EMF-blocking paint, fabric, or window films. This space can serve as a retreat where you can spend time away from potential 5G exposure, especially during periods of rest or sleep when your body is in recovery mode.
• Reduce your exposure to wireless technology by creating tech-free zones in your living space. Choose areas like the bedroom or dining room and keep them free of wireless devices. This can help you assess if there's a difference in how you feel when you spend time in areas with versus without wireless technology.
• You can track your health indicators before and after the introduction of new technologies in your area to see if there's a personal impact. Use a health monitoring app to log daily symptoms, sleep quality, and stress levels. Over time, you'll have a personal data set to analyze for any correlations with technology rollouts.

The prevailing narrative about COVID-19 could face obstacles that have the potential to greatly influence future developments.

Cowan and Morell perceive the current worldwide health emergency as an opportunity to challenge the prevailing scientific paradigm, which they believe has led to the extensive pollution of the planet's ecosystems, geological formations, and the electromagnetic environment; they assert that the commonly accepted concept regarding viruses is flawed and hazardous, and that its acceptance has led to drastic measures in the realm of public health management. Misconceptions regarding the source of COVID-19 could result in lasting health issues, a decrease in lifespan, considerable limitations on individual freedoms, and possibly, the risk of wiping out humanity.

Other Perspectives

• Scientific paradigms are typically based on a rigorous process of peer review and evidence-based research, which is designed to be self-correcting over time as new evidence emerges.
• Viral theory is supported by the successful development and application of vaccines, which have historically reduced the prevalence of viral diseases and saved countless lives.
• Lifespan is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, and it is overly simplistic to attribute changes in lifespan to misunderstandings about a single disease.
• The effectiveness of restrictions can be evaluated and adjusted over time, meaning that they are not necessarily a sign of a permanent shift in the balance between individual rights and public health needs.
• The concept of humanity being wiped out does not account for the adaptive capabilities of humans, including behavioral changes, scientific advancements, and public health interventions that can mitigate such risks.

Factors related to the environment, nutrition, and energy play a crucial role in promoting health and triggering the beginning of diseases.

The critical role of water, characterized by its structured composition and abundant oxygen content, in maintaining health at the cellular and organismal levels is indisputably vital.

The characteristics of water that support life and the techniques used to produce such water.

Cowan, a dedicated advocate of Gerald Pollack's studies, has devoted a significant portion of his work to examining the properties of water and its essential function in living beings, topics he thoroughly investigates in his publication "Exploring the Myths of Disease Transmission." Water's unique properties are not limited to its fundamental makeup, which involves two hydrogen atoms forming a bond with a single oxygen atom. The authors explain that water can exist in three separate forms: solid, liquid, and gas, emphasizing that each form displays distinct properties related to the angles of molecular bonds, the dynamics, and a range of physical aspects, including the way molecules carry an electric charge. The gel, known as EZ (exclusion zone) water, is structured against hydrophilic surfaces, which means it is organized into a crystalline structure against any surface in our tissues that attract water. Water acts as a filtration system, removing minerals and impurities, while simultaneously functioning as an energy reservoir, becoming charged through exposure to light, heat, and the movement of water.

Practical Tips

• Conduct a home experiment to see how water's surface tension, caused by the cohesion between hydrogen and oxygen atoms, allows objects to float or sink. Fill a glass with water and gently lay a paperclip on the surface. Then, add drops of soap to disrupt the surface tension and observe how the paperclip sinks, providing insight into the molecular forces at play within a body of water.
• Use a humidifier and a dehumidifier in different rooms to control the water vapor levels in the air. By adjusting the settings and observing the changes in humidity, you can experience how water in its gas form affects your comfort level, the health of plants, and the preservation of wooden furniture and musical instruments.
• Use a multimeter to measure the resistance of different water samples. Collect samples of tap water, distilled water, and saltwater. Set the multimeter to measure resistance, place the probes into each water sample, and note the differences in readings. This will demonstrate the varying levels of conductivity due to the presence or absence of charged particles in the water.
• Use a hydrophilic coaster or mat under your water bottle or glass to potentially structure the water you drink. While there's no guarantee it will change the water properties significantly, it's a simple way to test if you notice any differences in taste or how you feel after drinking.
• Create a DIY natural water filter using sand, gravel, charcoal, and a plastic bottle to observe the filtration process firsthand. This can be a fun and educational project to understand how different materials can aid in water purification. Plus, it gives you a tangible appreciation for the complexities of water filtration.
• Experiment with a nightly routine of taking a warm bath or shower before bed, using the concept that heat charges water with energy. The warmth of the water, combined with the relaxation of your muscles, may enhance your sleep quality. Keep a sleep diary to track any improvements in how rested you feel upon waking.

Contemporary practices in processing and distributing water strip it of its vital characteristics.

Water attains its structured state by continuously forming vortices, assuming it is uncontaminated and contains a varied spectrum of minerals. The water consumed by a majority of Americans has been significantly modified. Our contemporary water systems contain substances like chlorine and chloramine, posing risks to the helpful microbes within us and to our general well-being. Furthermore, fluoride, an industrial waste, is added to municipal water in the misguided belief that it will protect our teeth. Exposure to microplastics and aluminum in water might heighten our vulnerability to conditions like electromagnetic hypersensitivity. A variety of pharmaceutical drug remnants typify municipal water.

Context

• The addition of fluoride to water is intended to reduce dental cavities. However, there is ongoing debate about its safety and efficacy, with some studies suggesting potential risks such as dental fluorosis or other health concerns.
• Some alternative health advocates claim that structured water can improve hydration, detoxification, and overall health. However, these claims lack robust scientific evidence and are often considered pseudoscientific.
• Modern water treatment often involves processes like filtration, chlorination, and fluoridation, which can remove or alter natural minerals and add chemicals to ensure safety and prevent disease.
• Microplastics, tiny plastic particles, have been found in various water sources, including tap water. These particles can originate from a variety of sources, such as plastic waste and synthetic fibers.
• Some water treatment facilities are exploring alternative disinfection methods, such as ultraviolet (UV) light and ozonation, which can reduce reliance on chemical disinfectants and potentially lower the formation of harmful byproducts.
• Some alternative health advocates and researchers question the ethics and safety of mass medication through water supplies, advocating for individual choice and further research into potential long-term effects.
• The scientific community is divided on EHS, with some studies suggesting a psychological basis for symptoms, while others explore physiological mechanisms. There is no universally accepted diagnostic criteria or treatment for EHS.
• Currently, there are no specific regulations in many countries for the levels of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. This is partly due to the complexity and cost of monitoring a wide range of substances.

Optimal nutrition for maintaining cellular integrity and function

Consuming a diet high in heavily processed industrial foods, combined with a high intake of refined sugars and seed oils, can be detrimental to health.

Cowan and Morell argue that the well-being of a person is greatly shaped by the types of food they eat and the nutritional elements they ingest. The authors recommend consuming nutrient-dense whole foods prepared traditionally to improve mineral uptake and mitigate the effects of substances that impede nutrient absorption. They paint a bleak picture of today's food distribution network, filled with imitation foods that actually strip our bodies of essential nutrients.

The authors highlight a significant change in dietary habits, characterized by the widespread introduction of processed seed oils into what we eat. Vegetable oils are cheap and abundant, making the modern processed food industry possible, but they cause harm in many ways. They have replaced the fats we traditionally obtained from animals, such as butter, lard, and fats from poultry and beef, in our diets. Animal-derived fats, which are rich in saturation, are essential for the conveyance of three crucial substances—vitamins A, D, and K2—that are integral to growth, hormone production, reproductive well-being, energy creation, protection from toxins, and strengthening the body's immune response. Animal fats possess a distinctive molecular composition that renders them more resilient to oxidation and deterioration, contributing to their inherent stability. Vegetable oils primarily consist of polyunsaturated fats that are prone to rancidity, leading to an environment conducive to the proliferation of free radicals that damage the cellular membranes within our body's tissues.

Practical Tips

• You can start a "kitchen detox" challenge where you commit to removing one processed food item from your pantry each week and replacing it with a whole food alternative. For example, swap out sugary cereal for oatmeal topped with fresh fruit, or replace bottled salad dressings with a homemade mix of olive oil, vinegar, and herbs.
• Experiment with traditional food preparation methods, such as fermenting vegetables or soaking grains, to see if they make a difference in your digestion and overall health. Start with one traditional practice, like making sauerkraut or sourdough bread, and incorporate it into your meals regularly. Observe any changes in your health, such as improved digestion or increased energy levels, to gauge the impact of these methods on nutrient uptake.
• Start a "Nutrient Journal" to track the nutritional value of the foods you eat, focusing on identifying and increasing your intake of whole foods. By keeping a daily log of what you eat and researching the nutritional content of these foods, you can become more aware of where your diet might be lacking in essential nutrients. For example, if you notice you're eating a lot of processed snacks, you might replace them with nuts, fruits, or vegetables to boost nutrient intake.
• Develop a habit tracker to monitor your intake of processed seed oils versus animal-derived fats. Use a simple app or a physical journal to log every meal, noting the types of fats used. This will help you become more aware of your consumption patterns and motivate you to make more conscious choices about the fats in your diet.
• Experiment with substituting vegetable oils with animal fats in a few recipes and observe the outcomes. For instance, try making a batch of cookies using butter instead of vegetable shortening, or roast vegetables with duck fat instead of canola oil. Compare the taste, texture, and how well the food holds up over time.

Including fats derived from animals in one's diet is advantageous, particularly when combined with the consumption of unrefined whole foods and the application of time-honored food preparation methods.

The authors note that our susceptibility to the effects of electromagnetic fields is increased by the fatty acids found in commercially processed seed oils. Animal-derived saturated fats are essential for the fundamental composition of our cell membranes. Maintaining optimal performance of our cellular barriers is crucial, which requires a diet rich in saturated fats, especially in today's digital age. Individuals dealing with the difficulties of the "COVID-19" pandemic should ensure they consume adequate animal fats, which are essential for stable blood sugar levels, efficient hormone and energy production, bolstering the body's defenses, and protecting against the adverse effects of modern medications.

Practical Tips

• Experiment with cooking methods that preserve the integrity of saturated fats, such as low-temperature cooking, poaching, or baking, rather than high-heat methods like deep-frying. This helps maintain the beneficial properties of the fats you're consuming. Try baking chicken thighs instead of frying them, or poaching eggs instead of scrambling them on high heat.
• Start a small-scale study group with friends or family members who are also interested in stabilizing their blood sugar levels. Each member could commit to a diet that includes animal fats for a set period, and you could collectively track and share the effects on your blood sugar levels, energy, and overall well-being, providing a support system and a pool of anecdotal evidence to learn from.
• Experiment with DIY skincare products using animal fats, such as tallow balm or lard-based soaps. These can be made at home with minimal ingredients and might offer a natural alternative to commercial products. You could, for example, render beef fat to create a moisturizing tallow balm, testing its effects on your skin over a month.
• Engage with local farmers or butchers to source high-quality animal fats, ensuring you're getting the most nutrient-dense options available. Building relationships with these providers can also educate you on the best practices for animal fat consumption and give you access to fresher, possibly less-processed fats.
• You can switch to cold-pressed oils in your cooking to reduce your intake of processed seed oils. Cold-pressed oils are made through a mechanical process that doesn't involve heat, which means they're less likely to contain the fatty acids in question. Start by identifying cold-pressed alternatives for the oils you use most frequently, such as olive or coconut oil, and incorporate them into your meals.
• Create a "Fatty Favorites" recipe book by experimenting with meals that are rich in saturated fats. Focus on creating dishes that are both nutritious and delicious, such as a coconut cream-based curry or a buttery grass-fed steak. This personal recipe collection will serve as a practical guide for incorporating more saturated fats into your diet and can be shared with others interested in doing the same.

The influence of electromagnetic fields on biological entities.

Potential mechanisms by which non-ionizing radiation could disrupt cell processes and result in sickness.

Cowan and Morell put forth a persuasive case that a range of contemporary health issues, such as cancer, Alzheimer's, and autoimmune disorders, as well as occurrences like SARS, MERS, and Covid-19, are linked to the impact of electromagnetic fields, particularly the non-ionizing type that includes the radio frequencies used in fifth-generation wireless technology. The authors highlight the impact of 5G cellular networks' electromagnetic fields on the ability of cell membranes to regulate what passes through them. Electromagnetic radiation does not remove electrons from atoms; rather, it changes the rotational, vibrational, and electronic arrangements of atoms and molecules, which results in the production of heat. Despite the industry's disregard for effects that do not involve heat, there is considerable proof indicating that non-ionizing frequencies negatively affect the complex electromagnetic activities in people, along with those in plants and animals.

Practical Tips

• You can experiment with cooking to observe non-ionizing radiation's effect on food. Use a microwave to heat different types of food and note the time it takes for each to become hot. This will give you a practical understanding of how non-ionizing radiation like microwaves causes molecules in food to vibrate and generate heat. For example, compare how quickly a cup of water heats up compared to a solid food item like a potato.
• You can measure your daily exposure to non-ionizing frequencies by using a personal EMF meter. Carry a portable EMF meter with you throughout the day to track exposure levels in different environments, such as your home, workplace, or public spaces. This data can help you identify hotspots where non-ionizing frequency levels are higher, allowing you to make informed decisions about where to spend your time or how to shield yourself.
• Experiment with plant growth by altering their exposure to non-ionizing frequencies. Set up two groups of the same plant species in different areas of your home—one near a Wi-Fi router and another in a low-EMF zone. Care for them equally and observe any differences in growth patterns, health, and development over several weeks. This hands-on experiment can offer personal insights into the effects of electromagnetic fields on living organisms.

Strategies aimed at mitigating negative effects by employing various methods and embracing the principles of environmental design, which concentrate on the energetic patterns of life.

Cowan and Morell suggest adopting a dual strategy to lessen the adverse health effects linked to pollution from electromagnetic fields. Society has established a new set of traditions and social practices. The authors foresee a time when society will consider it a major faux pas to use a mobile phone while others are around. The authors also propose a significant decrease in electromagnetic interference. This would involve focusing on the use of wired communication, exploring new methods to diminish the impact of electromagnetic radiation in living and work environments, building homes with architectures that naturally reduce exposure to electromagnetic radiation, and improving current buildings with appropriate methods of protection.

Practical Tips

• Create a "tradition swap" with friends or family to experience and adopt new social practices. Each person introduces a new tradition they've come across, like a unique way of celebrating achievements or a novel approach to community support. By participating, you'll actively engage with new customs and evaluate their fit within your personal life.
• You can create a personal "phone-free zone" during social gatherings to encourage face-to-face interaction. Start by designating a specific area or time during your events where phones are voluntarily set aside. For example, have a basket at the entrance where guests can drop off their phones, or establish the first hour of a dinner party as uninterrupted, device-free time to foster deeper conversations.
• Introduce plants known for their air-purifying qualities to your home or workspace, as some studies suggest they may absorb certain types of electromagnetic radiation. While the science isn't definitive on this, incorporating plants like cacti, which are believed by some to absorb radiation, can also improve air quality and add a natural aesthetic to your environment.
• Experiment with 'wired weeks' where you commit to using only wired communication tools for one week each month. During this time, evaluate how this change affects your productivity, relationships, and overall well-being. You might find that relying on wired communication during these periods leads to more meaningful interactions and a greater sense of control over your digital life. Keep a journal to note any changes in your habits, feelings, or outcomes, which can provide insights into the benefits of wired communication.
• You can create a DIY electromagnetic radiation (EMR) detector using a simple AM/FM radio to identify sources of radiation in your home. Turn the radio to the AM band and slowly tune to frequencies without stations. The static noise increases near devices emitting strong EMR, helping you pinpoint areas to address.
• Opt for wired internet connections over wireless ones whenever possible to reduce electromagnetic radiation. By using Ethernet cables to connect to the internet, you can decrease the reliance on Wi-Fi, which emits EMFs. This can be as simple as running a cable from your router to your main devices or setting up a home network that prioritizes wired connections.
• Consider installing smart home devices that can help mitigate damage, like water sensors that alert you to leaks or automatic shut-off valves that can prevent flooding. These devices are typically easy to install and can be managed through smartphone apps, offering a convenient way to protect your home from water damage.

The influence of mental and emotional states, as well as the consequences of exposure to electromagnetic fields, on illness.

The impact of fear, stress, and adverse emotions on the onset of sickness.

The connection between a person's psychological well-being and the detrimental impact that negative emotions and thoughts can have on their bodily health.

Cowan and Morell argue that life extends beyond physical beings, encompassing the realm of thoughts and feelings, which reflect and shape our concrete world. The brain operates as a device that captures electromagnetic signals originating from our bodily functions, the immediate environment, and the vast universe, instead of creating these impulses on its own. Exposure to stress or fear can result in a decline of our overall well-being. In research settings, it is often seen that the conduct of flora and fauna is studied within a simulated context that diverges from their innate habitats.

Practical Tips

• Create a vision board that represents your desired reality using images and words that evoke strong positive emotions. Place it somewhere you'll see it daily, and spend a few minutes each morning and evening visualizing your goals as already achieved. Observe how this practice might influence your daily actions and decisions, potentially bringing you closer to those aspirations.
• You can track your stress triggers by keeping a daily journal. Note down situations that cause you anxiety and observe patterns over time. This can help you identify specific stressors and plan to address them. For example, if you find traffic jams stressful, you might explore alternative routes or times to travel, or use the time for an enjoyable activity like listening to an audiobook.

The body discharges exosomes when reacting to stressors from the environment and emotional triggers.

In reaction to various stress factors including toxins, insufficient nutrients, and electromagnetic field exposure, our cells produce small vesicles containing genetic material. Exosomes serve a dual purpose, simultaneously warning neighboring cells and tissues of imminent stress and assisting in their purification. The authors contend that increased fear and stress contribute to a rise in exosome production. Individuals who are anxious and stressed tend to fall ill more often, which is hardly surprising. Researchers have mistakenly identified these beneficial communicators and cleansing entities by the term "viruses."

Practical Tips

• You can monitor your body's response to different environments by keeping a health diary. Note any physical or emotional changes when you're exposed to potential stress factors like pollution or electronic devices. For example, if you feel unusually tired after spending time in a heavily polluted area, this could indicate your body's stress response.
• Engage in regular physical activity that you enjoy, as exercise can be a natural stress reliever. Choose an activity that fits your lifestyle and preferences, whether it's walking, dancing, swimming, or yoga. The key is to make it enjoyable so that it becomes a sustainable part of your routine, rather than a chore.
• Start a discussion group with friends or online community members interested in emerging science topics. Use the topic of exosomes and their misidentification as a springboard to explore broader issues in scientific research, such as the importance of accurate labeling in scientific communication and the implications of misinterpretation.

The emergence of symptoms has been linked to the presence of electromagnetic fields.

Claims that associate the introduction of advanced technologies like 5G with an increase in illness are unsupported by evidence.

Cowan and Morell highlight the concurrent appearance of 5G technology and the COVID-19 outbreak, observing similarities in their symptoms. The first cases of COVID-19 appeared just as the year 2019 was coming to an end, coinciding with the commencement of wireless technology deployment by authorities. The introduction of 5G technology, first in China and then spreading to the United States, Europe, South America, and around the world, was accompanied by sickness and deaths.

Other Perspectives

• The suggestion by Cowan and Morell could contribute to misinformation and public fear, detracting from effective public health measures to control the pandemic.
• Symptoms of various illnesses can overlap without having a common cause, which is a well-known phenomenon in medicine.
• The World Health Organization and numerous health authorities worldwide have found no evidence that links 5G technology to the spread or severity of COVID-19.
• Reports of sickness and deaths are common in large populations and can occur independently of technological advancements, reflecting the normal ebb and flow of public health issues.

Exposure to non-ionizing radiation may trigger alterations in the mechanisms of living organisms.

The writers believe that the risks associated with non-ionizing radiation have not been sufficiently recognized. Certain wavelengths associated with 5G technology are within the range that can be absorbed by oxygen molecules, potentially affecting the oxygen's essential function in respiration. These frequencies are also known to affect calcium channels in cell membranes. This results in an overabundance of calcium invading the cells, causing harm, and simultaneously there is a lack of calcium in the circulatory system, which could precipitate uncontrollable bleeding. Numerous medical experts noted that during the 1918 health crisis, hemorrhaging was often a more common cause of death among their patients than pneumonia. The authors also draw attention to how the symptoms of COVID-19 mirror those seen in radiation sickness, particularly noting the decrease in cellular content of niacin, also recognized as vitamin B-3. The idea of electrical toxicity offers a more plausible rationale for the proliferation of epidemic illnesses compared to the erratic behavior of a virus that appears and disappears, not conforming to the recognized principles that dictate the transmission of contagious diseases.

Context

• Everyday sources of non-ionizing radiation include cell phones, Wi-Fi routers, microwave ovens, and Bluetooth devices. These are generally considered safe at low levels.
• Some individuals report sensitivity to electromagnetic fields, experiencing symptoms like headaches and fatigue. While not officially recognized as a medical condition, it highlights ongoing concerns about EMF exposure.
• The reference to the 1918 health crisis likely pertains to the Spanish flu pandemic. During this time, various theories about disease transmission were explored, but the role of electromagnetic fields was not a recognized factor in the spread of viral infections.
• Calcium ions act as a secondary messenger in many signaling pathways. They help transmit signals from the cell surface to the interior, influencing activities such as enzyme activation and cellular metabolism.
• Calcium is essential for blood clotting, nerve transmission, and muscle function. A deficiency in the bloodstream can impair these processes, potentially leading to bleeding disorders.
• The pandemic disproportionately affected young, healthy adults, which was unusual compared to typical flu outbreaks that primarily impact the very young and the elderly.
• Radiation sickness, or acute radiation syndrome, occurs after exposure to a high dose of ionizing radiation over a short period. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin burns, and a decrease in blood cell counts, leading to infections and bleeding.
• Ensuring adequate nutrition, including sufficient levels of vitamins like niacin, is generally recommended to support the immune system during viral infections.
• While there is extensive research on the thermal effects of non-ionizing radiation, non-thermal effects are less understood. Some scientists call for more studies to explore potential long-term health impacts.