PDF Summary:The Chancellor, by Kati Marton

Angela Merkel's long tenure as Chancellor of Germany was marked by her steady leadership through a series of crises, from the Eurozone debt crisis to the 2015 refugee crisis to the COVID-19 pandemic. In Kati Marton's biography The Chancellor, readers gain insight into Merkel's formative years in East Germany, her rise through German politics, and her distinct pragmatic style of governing.

Marton explores Merkel's decision-making and navigation of complex global affairs, including her interactions with world leaders like Obama, Trump, Putin, and Macron. The biography examines Merkel's impact on Germany's role in the European Union and her commitment to scientific reasoning, human rights, and combating climate change, as well as the challenges she faced from rising populism and nationalism.

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• The choice to forgo an interpreter may have put unnecessary pressure on Merkel, which could have been avoided to ensure a more relaxed and productive dialogue.

Merkel's approach to the refugee situation permitted unfettered access to Germany.

Marton argues that the defining event of Merkel's leadership occurred in 2015 when she decided to open Germany's doors to a million individuals seeking asylum from the Middle East. The initiative transformed her country into a haven for refugees and, for some time, established Germany as a beacon of moral leadership in the global arena. It also challenged Merkel’s political and personal values in unprecedented ways.

The author delineates the genesis of this calamitous occurrence, attributing it to the collapse of Syrian authority, which led to the largest movement of people since the global conflict that ended in 1945. The European Union's framework for allocating refugees among its member nations failed as individuals from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and numerous nations in sub-Saharan Africa fled en masse from their crumbling countries. The author depicts how Merkel was increasingly horrified as she observed the distressing scenes of Hungarian border officials attempting to halt the influx of people by constructing barriers of barbed wire and positioning armed officers against families seeking passage into Western Europe. AM was particularly appalled by the manner in which Hungary's Prime Minister, Viktor Orban, leveraged xenophobic attitudes to bolster his political base. The author also highlights that a multitude of European figures overlooked their potential responsibility for the humanitarian chaos spawned by the wars that devastated regions such as the Middle East, the Balkans, and sub-Saharan Africa. Marton emphasizes Merkel's view that the EU's tepid reaction echoed the 1938 Évian Conference, where thirty-two nations, the United States among them, failed to offer asylum to Jews fleeing the atrocities of Nazi Germany. She firmly believed in the necessity of averting a repetition of Europe's past mistakes. Her actions took a sudden and unforeseen turn. In August 2015, she bravely diverged from the European Union's inadequate rules for refugee distribution, announcing Germany's decision to welcome everyone.

Other Perspectives

• The policy's long-term impact on Germany's social services, housing, and labor market is complex and may not be fully understood for years, challenging the notion that the country was transformed into a haven without any negative repercussions.
• While the movement of people following the Syrian conflict was substantial, it is debatable whether it was the largest since World War II, considering other mass migrations such as the partition of India in 1947, the Vietnamese boat people after the Vietnam War, and the Rwandan genocide in 1994.
• The European Union's framework for allocating refugees was designed for a different scale of migration and was not necessarily a failure, but rather overwhelmed by the unprecedented number of individuals fleeing simultaneously.
• The use of barbed wire and armed officers at borders, while visually and morally disturbing to many, could be argued as a necessary enforcement measure to maintain order and prevent illegal crossings, which some might see as a part of a country's right to protect its borders.
• While it is true that European figures may have overlooked their potential responsibility, it is also important to consider that the complexity of international politics and the sovereignty of nations can limit the extent to which external actors can influence the internal affairs of a country, even if they wish to prevent humanitarian crises.
• While Merkel's comparison to the 1938 Évian Conference underscores the moral imperative to act, the historical contexts are significantly different, with the Jewish refugees facing immediate genocide, whereas the 2015 situation involved a complex mix of refugees and economic migrants.
• The decision to welcome everyone might not have taken into account the capacity of local communities in Germany to integrate such a large number of newcomers, potentially leading to social and economic strains.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Merkel led her country by firmly focusing on the principles of science.

Kati Marton characterizes Angela Merkel's tenure as one that will likely be remembered for her management of the worldwide emergency triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. During a time when Western democracies, such as the United States, were increasingly adopting nationalist policies that prioritized inward focus and the preference of myth over reality, the leader, who was educated in physics, provided steadfast leadership based on scientific tenets. Her steadfast and clear prioritization of factual data over hopeful speculation provided a crucial, and perhaps life-preserving, contrast as myths and unfounded rumors proliferated swiftly.

Marton portrays AM as skillfully steering through the unique crisis with an awareness of the limited power inherent in the German chancellorship, combining solid data, perceptive assessments, transparent dialogue, a commanding demeanor, and moments of empathy. She earned the trust of the German populace by engaging with them in a manner akin to a friendly gathering, rather than issuing commands from a place of power. Marton underscores the chancellor's inclination towards a sophisticated and subtle approach once more. Germany avoided grandiose military parades and did not assert itself as one of the first countries to successfully manage the public health emergency. The country skillfully managed the crisis more effectively than many Western nations by implementing widespread daily testing, establishing comprehensive contact tracing, introducing reasonable stay-at-home guidelines, and offering substantial financial support to those affected by the health emergency. The author emphasizes Germany's enhanced capacity to respond due to its economic policy, which was strengthened by Merkel's adherence to fiscal discipline, in contrast to adjacent countries that did not maintain similar financial prudence.

Context

• The European Union's collective response to the pandemic, including vaccine procurement and distribution, was influenced by Merkel's leadership and advocacy for a coordinated approach.
• During the COVID-19 pandemic, several Western democracies experienced a surge in nationalist sentiment, where governments prioritized domestic interests and often downplayed international cooperation. This was partly fueled by political leaders who emphasized national sovereignty and self-reliance over global collaboration.
• The prioritization of factual data over speculation was crucial in countering misinformation and conspiracy theories that were prevalent during the pandemic, which could have undermined public health efforts.
• Her transparent dialogue involved clear and consistent communication with the public, which helped build trust and ensured that citizens were well-informed about the pandemic's developments and necessary precautions.
• Her ability to explain complex issues in simple terms made her more accessible to the general population, enhancing her reputation as a leader who was both knowledgeable and approachable.
• The German political system, with its emphasis on coalition governance and consensus-building, often discourages unilateral declarations of success, promoting a more measured and collective approach to crisis management.
• Germany's approach to testing was proactive and extensive, allowing for early detection of COVID-19 cases. This strategy helped in isolating infected individuals quickly, thereby reducing the spread of the virus. The country had a robust network of laboratories and testing facilities that enabled high testing capacity.
• Angela Merkel's government was known for its commitment to maintaining balanced budgets and reducing national debt, a policy often referred to as "Schwarze Null" or "black zero." This approach meant that Germany had more financial flexibility to respond to emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic.

The strategic directions and priorities were set forth through the guidance provided by Merkel.

Angela Merkel focused on strengthening her country's stance and bolstering the cohesion of the European Union.

Marton highlights that AM views the cohesion and robustness of the European Union as essential to guarantee Germany's lasting security and prosperity. She has a deep understanding of her country's turbulent past, marked by the rise of two catastrophic conflicts in the previous hundred years, and is unwaveringly dedicated to ensuring that her nation is never again seen as a threat to its neighbors. The European Union's remarkable post-war accomplishments encompassed the establishment of a unified monetary system, the merging of markets, and the creation of a series of agreements and treaties that facilitated the free movement of people and goods.

During her tenure, Merkel unwaveringly championed the concept of a united Europe, despite confronting a multitude of obstacles, such as the financial downturn that commenced in 2008. The author suggests that Merkel was instrumental in preserving the cohesion of Europe through various challenges, such as the economic distress within the eurozone, Britain's exit from the European Union, and the emergence of nationalist factions in countries like Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Germany, while refraining from imposing her beliefs on the populace. The central argument of the writer is that AM played a key role in upholding Germany's reputation as a reliable partner in the European alliance. Marton concludes by contemplating the durability of Merkel's vision for a closely united Europe in the face of the populist movements she stands against, leaving us to wonder about its future.

Other Perspectives

• Some argue that Merkel's focus on consensus within the EU occasionally led to compromises that satisfied few parties and resulted in slow decision-making processes.
• While Merkel may view EU cohesion as vital for Germany's security and prosperity, some argue that this focus on EU integration can sometimes come at the expense of national sovereignty, where member states may feel pressured to conform to EU policies that may not align with their own national interests.
• Merkel's policies, particularly those related to military spending and involvement in international conflicts, could be seen by some as maintaining a level of military capability that could potentially be perceived as threatening by other nations.
• The unified monetary system, while beneficial for many, has also created challenges for countries with weaker economies, which can't devalue their own currency to regain competitiveness.
• The emphasis on fiscal responsibility and budgetary constraints imposed on countries like Greece and Italy during the financial crisis was criticized for not fully considering the social and political costs, which could have strained the unity of the European Union.
• Brexit occurred despite Merkel's efforts, suggesting that her influence had limits and that other factors beyond her control were at play in the UK's decision to leave the EU.
• Populist movements, while challenging the status quo, may not necessarily undermine the vision of a united Europe; they could instead force necessary reforms that strengthen the union by addressing the concerns of a significant portion of the population.

Merkel's environmental and climate change policies, including her decision to phase out nuclear power.

Marton depicts the former Chancellor of Germany as steadfastly committed to addressing environmental issues, a focus that took shape when she served as the environmental minister in Kohl's government. In 1995, more than a decade before she would lead Germany as chancellor, Merkel assumed leadership at the UN climate conference in Berlin, where she played a pivotal role in developing the Berlin Mandate, the first international agreement to establish definitive objectives for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This event, Marton argues, was the catalyst that thrust her into international prominence. Her commitment to environmental concerns has been unwavering over time.

The author highlights how Merkel's climate policy has often differed from those of her American counterparts, particularly the administrations of George W. Bush and Donald Trump, both of whom openly resisted commitments to take concrete action against global warming. Marton credits the chancellor with successfully persuading President Bush at the 2007 G8 summit in Heiligendamm to acknowledge the reality of climate change. The achievement is particularly notable given that, as of 2021, approximately one-third of Americans continue to dismiss the conclusions of scientific studies. Marton also details how Chancellor Merkel quickly altered her position on nuclear power following the 2011 Fukushima disaster, announcing an immediate halt to the functioning of atomic energy plants within her nation. This choice, described as a blend of scientific reasoning and political strategy, provoked the anger of certain powerful industrial supporters, but it also garnered praise from those who champion the safeguarding of the environment in support of the chancellor's actions. In her final term, she escalated her campaign to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and successfully persuaded various major industrial countries, such as China and the United States, to adopt similar measures to varying degrees.

Other Perspectives

• The Berlin Mandate was a precursor to the Kyoto Protocol, and some critics argue that the latter had limited success due to the lack of participation from key countries and the absence of binding enforcement mechanisms, which could reflect on the foundational work done during the Berlin conference.
• Some environmentalists have pointed out that the support for renewable energy under Merkel's administration came with compromises, such as generous subsidies for the coal industry and slow progress in reducing emissions from agriculture.
• The counterargument could be made that while Merkel may have played a role in persuading President Bush to acknowledge climate change, the long-term policies and international agreements are the result of collective efforts and negotiations involving many nations and leaders, not just the influence of one individual.
• The move away from nuclear power may have inadvertently increased Germany's reliance on fossil fuels, particularly coal, which is more harmful to the environment in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.
• Nuclear energy is considered by some experts to be a low-carbon energy source that can operate independently of weather conditions, unlike some renewable sources, so removing it from the energy mix might make it more challenging to achieve long-term greenhouse gas reduction targets.
• Industrial supporters might argue that the decision was made without sufficient consultation with stakeholders who are integral to the country's economic stability and growth, which could be seen as a governance oversight.
• There is a perspective that Merkel's policies may have placed a heavy financial burden on the economy, particularly on the industrial sector, without necessarily achieving proportional environmental benefits.
• The effectiveness of the measures adopted by China and the United States in actually reducing emissions could be questioned, as policy adoption does not always translate into effective implementation or measurable environmental benefits.

Merkel's unwavering commitment to human rights and her engagements with authoritarian governments.

Marton depicts how Merkel navigated interactions with authoritarian rulers by maintaining a delicate balance, adeptly avoiding outright condemnation and open conflicts with foes, despite the deplorability of their actions or policies, and choosing instead to pursue relentless and thorough diplomatic dialogue.

The author depicts how growing up in a regime that stifled freedom of speech and assembly profoundly embedded the value of human rights in Merkel's core beliefs and her governance style. She was aware that challenging authoritarian leaders like Vladimir Putin, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, or Xi Jinping might result in adverse outcomes. She saw it as her responsibility to devise logical strategies that could persuade even the most obstinate dictators that their behaviors were at odds with the trajectory of historical advancement, potentially leading to their accountability. This approach involved a nuanced and influential endorsement of Western principles, coupled with an implicit warning about the potential repercussions of their decisions. Kati Marton highlights her readiness to set boundaries for influential figures when needed, despite her firm support for free-market principles.

Other Perspectives

• The balance Merkel maintained could be criticized for not being effective enough in bringing about tangible improvements in human rights situations within authoritarian countries.
• Diplomatic dialogue, while important, may not always be sufficient to bring about change, and stronger actions or sanctions could sometimes be necessary to compel authoritarian governments to alter their behavior.
• Some individuals who grow up under oppressive regimes may respond by becoming more authoritarian themselves, suggesting that personal experiences with such regimes do not necessarily lead to a commitment to human rights.
• Some argue that Merkel's strategy of quiet diplomacy may have allowed authoritarian leaders to think they could act with impunity, as there were no immediate harsh consequences for their actions.
• The effectiveness of warning about potential repercussions is questionable if those warnings are not accompanied by concrete actions or policies to back them up.
• Some may argue that setting boundaries for influential figures could be perceived as an infringement on national sovereignty, leading to resistance rather than compliance.
• The German government under Merkel's leadership introduced the minimum wage in 2015, which is a form of market regulation that some free-market purists argue distorts the labor market.

Merkel established crucial partnerships and joint ventures with leaders from around the world.

Angela Merkel engaged with American leaders such as Obama and Trump.

Merkel and Obama's partnership was characterized by a shared comprehension of global affairs.

Marton describes the bond between the German Chancellor and the American President as a productive partnership, rooted in shared respect, a joint dedication to the tenets of a free democratic society, and, as time passed, an increasingly strong personal rapport. Over the course of eight years, their bond grew stronger amidst a series of global crises, such as the economic turmoil in the Eurozone, rising environmental issues, and the rise of increasingly authoritarian governments in Russia and China.

The author suggests that during Obama's second term, the alliance became remarkably strong, outshining numerous other partnerships since World War II's conclusion. Obama's talent for inspiring and forging personal bonds with both leaders and citizens complemented Merkel's skill in deftly handling complex issues, understanding subtle details, and achieving results while remaining out of the spotlight. Obama swiftly recognized Merkel's skillful navigation in dealings with key leaders, notably in her approach to Vladimir Putin, a leader with whom the American president swiftly became impatient. During times of turmoil, the author observes that Obama often instructed his staff to initiate dialogue with Angela. He considered her his main advisor on issues pertaining to international affairs.

Context

• Their commitment to democratic principles was particularly significant in the face of rising populism and authoritarianism globally. They both advocated for human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law as foundational elements of their foreign and domestic policies.
• The partnership reinforced the importance of transatlantic relations, emphasizing the need for cooperation between the U.S. and Europe in maintaining global stability and promoting democratic values.
• During their time in office, the world faced numerous challenges, including the global financial crisis, climate change, and geopolitical tensions. Their complementary skills were crucial in navigating these issues effectively.
• Growing up in East Germany, Merkel developed a cautious and pragmatic style, which influenced her preference for working quietly and avoiding unnecessary attention.
• Germany's reliance on Russian natural gas has been a significant factor in Merkel's dealings with Putin, requiring a careful balance between economic interests and political pressures.
• Despite cultural differences between the U.S. and Germany, both leaders shared a commitment to democratic values and human rights, which underpinned their collaboration.
• Over time, Merkel and Obama developed a strong personal relationship, which facilitated open and honest communication, enhancing their ability to collaborate on international matters.

Merkel often found herself in a state of significant strain when interacting with the erratic and contentious Trump.

Marton argues that Angela Merkel's most challenging hurdles during her sixteen years in office arose from her interactions with Donald Trump, the forty-fifth president of the United States. His contempt for democratic values and the pivotal institutions formed in the post-war era, institutions that Merkel was a staunch advocate for, including NATO and the European Union, resulted in a profound and irreparable divide.

The author details the proactive measures Merkel initiated to engage in discussions with the newly elected president following the surprising results of the 2016 election. She avoided embarrassing Trump publicly and attempted to present her concerns in a rational, fact-based manner. Marton meticulously analyzed Trump's 1990 interview with Playboy, as conducted by AM, and delved into the study of his alleged self-authored memoir, "The Business Strategies of Trump," to deeply understand his personality and tactics. She also immersed herself in watching a series of his reality-TV program, The Apprentice, to familiarize herself with his unique approach to presentation. Marton describes the dynamic with Merkel and Trump as primarily frustrating. Kati Marton adeptly describes the initial encounter in the Oval Office, emphasizing Trump's apparent deliberate disregard for her offered handshake, his act of throwing sweet confections her way, and his vigorous declaration of affection for her, "I love this woman!" even as she maintained a facade of composure without showing any signs of disagreement or displeasure. He quickly turned to Twitter to announce that Germany carries a substantial monetary commitment to NATO. Merkel was aware that Trump did not appreciate or understand the complex network of accords and alliances that underpin the stability of the Western world. During her final term, she adapted to an altered global environment where American leadership was no longer assumed as a given.

Context

• Such interactions can strain alliances, as they may signal a shift in priorities or a lack of alignment on key issues, affecting collaborative efforts on global challenges.

Other Perspectives

• The strain in interactions with Trump could be seen as a normal challenge of international diplomacy, not necessarily an extraordinary or unique difficulty.
• The notion of a divide might be an oversimplification of a complex relationship that included both cooperation and disagreement on various issues.
• Merkel's proactive measures may have been interpreted as reactive rather than proactive, as they were in response to Trump's election and his subsequent actions.
• This approach could have set a precedent for other world leaders, suggesting that contentious behavior from heads of state should be met with caution and avoidance of public confrontation, potentially undermining the principle of holding leaders accountable in the international arena.
• Presenting concerns in a rational, fact-based manner assumes that both parties share a common understanding of what constitutes "facts," which might not have been the case in interactions between Merkel and Trump.
• Marton's interpretation of Trump's personality and tactics might be influenced by her own biases or the context in which the sources were produced, potentially leading to a skewed or incomplete portrayal of Trump's character and methods.
• The term "frustrating" is subjective and may not fully capture the nuances of the diplomatic relationship between a U.S. president and a German chancellor.
• Public declarations of affection can sometimes be strategic rather than genuine, aimed at managing perceptions or creating a favorable public image.
• Announcing Germany's NATO commitment on Twitter might have been intended to prompt a public discussion on the topic of NATO funding and member contributions.
• His skepticism towards certain international agreements could be seen as an attempt to renegotiate terms that he believed were unfavorable to the United States.
• The concept of American leadership might have been less about an assumption and more about practical cooperation and shared interests, which continued despite changes in the presidency.

Merkel's engagements with the Russian leader, Vladimir Putin.

Merkel managed her interactions with Putin by engaging with him while also staunchly opposing his belligerent behaviors and human rights abuses.

Marton argues that Angela Merkel's dealings with Vladimir Putin, who rose to the height of Russian power in 2000 after his time in the KGB, were fraught with intricacy, frustration, and danger. Their viewpoints and ethical standards were profoundly influenced by the period of intense rivalry between the global powerhouses. Merkel discovered liberation from the authoritarian frameworks akin to the ones where Putin had previously worked.

The author highlights the efforts made by Merkel and Putin to foster communication and mutual comprehension. Both leaders, of course, are acutely aware of their intertwined national histories: Germany invaded and occupied the Soviet Union during World War II, leaving millions of Russian citizens – including Putin’s brother – dead. In his capacity operating in East Germany, his primary objectives included recruiting intelligence agents and acquiring Western technology. Marton offers a captivating depiction of Putin's interpretation of the events surrounding the fall of the Berlin Wall, which he regarded as a disastrous reversal. Consequently, the person leading Russia possesses a deep understanding of autocratic systems and the threat posed by democratic transformations. Marton notes that as the Berlin Wall fell, Putin, in his role as a KGB officer in Dresden, saw protesters storm the central offices of East Germany's secret police, presaging the possible collapse of the regime he served.

Context

• One of the most devastating sieges in history, lasting from 1941 to 1944, resulted in the deaths of over a million civilians due to starvation, disease, and shelling.
• The loss of his brother and the broader devastation of the war likely influenced Putin's perspective on national security and his views on Western powers, shaping his political strategies and attitudes towards historical memory.
• The KGB, or Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union, responsible for intelligence, counter-intelligence, and secret police activities.

Other Perspectives

• The notion of fostering communication and mutual comprehension assumes a level of parity and goodwill that may not be present in all interactions, especially when national interests are at odds.
• The idea that both leaders were influenced by the intense rivalry might overlook the individual agency and unique perspectives each leader brought to the table, which could have been shaped by a multitude of factors beyond historical animosities.
• The term "liberation" could be seen as oversimplifying Merkel's political journey, which involved navigating through various political landscapes and systems, not just moving away from authoritarianism.
• It's possible that the emphasis on these objectives overlooks other significant aspects of his role in East Germany, such as understanding the political landscape, which could have been equally or more important in the broader scope of his duties.
• The characterization of the fall of the Berlin Wall as a disastrous reversal may not fully reflect the broader Russian or Soviet perspective, which could include a range of views on the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the end of the Cold War.

As time progressed, the rapport between Merkel and Putin evolved subtly.

Marton argues that in the early phases of their partnership, Merkel utilized her Russian language skills to forge a bond with Putin. When, in 2001, a seemingly humble Putin addressed the German parliament in flawless German, many assumed that Russia was now firmly on the side of democratic reforms. Marton notes that Merkel's response to Putin's speech was characterized by restrained clapping and a lack of smiling. She struggled to relinquish the beliefs deeply embedded in her psyche from her time with the KGB.

The author portrays the shift in Merkel's perspective regarding Putin, evolving from an early optimism to a cautious skepticism as he consolidated power, incarcerated opponents, and stifled democratic efforts, first domestically and then in Ukraine, a country that was once under its sway. Marton describes how, during their first encounter, Putin deliberately let his black Labrador wander, knowing that Merkel had a strong dislike for dogs. The chancellor deliberately chose to ignore the provocation. She disregarded his habitual lateness and actions that mirrored his history with the KGB. Marton notes that she maintained a strictly professional stance, deliberately avoiding any conversations that delved into personal matters.

Context

• One of the most notable cases was the arrest and imprisonment of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, a wealthy oligarch and head of the Yukos oil company, in 2003. Khodorkovsky was charged with fraud and tax evasion, but many viewed his arrest as politically motivated due to his support for opposition parties.

Other Perspectives

• The idea of a subtle evolution overlooks the possibility that their relationship may have remained fundamentally unchanged, with Merkel consistently approaching Putin with caution and skepticism from the outset.
• Merkel's use of Russian could have been a diplomatic formality rather than a means to forge a personal connection, as leaders often use language skills to show respect or courtesy rather than to build rapport.
• The context of the event, such as the formality of the setting or the content of the speech, might have called for a more subdued response, independent of personal rapport.
• The shift to skepticism might not be solely attributed to Putin's actions; it could also be a reflection of broader geopolitical changes and the evolving international context.
• The act of ignoring could also be seen as a tactic to avoid giving Putin the satisfaction of a visible reaction, thereby denying him the power to disrupt the meeting's agenda or the broader diplomatic relationship.
• Engaging in personal conversations is not necessarily unprofessional; it can be a strategic approach to diplomacy.

Angela Merkel's collaboration with French leaders, including Macron.

Merkel collaborated with Macron to strengthen and unify the European alliance.

Marton describes the relationship with French President Emmanuel Macron as a crucial partnership in her final years as chancellor. Macron, elected president of France in 2017, shared Merkel’s fervent hopes for a strong, unified Europe, capable of standing up to aggression from Putin, Xi, and Trump – and of overseeing international matters including commerce, environmental concerns, and the management of medical emergencies. The duo in charge collaborated effectively to build the essential trust needed for a successful partnership, despite their differing approaches.

The author highlights the challenges faced by the coalition, pointing out that the heads of the two countries did not possess the power to implement wide-ranging policies without the consensus of the other twenty-six European Union member states. Marton notes that Macron's push for a Europe with greater self-reliance, encompassing ideas for a shared budget and consistent approaches to immigration and defense, encountered difficulties in securing backing from Merkel, as she was cautious about fiscal dangers and reluctant to increase military spending or diminish Germany's dependence on American defense capabilities. The author argues that personality differences – Macron’s impulsive theatrics versus Merkel’s cautious pragmatism – also presented certain obstacles.

Context

• Emmanuel Macron became the President of France in 2017, bringing a pro-European Union stance and advocating for reforms to strengthen the EU's economic and political structures.
• Europe has been at the forefront of global environmental initiatives, and a unified stance can lead to more effective policies and leadership in combating climate change.
• Both leaders had to navigate domestic public opinion, which could be skeptical of deeper European integration or specific policy proposals, influencing their ability to fully align on certain issues.
• The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member countries that are located primarily in Europe. It operates through a system of supranational institutions and intergovernmental-negotiated decisions by the member states.
• Macron's proposal for a shared budget aimed to provide the Eurozone with a financial tool to stabilize economies during crises, similar to how federal budgets work in countries like the United States. This idea was part of broader reforms to strengthen the economic union.
• Shifting away from American defense capabilities could have economic implications, including the need to invest in domestic defense industries and technologies.
• Macron tends to favor swift, decisive action in response to crises, while Merkel is known for her deliberative process, often taking time to weigh options and build consensus before acting.
• Historically, French leaders have often taken a more assertive role in European politics, while German leaders have been more reserved, reflecting their respective national histories and geopolitical roles in Europe.

Merkel's approach diverged from Macron's, resulting in tensions between them.

Marton depicts the intermittent clashes that arose due to the unique national characters and the differing political inheritances of Macron and Merkel as they worked towards forging a stronger and more unified European coalition. The author delineates the divergent leadership styles: Macron is known for his swift and decisive actions, frequently opting for bold moves, while Merkel favored a methodical, pragmatic, and cooperative strategy.

The writer depicts the French leader as a daring newcomer whose attempts to disrupt the traditional European political landscape sometimes vexed the practical Merkel, particularly when he included Iran's top diplomat in the G7 Summit and when he put a stop to talks regarding North Macedonia's accession to the EU. Kati Marton highlights Merkel's barely concealed annoyance with his attempts to curry favor with Donald Trump. Merkel is said to have remarked on Macron's strategy, noting that his attempt to curry favor with the self-centered US president was in vain. The differing styles and dispositions of the two leaders sometimes became a strength in their successful collaboration. Their collaborative efforts in politics were crucial in creating the significant financial assistance initiative in 2020, which provided essential economic aid to those European nations hardest hit by the COVID-19 crisis.

Practical Tips

• Experiment with alternating decision-making strategies on small-scale choices to see which yields better results for you. One week, make decisions quickly without seeking much input, and the next week, take your time and collaborate with others before deciding. Compare the effectiveness, satisfaction, and impact of each approach to identify which works best in different scenarios.
• Reflect on your own networking style by journaling about recent interactions where you attempted to build rapport with someone influential. Consider whether your approach was genuine or if it might have been perceived as trying to curry favor. This self-reflection can help you understand your motives and adjust your behavior to ensure authenticity in your relationships.
• Engage in role-playing exercises where you simulate interactions with others based on different strategies to achieve your goals. Take on both your role and that of the other party, and explore various scenarios and outcomes. This can help you anticipate the effectiveness of your strategies and adjust them before applying them in real situations.
• Conduct a "style swap" exercise with a colleague or friend where you each adopt the other's approach for a week. If they're known for being spontaneous and you're more methodical, try incorporating more spontaneity into your decisions, while they plan their actions more carefully. Reflect on how this affects your collaboration and individual work.

Angela Merkel's enduring impact and unique imprint on the political landscape.

Merkel's status as a trailblazer for women in politics and her quiet advocacy for gender equality.

Angela Merkel was instrumental in transforming the typically male-centric political arena within Germany.

Marton suggests that Angela Merkel's most lasting impact may be the significant alterations she introduced to Germany's historically male-centric political arena. Her reinterpretation of authority has the potential to render the conventional notion of a commanding male figure obsolete. She governs with a demeanor characterized by serenity, stability, teamwork, and a solid grounding in empirical evidence, which appears to be remarkably appropriate for addressing the intricate issues of our interconnected world, including health crises, environmental shifts, and digital conflicts.

The author emphasizes that throughout her lengthy career, Merkel consistently evaded being characterized by her gender within the male-dominated sphere of politics. She paused momentarily before tentatively raising her arm to express her agreement with feminist principles. She consistently held the belief that gender holds minimal significance. She strategically bolstered female representation in leadership by appointing Dr. Ursula von der Leyen to head the defense ministry, paving the way for her eventual rise to the presidency of the European Commission. Drawing on insights from Kevin Rudd, the former Australian Prime Minister, Marton notes that Merkel's womanhood was an intrinsic aspect of her identity. Merkel overcomes gender biases from her male colleagues with indifference, unlike other women leaders who struggle with this issue. Marton argues that her actions serve to significantly reduce any possible risks.

Other Perspectives

• The rise of other female leaders in Germany and Europe, both before and after Merkel's tenure, suggests that the shift towards a less male-centric political arena is part of a broader trend rather than the result of Merkel's actions alone.
• The effectiveness of a governance style characterized by serenity and stability might vary depending on the cultural context and the expectations of the electorate, who may sometimes favor more charismatic or passionate leadership.
• While Merkel may have supported feminist principles, her tentative approach to raising her arm in agreement suggests a cautious endorsement rather than a full-throated advocacy, which could be seen as a less robust support for the feminist movement.
• Some may argue that true gender equality in leadership involves creating an environment where women can rise through the ranks based on merit, without the need for targeted appointments, which could be seen as tokenistic.
• The effectiveness of Dr. Ursula von der Leyen's tenure as head of the defense ministry could be critiqued on its own terms, separate from the gender dynamics, focusing on policy decisions and outcomes rather than the symbolic nature of her appointment.
• Indifference could be seen as a privilege of someone who has already achieved a high level of success and power, which might not be possible for all women in politics.
• The idea that Merkel's actions reduced risks does not account for the complexity of political dynamics, where risk is often redistributed rather than eliminated, meaning that what may appear as a reduction in one area could lead to increased risks in another.

Merkel chose to set a precedent through her conduct rather than embracing the title of "feminist."

Marton emphasizes how the Chancellor of Germany subtly fostered the advancement of women's opportunities, even though she seemed reluctant to publicly support feminist ideals. The author attributes Merkel's reluctance to identify as a feminist to her overall aversion to fixed identities. She also refrains from openly identifying with her Christian or East German heritage, although both have been pivotal in shaping her. Marton highlights that when probed regarding her minimal engagement with feminist movements, AM has clarified that her duty is to cater to the interests of every person in Germany.

Marton argues that Merkel's subtle style also represents a strong form of feminist expression. AM has established a model for future generations, demonstrating that women can govern effectively and with elegance, preserving a steady demeanor amidst the numerous tumultuous events that occurred throughout her tenure. The author argues that Merkel's skillful navigation through complex problems and her understated but effective strategies for managing crises call into question the traditional perspectives on leadership that have been largely shaped by male leaders. Marton emphasizes a moment in the Bundestag when, following an SPD member's sudden loss of the chance to address the assembly, the chancellor stepped in, grasped the essence of the member's point, and proceeded to clarify the intricate rules governing German nursing homes to the lawmakers. She frequently leveraged her comprehensive knowledge to secure a tactical edge against her adversary. Marton emphasizes the rarity of this tactic among women.

Other Perspectives

• Her hesitation to embrace the feminist label could also be interpreted as a missed opportunity to use her influential position to advance feminist causes more explicitly and visibly.
• By not openly identifying with her heritage, Merkel may have inadvertently contributed to the marginalization of the identities she embodies, as public figures often play a role in validating and bringing visibility to diverse backgrounds.
• Catering to everyone's interests could sometimes mean that the needs of the most vulnerable or marginalized groups might not be given the attention or resources they require, as these groups often lack the political clout of more powerful interests.
• The perception of a steady demeanor is subjective and can vary among observers; what some view as steadiness, others might interpret as detachment or aloofness.
• Merkel's approach, while effective, may not necessarily challenge traditional leadership norms but rather complement them, as effective crisis management is a trait valued in any leadership style, traditional or otherwise.
• While leveraging comprehensive knowledge is undoubtedly a strength, it could be argued that relying solely on knowledge without equally strong communication skills might not always be the most effective strategy in politics.
• The effectiveness of Merkel's clarifications could be subjective and dependent on the perspective of the listener; what may seem clear to some may not be as clear to others.
• The rarity of such tactics among women could be more reflective of the underrepresentation of women in politics rather than a lack of capability or inclination to use such tactics.

Merkel played a pivotal role in reshaping both Germany's self-image and its international standing.

Merkel committed herself wholeheartedly to addressing Germany's historical issues, positioning it as a key moral and economic authority within Europe.

Kati Marton argues that Angela Merkel stands unrivaled in her ability to navigate her country's intricate history while guiding it to a position of significance in Europe, both ethically and financially. Her profound understanding is credited to when she listened to West German President Richard von Weizsäcker's speech commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the end of World War II.

The author details how von Weizsäcker's speech, broadcast in West Germany but banned in the East, where AM was still living under Communist rule, was a turning point for Merkel. The president emphasized the importance of Germany's unreserved recognition of its participation in the Holocaust, underscoring that the oppressive nature of the regime stemmed from Hitler's well-documented and intense hatred for Jews, which he leveraged to compel the nation's collective involvement. Angela Merkel was profoundly influenced by her childhood in a region dominated by the Stasi's influence, where discussions often downplayed Germany's involvement in the Holocaust—a concept she refers to—and a specific speech she encountered marked a pivotal moment in her life.

Marton argues that Merkel's formative years in East Germany, under Soviet sway, cemented her unwavering commitment to democratic values, while her strong Lutheran background intensified her consciousness of Germany's enduring responsibilities towards the Jewish community. Marton highlights that the controversial decision she took was significantly shaped by her decision to open doors to refugees fleeing the unrest in the Middle East during 2015. The author argues that Merkel set herself apart from other German leaders through her steadfast dedication to upholding values of empathy and comprehension. Marton depicts Merkel's speech before the Israeli parliament in 2008 as a testament to her commitment. In her introductory statement, which she presented in Hebrew, she emphatically declared that as Germany's leader, her duties included giving top priority to the safeguarding of Israel's security. Germany stood firm in its commitment to prevent any re-emergence of anti-Semitic sentiment, including potential instances within Muslim populations, within its borders. The author concludes this section by emphasizing how, under Merkel's guidance, Germany rose to a position of moral authority, taking a firm stance against climate change, championing human rights, protecting the freedom of the press, and vigorously addressing global financial malfeasance.

Other Perspectives

• Germany's position as a moral authority can be contested on the grounds that any such status is subjective and can vary widely depending on the perspective of different European countries and their citizens.
• The influence of von Weizsäcker's speech on Merkel's understanding might be overstated if one considers the comprehensive education on the Holocaust that is standard in German schools, which could have also played a significant role in shaping her views.
• The policy was met with both support and criticism within Germany, and some political figures in Germany opposed the decision, suggesting that it was divisive and not universally accepted as setting her apart in a positive way.
• Some argue that Merkel's approach to the Eurozone crisis, particularly in dealing with Greece, prioritized economic stability over empathy for the suffering of the Greek people under austerity measures.
• Others might contend that while preventing anti-Semitic sentiment is crucial, the approach to integrating Muslim populations should also focus on fostering mutual understanding and respect, rather than solely on surveillance and control to prevent anti-Semitism.
• The freedom of the press in Germany has faced challenges, including the passage of the Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG), which has been criticized for potentially stifling free speech online in an attempt to combat hate speech.

Merkel adeptly steered Germany amidst the escalating challenges posed by extremist factions and the proliferation of populist beliefs.

Angela Merkel faced her greatest challenge in the form of radical right-wing activists determined to reshape Germany's historical narrative and abandon its commitment to democratic principles and multiculturalism throughout her sixteen-year leadership. Kati Marton chronicles the emergence of the Alternative for Germany Party following the government's financial rescue of Greece in 2013.

The writer depicts how the AfD, a nationalist party driven by xenophobia and discontent with global interconnectedness, effectively spread its damaging beliefs throughout the area once known as the German Democratic Republic. Marton underscores the challenges encountered by numerous people originating from the previous East Germany, who have grappled with a multifaceted and inconsistent journey toward unification over the last thirty years, characterized by ongoing complaints about the necessity to conform to Western ways of living. Marton also considers the Alternative for Germany party as a reflection of the wider difficulties that European countries encounter while carving out fresh trajectories following the collapse of the Soviet Union's communist rule. Without an external threat to unify Western Europe, Marton contends, the specter of nationalism has reemerged.

Other Perspectives

• Merkel's approach to the refugee crisis, which was characterized by a welcoming stance, may have inadvertently contributed to the rise of right-wing activism by creating a polarizing issue that galvanized those factions.
• The Alternative for Germany (AfD) party was officially founded in February 2013, which predates the peak of the Greek financial crisis bailout discussions that occurred later that year, suggesting that the party's emergence was not a direct consequence of the government's financial rescue of Greece.
• The term "nationalist" might be contested by those who believe that the AfD's platform is more accurately described as patriotic, with a focus on prioritizing the interests of the nation's citizens.
• The AfD's beliefs may be seen by some as a legitimate expression of concerns over rapid social and economic changes, rather than simply as damaging.
• The focus on complaints about conforming to Western ways of living might overshadow the significant progress made in terms of economic development, infrastructure, and social services in the former East Germany since unification.
• The AfD's reflection of wider European difficulties could be seen as part of a global populist wave, which includes countries far removed from the context of post-Soviet European challenges.
• Historical cycles of nationalism suggest that it can reemerge periodically, regardless of the presence or absence of external threats.

Merkel's lasting influence and the continuous conversations about the persistent impact of her leadership.

Throughout her time in office as chancellor, Merkel exercised steady influence and governance.

The enduring and steady nature of her political journey is perhaps the most noteworthy accomplishment of Angela Merkel, as Marton suggests. She has remained a steadfast beacon of stability, while confidence in democratic institutions has diminished, marking a sixteen-year tenure of unwavering commitment in a country confronting continuous challenges. Merkel's adeptness in governance and her array of skills, including her keen intelligence, dedication to detail, meticulous attention to particulars, and her capacity for adaptation, are acknowledged by Marton as having been honed by unique experiences that prepared her for her leadership role.

The author depicts AM, who was raised in a clergyman's household within a secular nation, as someone who developed the ability to adeptly maneuver through the intricacies of diverse identities from an early age, even while delving into the study of physics in a region that was at times doubtful of empirical evidence. She adeptly steers through the predominantly male leadership of the Western world, utilizing her scientific acumen to pragmatically achieve her objectives, which are influenced by her Eastern origins. Angela Merkel's enduring impact is rooted in her perpetual consciousness of her early life's lessons, which instilled in her the understanding that fragility, cruelty, and the abuse of power are perpetual threats to tranquility and civilized life.

Practical Tips

• Emulate steady influence by maintaining a consistent daily routine that reflects your values and goals. Start by identifying your core values, then create a daily schedule that includes actions aligned with those values. For example, if one of your values is health, ensure your routine includes time for exercise and meal planning. This practice will help you develop the discipline and consistency that are key to steady influence.
• Create a personal "policy roadmap" for the next five years, outlining your key objectives and the values that guide your decisions. This roadmap should include milestones and a timeline, much like a political agenda, but tailored to your personal aspirations. For instance, if one of your goals is to become more involved in your community, set specific targets for engagement, such as joining a local board by the end of the year or starting a community project within the next two years.
• Start a blog or social media page dedicated to highlighting positive, stabilizing forces within your community. Share stories of individuals and groups who are working to maintain harmony and trust, thus encouraging others to recognize and support pillars of stability in their own areas.
• Create a "Commitment Contract" with yourself for a personal project or goal, outlining clear steps and what unwavering commitment would look like for you. This could involve setting specific times for work on the project, conditions under which you'll continue to work even when facing challenges, and rewards for meeting milestones. If your goal is to learn a new language, your contract might include daily practice sessions, weekly check-ins with a language partner, and a commitment to only speak in the target language during certain hours of the day.
• Start a personal "adaptation journal" where you document daily situations that didn't go as planned and how you adapted to them. This practice will encourage you to reflect on your capacity for adaptation and identify patterns in your problem-solving approach. Over time, you'll be able to see your progress and learn from past experiences, which can help you become more flexible and resilient in the face of change.
• Start a conversation club with friends or colleagues where each session is dedicated to discussing a different cultural or social identity. This will not only broaden your understanding but also improve your ability to communicate across diverse groups.
• Develop critical thinking skills by creating a "hypothesis journal." Each week, write down a few personal or work-related beliefs you hold. Then, spend the next week actively seeking out information that both supports and contradicts these beliefs. Review your findings and reflect on whether your initial beliefs were based on solid evidence or assumptions.
• Develop a habit of observing and analyzing leadership styles by watching interviews and speeches of leaders from various fields. Take notes on how they communicate, persuade, and handle opposition, focusing on non-verbal cues like body language and tone. Use these observations to refine your own communication approach in professional settings.
• Develop a decision-making framework based on scientific principles by identifying a problem, gathering data, forming a hypothesis, testing it, and analyzing the results to make informed choices. For instance, if you're deciding on a new diet, research nutritional information, plan your meals, try the diet for a month, and track your health markers to decide if it's effective for you.
• Create a personal leadership manifesto that incorporates elements from your heritage. Write down principles and practices that resonate with your origins and how they can be applied to your leadership approach. If you come from a community that values consensus, you might emphasize collaborative decision-making in your manifesto.
• Reflect on your own life experiences to identify moments where you've witnessed or experienced fragility, cruelty, or abuse of power. Write these instances down in a journal and analyze how they've shaped your values and decision-making. For example, if you recall a time when you or someone else was treated unfairly, think about how that made you feel and what actions you took as a result. This personal audit can help you understand your reactions to power dynamics and inform how you handle similar situations in the future.

Assessments persist in examining the legacy, challenges, and lasting impact of Merkel's tenure on the political terrains of Germany and Europe.

Marton points out that while Angela Merkel leaves office with historic approval ratings, her legacy remains to be fully assessed. Throughout her time in office, Angela Merkel guided the world through a succession of significant events, including the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, the 2008 global financial meltdown, Ukraine's political unrest, a growing refugee crisis, Britain's exit from the European Union, the emergence of populist leaders worldwide, and the COVID-19 pandemic's onset. Angela Merkel's period in office, marked by her remarkable ability to adapt, her keen understanding, and her nimble political maneuvers instead of sweeping policy initiatives or bold proclamations, becomes increasingly appreciated as history unfolds.

Marton concludes her analysis by acknowledging that fully evaluating Angela Merkel's achievements and shortcomings will necessitate the passage of time. The author views Merkel as a unique person whose formative years under an authoritarian regime cemented her commitment to the values of democracy and the importance of a well-organized global framework. In an era where adherence to truth and dependability is constantly under assault, Marton argues that Angela Merkel's leadership served as a powerful rebuttal to the seductive lies of populist nationalism, offering a model of consistency and honesty in an increasingly unstable world.

Other Perspectives

• High approval ratings at the end of office do not necessarily reflect the effectiveness or success of a leader's policies; they may sometimes be influenced by a sense of nostalgia or relief at a political transition.
• The effects of Merkel's leadership are evident in current political, economic, and social landscapes, providing ample material for assessment.
• The global financial meltdown of 2008 was primarily addressed by the countries most affected by it, with the United States and other major economies taking the lead in response measures; Merkel's role, while significant within Europe, was part of a larger collective effort.
• The emphasis on political maneuvering might have contributed to a sense of political stagnation or a lack of clear direction in her party and government.
• Waiting for time to pass before evaluating a leader's tenure could lead to a loss of valuable contemporary perspectives and insights that are more difficult to capture retrospectively.
• Personal experiences alone do not necessarily determine a leader's political philosophy; Merkel's commitment to democracy could also be attributed to her engagement with Christian Democratic Union (CDU) ideologies, which traditionally support democratic principles and international cooperation.
• Honesty in politics is subjective, and there were instances where Merkel's government faced criticism over transparency, such as the handling of the diesel emissions scandal involving German car manufacturers.