PDF Summary:Strongmen, by Ruth Ben-Ghiat

Authoritarian rulers often rise to power through exploiting societal instability, economic turmoil, and fear. In Strongmen, Ruth Ben-Ghiat examines how autocrats consolidate control by shaping national narratives, spreading disinformation, and fostering corruption. Their leadership styles glorify a masculine, domineering persona while relying on alliances with global actors.

The book explores the methods dissidents use to resist authoritarian regimes and how these regimes ultimately crumble due to internal strife and loss of public trust. Ben-Ghiat investigates the enduring impacts of authoritarianism on collective memory, institutions, and political consciousness.

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Other Perspectives

• The perception of ongoing turmoil could be a result of biased external media portrayal rather than a deliberate strategy by authoritarian leaders.
• The use of force should be proportionate and guided by the rule of law, rather than being an unchecked tool for silencing opposition.
• The use of national security as a pretext can be challenged through democratic processes, such as elections, where leaders who misuse this rationale can be held accountable by the electorate.

Critics frequently resort to self-censorship, fostering an environment where it is routine to stifle one's expression.

The author reveals how governments with authoritarian tendencies silence opposition and foster a climate in which a self-imposed silence is prevalent, both essential for their efforts to spread false information. These administrations utilize various strategies to weaken independent media and punish dissent, encompassing the implementation of judicial pressure, intimidation, and acts of violence. The author examines the methods by which such strategies instinctively drive individuals to silence themselves, thereby degrading the caliber of public conversation and weakening the bedrock of free speech.

Practical Tips

• Create an anonymous blog or social media account where you share your critiques and opinions openly. This allows you to voice your thoughts without personal backlash. You might review books, movies, or current events, providing a platform for others who share your views but also fear censorship.
• Practice speaking up in low-risk situations, such as giving an opinion on a movie or choosing a restaurant with friends. Gradually increase the stakes as you become more comfortable, aiming to build confidence in expressing yourself without fear of repercussions.
• Create a "Conversation Starter" card deck with questions and topics that are often avoided in public discourse. Use these cards with friends or family to initiate deeper, more meaningful discussions, thereby practicing the art of engaging in potentially challenging conversations in a safe environment.

Television has contributed to the normalization of authoritarian governance.

The author underscores the crucial influence of television in normalizing the control exerted by authoritarian governments, owing to its pervasive presence and the immediate effect of visual media in homes. Franco harnessed the ubiquity of television across Spain to craft his public image, suppress dissent, and disseminate propaganda that bolstered his authoritarian rule. Pinochet utilized television as a tool to promote the objectives of Chile's armed forces, quell opposition, and support the tenets of American consumerism. The author suggests that television's capacity to mold the preferences and actions of viewers makes it an ideal instrument for authoritarian rulers to wield power in both the societal and intimate realms.

Other Perspectives

• The assertion underestimates the agency of viewers who are not just passive recipients of content but can engage critically with media messages and resist propaganda.
• While Franco may have used television to shape his public image and suppress dissent, it's important to consider the broader media landscape, including radio, print, and later, the internet, which also played significant roles in disseminating information and propaganda.
• The claim that television was used to suppress opposition does not account for the various ways in which Chileans may have interpreted or resisted the messages conveyed through television.
• The impact of television on viewers' preferences and actions is complex and mediated by various factors, including cultural context, individual differences, and competing sources of influence.

Corruption plays a pivotal role in maintaining the grip of authoritarian regimes.

This section examines the intrinsic integration of corruption within the framework of authoritarian rule. The book by Ruth Ben-Ghiat delves into the tactics employed by authoritarian leaders to consolidate and expand their power, which serves their own interests and those of their allies, through adept incorporation of potential adversaries, the strategic dismantling of dissent, and the establishment of networks for patronage and backing. She emphasizes how corruption crosses borders, highlighting how global players and financial organizations facilitate such activities.

Governments with authoritarian tendencies often engage in the misappropriation and misuse of a country's assets.

The author suggests that a defining trait of such governance is kleptocracy, which denotes a system where those in power are heavily engaged in corrupt practices and the embezzlement of resources. She exemplifies her argument by pointing out examples like Mobutu's extreme plundering of Zaire's wealth, Putin's calculated acquisition of Russian enterprises, and the manner in which Trump capitalized on his presidential role to benefit his family's business endeavors. She underscores the fact that authoritarian leaders are driven by greed and the quest for personal enrichment, often resulting in the exploitation of their nation's resources, which causes economic hardship for the general population while favoring a select few.

Practical Tips

• Start a personal finance journal where you track your expenses and savings, using the historical example as a cautionary tale to reflect on the importance of ethical financial management and the long-term consequences of misusing funds. This habit not only improves your financial literacy but also instills a sense of personal accountability.

Other Perspectives

• The effectiveness of a government's use of assets should be measured by the outcomes of their policies, rather than the nature of their political system.
• Kleptocracy is not exclusive to authoritarian governments; it can also be found in democracies where there is weak rule of law or inadequate checks and balances.
• The involvement in corrupt practices and embezzlement can be found across different types of governments, not just those with authoritarian tendencies.
• Some argue that the state's involvement in key sectors is crucial for Russia to maintain sovereignty over its natural resources and industries, which is a standard practice in many countries with strategic industries.
• The Trump Organization existed long before Donald Trump's presidency, and its success or failure can be attributed to a variety of factors unrelated to his political position.
• The term "authoritarian" is subjective and can be used to describe a wide range of leadership styles; not all of them involve misappropriation of assets or personal enrichment at the expense of the country.
• In some cases, the exploitation of a nation's resources can lead to significant economic growth and improvement in the standard of living for the general population if the revenues are invested wisely in public services, infrastructure, and social programs.
• It could be argued that favoritism towards a select few exists in various forms of government, not just authoritarian regimes, and can be a result of systemic issues rather than the governing style itself.

Financial transactions and global loans frequently transcend borders and may enable unethical behavior within autocratic governments.

The author analyzes how the global economic system has persistently enabled unethical behaviors by authoritarian governments. Strongmen and their close associates have frequently diverted foreign loans, which come from governments and organizations such as the IMF. They then manipulate global financial organizations, dormant corporate firms, and regions known for their stringent secrecy laws to legitimize their ill-gotten wealth. The writer underscores that often-dismissed or geopolitically excused actions undermine efforts to combat dishonest practices and sustain governments characterized by authoritarianism.

Practical Tips

• Consider peer-to-peer lending platforms that facilitate international loans to diversify your income streams. This allows you to directly lend to individuals or businesses across the globe. Explore platforms that perform due diligence on borrowers and offer loans in various currencies to mitigate the risk of default and currency fluctuations.
• Engage in conscious consumerism by supporting local businesses and cooperatives that adhere to ethical practices. By choosing to spend your money at local farmers' markets, independent bookstores, and community-supported agriculture, you're investing in your local economy and reducing the likelihood of indirectly supporting unethical behaviors on a global scale.
• Engage in community discussions or online forums focused on economic policies and their impacts. By participating in these conversations, you can share insights and learn from others about the real-world implications of financial decisions made by those in power. This exchange of ideas can help you form a more nuanced understanding of how financial policies affect everyday life and can empower you to make more informed decisions as a citizen or consumer.
• Create a personal simulation of a loan application process based on the standards of large institutions. Use the information available publicly about how these entities assess loan viability and apply it to your own financial situation. This exercise can help you identify areas for improvement in your personal or business finances and prepare you for future loan applications with any lender.
• You can enhance your financial literacy by taking an online course on global financial systems and offshore banking. By understanding the mechanisms behind these entities, you'll be better equipped to make informed decisions about your own finances and investments. Look for courses that cover topics like international finance, tax havens, and corporate structures, ensuring they are from reputable sources or accredited institutions.
• Encourage transparency in your workplace by proposing the adoption of a clear code of conduct regarding financial dealings. If you're in a position to influence policy, suggest the creation of a transparent system where all financial transactions are recorded and open to scrutiny by all employees. This could involve regular financial ethics training and the establishment of an anonymous reporting system for any suspicious activity. This approach fosters a culture of integrity and discourages the legitimization of ill-gotten wealth within your organization.
• Create a "truth pact" with a group of friends or family members where you commit to calling out geopolitically excused actions when you see them. This could be in the form of a monthly meeting where you discuss current events and the importance of honesty in public discourse. By holding each other accountable, you can develop a support system that encourages speaking out against dishonesty. For instance, if a political leader makes a statement that excuses unethical behavior, you and your pact members can discuss the real implications and consider writing a joint letter to a newspaper or engaging in social media advocacy.

The autocratic leader secures immunity from legal repercussions for himself, while his confidants endure the full impact.

The author argues that by exploiting corrupt systems, leaders with authoritarian tendencies create protective measures to shield themselves from accountability. They use political power to undermine judicial independence, silence or intimidate investigators, and pass laws that exempt them from prosecution. She underscores that such despotic leaders often orchestrate situations so that their underlings, kin, and close allies are the ones who face the repercussions and legal fallout from corrupt practices, thereby maintaining their own facade of uprightness.

Other Perspectives

• The idea of immunity suggests a static legal system, but legal frameworks can evolve, and what may seem like immunity today could become vulnerability tomorrow.
• The use of the term "exploit" suggests a deliberate manipulation, but some leaders may believe they are acting within their legal rights, as defined by the laws and constitution of their country.
• The concept of judicial independence can vary significantly across different legal and cultural contexts, and what may be perceived as undermining in one context may be seen as a legitimate exercise of executive power in another.
• Autocratic leaders may not need to silence or intimidate investigators if they have popular support that legitimizes their actions, regardless of how they interact with judicial processes.
• The passage of laws exempting leaders from prosecution could, in some contexts, be a response to politically motivated legal actions rather than an attempt to evade justice for corrupt practices.
• Some autocratic leaders may face legal repercussions themselves, especially in situations where international law or external forces come into play.
• The idea that confidants are sacrificed implies they are unwilling participants in the corruption, whereas they may be complicit and share in the benefits of the regime's practices, accepting the risks as part of their involvement.

Creating a system that favors familial favoritism and emphasizes personal financial enrichment.

The author analyzes how regimes governed by dictators are characterized by the rise of personal gain and preferential treatment. Strongmen consolidate their power by establishing close-knit groups of loyalists, which include family members and trusted advisors, who are granted influential roles and opportunities for financial gain. The author scrutinizes the contradiction wherein measures intended to fortify a leader's security frequently result in the establishment of cumbersome bureaucratic structures rife with corruption and dominated by the competing agendas of unprincipled power players.

Practical Tips

• You can analyze the leadership structure of companies you invest in to ensure ethical practices by reviewing their board composition, public statements, and financial disclosures for signs of nepotism or self-enrichment. For example, if a CEO has multiple relatives in high-paying positions without clear qualifications, it might be a red flag.
• Start a recognition system that rewards loyalty with exclusive benefits, such as access to special training sessions or a points system redeemable for rewards. This could be as simple as a "Loyalty Leaderboard" where employees accumulate points for tenure, participation in company events, or peer recognition. Those at the top could receive bonuses, extra vacation days, or public acknowledgment, reinforcing the value of loyalty.
• Implement a rotating leadership model for small projects or teams where different team members take on leadership roles periodically. This can prevent the consolidation of power that often leads to corrupt practices and can give everyone a clearer understanding of the challenges and responsibilities of leadership.
• Develop a personal code of ethics to guide your actions within bureaucratic environments. Write down your core values and principles that you want to adhere to, regardless of the agendas of others. This will serve as a compass when you face ethical dilemmas or pressure to act against your beliefs.

Authoritarian regimes often distinguish themselves by exalting a form of virile masculinity.

The author emphasizes that a strong, masculine image is a crucial component of the allure and power that dictators command. The emphasis on masculinity among such rulers is frequently conveyed through their forceful rhetoric, and they often tout their sexual exploits as a means to garner adulation and influence their supporters. The author scrutinizes the behavior of these leaders who, while openly promoting conventional family morals, partake in private behaviors that involve mistreatment and deception of women.

Mussolini pioneered the use of his robust physique and sexual conquests to validate his autocratic leadership.

Ruth Ben-Ghiat reveals that Mussolini was the first dictator to transform a democratic government into a fascist state, leveraging his virility and a series of romantic conquests to solidify his rule. Mussolini was at the forefront of utilizing his image without a shirt for propaganda purposes, promoting a vigorous masculine ideal as the embodiment of Italy's rejuvenation. During the period marked by the rise of fascist beliefs, there was a significant emphasis on leveraging societal worries about the waning influence of men to promote a revival of traditional gender roles and a conservative view of society. Mussolini's reputation for robust physicality masks his actual persona, characterized by a series of sexual liaisons made possible through an official system designed to ensure women were accessible to him.

Practical Tips

• Explore the impact of personal branding by creating a mock political campaign for yourself. Use social media platforms to craft a persona that emphasizes your strengths and achievements. Monitor engagement and feedback to understand how personal image affects public perception.
• Protect democratic values by volunteering with organizations that promote civic education. By helping to educate others about the importance of democratic principles, you contribute to a society that values and understands the significance of maintaining a democratic state. Look for local non-profits or online platforms that focus on civic engagement and offer your time or skills to support their programs.
• You can enhance your leadership presence by taking acting classes to develop a commanding persona. Acting classes can teach you how to project confidence, control your voice, and present yourself in a way that commands attention, similar to how historical figures might have used their personal allure to influence others.
• Develop a signature style for public appearances that aligns with the message you want to convey. If you're a fitness coach, for example, wearing athletic gear during your online webinars or public speaking events can reinforce your expertise and dedication to health and fitness, much like a uniform.
• Write a series of short stories or create artwork inspired by the themes of vigor and masculinity as portrayed in the 1920s Italian context. Use these creative outlets to explore the concepts of rejuvenation and strength, and share your work on social media or local community platforms to initiate dialogue on how historical ideals shape contemporary perceptions of gender and power.
• You can analyze current societal trends by keeping a journal where you note observations about gender dynamics in media and politics. By doing this, you'll develop a personal understanding of how societal concerns about gender roles may be influencing contemporary discourse. For example, when you see a news story or a political campaign, jot down any language or themes that seem to echo concerns about gender influence, and reflect on how these might be shaping public opinion.
• You can explore historical fashion by wearing clothing inspired by past eras to understand traditional gender roles through a personal lens. Start by researching different time periods and their associated styles, then incorporate elements of these styles into your daily wardrobe. For example, you might choose to wear a 1950s-style dress or a three-piece suit to experience the formality and gender expressions of that time.
• Engage in role-playing exercises with a trusted friend where you act out scenarios that typically require a public persona. Afterwards, discuss the differences between your performance and your true self. This can help you become more comfortable with showing your authentic self in various social contexts.
• Explore the ethical implications of power dynamics in relationships by journaling about current events where power imbalances are evident, reflecting on how they affect the parties involved and considering ways to promote equality and consent in personal and professional interactions.

The intricate dynamics involving the autocratic ruler and his female backers.

The examination uncovers an inherent contradiction in the manner in which a strongman interacts with women, as explained by Ruth Ben-Ghiat. Authoritarians often promote measures that encourage procreation and maintain conventional family norms, casting themselves as guardians of the well-being and entitlements of women. However, they often hold misogynist views, engage in predatory behavior, and enact policies that curtail women's rights and agency, as exemplified by Mussolini's violence against those he seduced, the brutality of Pinochet's regime toward women in Chile, and Trump’s attacks on the #MeToo movement.

Practical Tips

• Volunteer with a local organization that supports survivors of domestic violence. This hands-on experience will give you insight into the complexities of abusive relationships and how to provide practical assistance to those affected.
• Support women's rights organizations through micro-donations or social media amplification. Even small contributions or sharing their messages can aid in their efforts to combat the kind of oppression faced by women under Pinochet's regime, fostering a culture of awareness and prevention against such brutalities.

Other Perspectives

• Encouraging procreation without providing adequate support systems, such as childcare, education, and healthcare, can lead to negative outcomes for families and society at large.
• The claim of safeguarding women's entitlements can be used to justify paternalistic policies that actually limit women's autonomy and reinforce traditional gender roles.
• The term "misogynist views" is subjective and can be interpreted differently in various cultural and political contexts, making it challenging to universally apply this label to all authoritarians.
• The focus on predatory behavior could overshadow other aspects of an authoritarian's rule that might be beneficial or at least neutral with respect to women's rights and agency, thus providing an incomplete picture of their governance.
• Some of Trump's comments could be seen as defending individuals he believes were unjustly accused, rather than a blanket condemnation of the #MeToo movement and its goals.

Putin accentuates a hyper-masculine persona as a means to compensate for the vulnerabilities observed within Russia's economic and political frameworks.

This section of the text explores how the Russian leader's overt display of hypermasculinity, highlighted by strategic media events and displays of his physical prowess, is intended to compensate for the nation's economic and political challenges. The author suggests that Putin's portrayal of a reinvigorated national identity, which taps into a nostalgia for the Soviet period and worries about the country's diminishing global impact, enables him to assert a formidable stance in global politics.

Practical Tips

• Create a balanced narrative of your strengths and weaknesses in your resume or online profiles. Rather than only showcasing a one-dimensional, 'strong' image, integrate instances where you've learned from challenges or setbacks. This could mean adding a section in your LinkedIn profile about projects that didn't go as planned and what you learned from them, demonstrating self-awareness and a growth mindset.
• Practice non-verbal communication techniques to enhance your personal presence in professional settings. Focus on posture, eye contact, and gestures that convey confidence and assertiveness. You could, for example, adopt a firm handshake or maintain steady eye contact during conversations to project self-assurance and command respect.

The widely publicized allegations of sexual misconduct and disrespectful behavior towards women attributed to Trump ultimately led to a result that defied expectations.

The writer examines the contradiction of how, even with well-documented cases of the ex-president's disrespectful behavior towards women and his own confessions of sexual misconduct, these behaviors seemingly enhanced his appeal among a segment of supporters who valued his aggressively male persona. The traditional dominance of masculinity and the allure of an authoritarian figure who defies conventional moral norms and accountability are highlighted by his rise to a position of authority despite these revelations.

Other Perspectives

• The appeal of Trump's persona could be a reflection of a broader societal issue rather than an endorsement of aggressive masculinity.
• The idea that his rise to power is a contradiction could be challenged by the perspective that voters often make pragmatic choices, sometimes separating a candidate's personal flaws from their perceived ability to govern effectively.
• Some voters may have been more influenced by party loyalty or opposition to the alternative candidates than by an attraction to Trump's defiance of norms.
• The idea that defying conventional moral norms is a source of appeal could be challenged by suggesting that some supporters may overlook or disbelieve the allegations rather than admiring the defiance they represent.

Governments exhibiting authoritarian traits frequently broaden their reach by forging alliances and gaining support from entities beyond their national borders.

This section explores the role of global actors in sustaining autocratic regimes. The writer delves into the complex web of relationships among autocratic rulers, highlighting how they establish collaborative bonds and work together to further shared objectives, simultaneously bolstering one another's dominion. She uncovers the involvement of Western governments and different corporations in strengthening authoritarian regimes, emphasizing the need to challenge these partnerships.

Authoritarian alliances: mutually beneficial relationships among despotic leaders

This section of the text delves into the relationships among leaders prone to autocratic behavior, scrutinizing how they cooperate, exchange tactical knowledge, and mutually reinforce their status to advance shared objectives and enhance their global influence. The author emphasizes that such alliances, typically fueled by individual aspirations and shared ideologies, play a significant role in undermining democratic principles and spreading illiberal tendencies.

Hitler and Mussolini established a partnership based on common objectives and a reciprocal contempt.

The writer argues that the alliance between Hitler and Mussolini, while appearing to be based on shared political doctrines, was actually driven by personal ambitions, tactical convenience, and mutual contempt. Hitler drew his early inspiration from Mussolini but ultimately surpassed the Italian dictator in the magnitude and ferocity of his atrocities. Mussolini's ambition to elevate his nation's status as a European force contributed to the erosion of his influence within the Axis alliance, due to his poorly judged military ventures and dependence on support from Germany.

Practical Tips

• Create a 'mutual benefit plan' with someone you often disagree with to achieve a common goal. Find someone in your network with whom you have a history of disagreements, and propose a project that could benefit you both. Outline how you will handle disagreements upfront, focusing on the shared objective. This practice can turn a contentious relationship into a constructive one, much like alliances formed for strategic reasons.
• Create a personal code of conduct that outlines how you will choose your partnerships and alliances in the future. Write down the qualities and values that are important to you, such as honesty, integrity, or collaboration. Use this code as a guideline when deciding to enter into any form of alliance, whether it's choosing a business partner, a personal relationship, or a community project. This can help ensure that your alliances are purposeful and aligned with your values.
• Reflect on historical figures who inspire you and research their influences to understand the trajectory of their actions. By doing this, you can gain insight into how inspiration can evolve into action, for better or worse. For example, if you admire a certain leader or innovator, delve into their biographies and interviews to see who they looked up to and how that shaped their path.
• Enhance your community's standing by organizing a local initiative that addresses a common concern. Find an issue that is important to your community, like a need for more green spaces, and lead a project to improve it, such as a community garden. This not only improves the area but also demonstrates your leadership and commitment to local development.
• Practice saying no to opportunities that don't align with your core strengths or goals. This can prevent you from overreaching and facing consequences similar to those of ill-advised ventures. For instance, if you're offered a project that doesn't fit your expertise, declining it respectfully can save you from the stress of underperforming and preserve your reputation.
• Develop a contingency plan for your most critical dependencies. Identify alternative resources or support systems that you can turn to if your primary source becomes unavailable. For instance, if you depend on a particular software for work, research alternatives and have a backup option ready to implement.

The close relationship shared by Berlusconi and Putin has negatively impacted Italy's democratic structure.

The author analyzes how the alliance between Berlusconi and Putin has adversely affected democratic processes in Italy. Berlusconi, eager to elevate his international profile, supported the incorporation of Russia into global political and economic frameworks, even as Putin was consolidating his authoritarian grip. Ruth Ben-Ghiat highlights Berlusconi's individual advocacy for Putin, leading to his endorsement and rationalization of the Russian leader's growing boldness on the global stage and his suppression of dissent, which consequently weakened Italy's standing in the European Union and diminished Berlusconi's stature as a defender of democratic values.

Other Perspectives

• Integration into global frameworks is typically a process that involves multiple stakeholders and countries, suggesting that Berlusconi's support alone would not be the sole factor in Russia's incorporation.
• The relationship between Berlusconi and Putin might reflect international realpolitik where leaders engage with counterparts of different political systems without necessarily condoning their domestic policies.
• Italy's position in the European Union is determined by a multitude of factors, not solely by the relationship between its leaders and those of other countries.
• The characterization of the relationship as negatively impacting Italy's democracy could overlook the agency and responsibility of Italian institutions and the electorate in maintaining their democratic framework.

Trump and Putin have both leveraged their political ties to advance their economic interests while concurrently obstructing the course of justice.

This segment examines the mutually beneficial political relationship between Trump and Putin. Putin, faced with sanctions and global disapproval for his authoritarian tactics and aggressive moves in Ukraine, perceived Trump's rise to power as an opportunity to weaken NATO's clout, access American economic assets, and enhance Russia's position on the world stage. Donald Trump sought Vladimir Putin's support for his business ventures over a prolonged period, which left him susceptible to Russian efforts to enhance his 2016 presidential campaign. The author underscores the shared tendency toward secrecy and loyalty, which promotes joint efforts to conceal illegal activities and obstruct judicial processes between the two countries.

Other Perspectives

• Without concrete evidence of quid pro quo or direct personal economic benefit tied to specific political actions, accusations of leveraging political ties for economic gain remain speculative.
• The effectiveness of Trump in weakening NATO's clout is debatable, as the alliance has shown resilience and adaptability in response to various challenges.
• It is possible that Trump's business dealings with Russia were simply part of his global business strategy, rather than a targeted effort to seek Putin's personal support.
• Access to American economic assets might not have been significantly enhanced by Trump's presidency, given the checks and balances in the U.S. system that limit the president's ability to influence such matters unilaterally.
• Trump has consistently denied any collusion with Russia, asserting that his campaign's success was due to his political strategy and the American people's support, not foreign interference.
• Secrecy in state affairs can sometimes be a necessary aspect of national security rather than an indication of illicit activity.
• Concealment of illegal activities implies a level of coordination that would likely leave a trail of evidence, which, if not provided, weakens the argument.
• The idea of obstruction could be challenged by the lack of concrete evidence directly linking the leaders to acts of obstruction, as accusations without proof could be considered defamatory.

Autocrats along with their international backers

Ben-Ghiat examines how strongmen rely on a network of foreign actors to consolidate their power, launder their wealth, and secure international legitimacy. The writer reveals the crucial support that governments with dictatorial inclinations obtain from international financial bodies, representatives from Western countries, and public relations companies, highlighting the need to hold these enablers accountable and to oppose their participation.

Throughout the 20th century, American financial and political titans have provided backing to autocrats such as Mussolini and Pinochet.

The book reveals the long history of collaboration between America's powerful sectors and dictators, with a focus on advancing their financial interests and strategic objectives. She discusses how, during the Cold War period, the U.S. administration supported coups in Latin America that favored right-wing ideologies, focusing on cases such as Chile, where human rights abuses were overlooked and assistance was given to dictatorial rulers like Pinochet. The writer scrutinizes the pattern of major financial institutions on Wall Street playing a pivotal role in supporting autocratic governments, emphasizing the instance when the US government's substantial monetary support to Mussolini in 1926 set a precedent for these continuous actions.

Practical Tips

• You can enhance your critical thinking by analyzing the relationships between local businesses and political figures in your community. Start by observing which businesses are frequently visited by local politicians or are involved in sponsoring political events. This will give you a grassroots perspective on how financial interests and political influence might interact in your own environment.
• Educate yourself on shareholder activism and how you can use your position as a shareholder to influence corporate policies. If you own stocks or mutual funds, you can attend shareholder meetings, vote on shareholder resolutions, and support initiatives that promote transparency and ethical governance in companies that may have ties to autocratic governments.
• Engage in a personal simulation of decision-making consequences by playing strategy-based board games or video games that involve resource allocation and support. Choose games where you must decide whom to ally with or support financially, and observe the outcomes of your choices within the game's context. This can provide a hands-on understanding of the complexities and ripple effects that financial support decisions can have, mirroring the historical example of government support to Mussolini.

Companies that focus on public relations and strategic messaging frequently assist in obscuring the oppressive measures taken by authoritarian governments.

Ruth Ben-Ghiat's research uncovers the crucial role played by PR and lobbying firms, often based in Western democracies, in polishing the reputations of authoritarian leaders and attracting international investments. These corporations utilize sophisticated strategies to downplay the occurrence of human rights abuses and portray authoritarian governments as foundations of stability and economic growth. She explores how McCann Erickson was instrumental in reshaping Spain's image abroad during Franco's rule in the 1960s and scrutinizes Ketchum's strategies to improve Putin's image internationally.

Other Perspectives

• PR and lobbying firms operate within a global market and offer services to a diverse range of clients, not exclusively to authoritarian governments.
• Others might argue that in a global economy, it is unrealistic to expect companies to refuse business on ethical grounds, as doing so could put them at a competitive disadvantage.
• McCann Erickson's role in enhancing Spain's international image could be seen as a professional service provided without necessarily endorsing the political ideology or actions of Franco's regime.
• The strategies employed by Ketchum for Putin might have been focused on highlighting positive developments or initiatives, which is a common practice in public relations, rather than deliberately obscuring negative aspects of his leadership.

The methods through which authoritarian governments face opposition and the manner in which dictatorships gradually lose their power over time.

This part examines the various strategies and united actions taken by individuals to oppose and defy autocratic rule. Understanding the range of strategies employed to confront power is essential, as underscored by Ben-Ghiat. These efforts, ranging from armed uprisings to substantial demonstrations of resistance, erode the despot's control and bolster a widespread crusade committed to restoring honesty, reconstructing confidence, and maintaining the value of human dignity.

From lone resisters to mass mobilization

In this part, the author emphasizes the various ways in which opposition to autocratic governance can manifest. She examines the significant impact of individual acts of defiance, the role of digital platforms in strengthening contemporary demonstrations, and the strategies used by grassroots movements to challenge autocratic rule and expose ingrained corruption.

The White Rose collective and figures such as Georg Elser embody the powerful symbolism inherent in acts of personal defiance.

The author delves into the deep symbolic importance of solitary acts of resistance in the face of overwhelming authoritarian rule. She delves into the valiant attempt by Georg Elser to assassinate the German dictator in 1939, a plot that ultimately failed but still stands as a poignant testament to the resolve of a single person. She also explores the White Rose Society's courageous efforts in circulating pamphlets that opposed Nazi governance in Germany, emphasizing their heroism in spreading documents which acted as a source of encouragement in an environment rife with intimidation and oppression, advocating for the principles of veracity, fairness, and individual responsibility.

Practical Tips

• Create a "Courage Corner" in your home where you display quotes, images, or symbols that represent resistance and personal bravery. This dedicated space acts as a visual and motivational reminder of the values you admire. You might include a photo of a figure you find inspiring, a piece of art that symbolizes resistance, or even a plant that reminds you of growth against adversity.
• Create a personal challenge to step out of your comfort zone once a week. This could involve speaking up about an issue in your community, volunteering for a cause you believe in, or even learning a new skill that could contribute to a greater good. For instance, if you usually shy away from public speaking, you might attend a local debate club to practice voicing your opinions.
• Create a small peer group focused on discussing ethical dilemmas and current events, where members can practice articulating and defending their viewpoints. This safe space can help you and your peers develop the confidence to express your convictions more publicly. You might tackle topics like social justice, environmental issues, or local governance, and encourage each other to take informed stances.
• Start a personal tradition of writing letters of appreciation or support to individuals who inspire you or who might benefit from a kind word. These could be friends, family members, local community leaders, or even strangers who have made a positive impact. The act of writing and sending a physical letter can be a powerful gesture of solidarity and encouragement, especially in a digital age where such personal touches are rare.
• You can foster a culture of honesty by starting a truth journal where you record moments you faced ethical dilemmas and how you addressed them. This personal record encourages self-reflection on your commitment to truthfulness and helps identify areas for growth. For example, if you find yourself exaggerating during a conversation, note it down and reflect on why you felt the need to do so and how you can communicate more honestly next time.

The role of modern technology and social media networks in enabling dissent in contemporary times.

The author explores how social media and digital platforms disseminate information, thereby equipping people and collectives with the means to challenge contemporary autocratic rulers. Activists in Russia have utilized Twitter to expose the malpractices associated with the Russian leadership, whereas footage from citizen journalists was pivotal in sparking the Arab Spring protests, and Facebook was instrumental in organizing the large-scale protest against Trump, demonstrating the power of new media to bolster opposition and confront state-managed information dissemination.

Practical Tips

• You can curate a personal information feed by using RSS aggregators to follow specific topics and trusted sources. By doing this, you create a tailored stream of information that aligns with your interests and bypasses the noise of social media algorithms. For example, use Feedly or Inoreader to subscribe to blogs, news sites, and other digital platforms that consistently provide valuable content in your areas of interest.
• Create a personal "resilience plan" by identifying local resources and networks that support democratic values. This involves researching and compiling a list of organizations, community groups, and legal aid that work towards protecting individual rights and freedoms. Having this information handy ensures you know where to turn for support or guidance should you ever need to challenge unjust authority.
• Create an infographic that visualizes data related to a cause you care about to make the information more accessible. Gather data from credible sources, and use free online tools like Canva or Piktochart to design an infographic. Share your creation on social media platforms, in community groups, or with local news outlets to spread awareness and prompt discussions.
• Consider volunteering as a media observer for local events or protests to contribute to a collective narrative. Look for organizations that aim to document public gatherings and sign up to be a part of their team. Your role could involve taking photos, recording videos, or writing brief reports on what you witness. This content can then be used by the organization to inform the public, advocate for change, or provide evidence of the event's happenings.
• Use social media groups to coordinate volunteer activities in your community. Find or create a Facebook group dedicated to a cause you care about, such as environmental clean-ups or food drives, and use the platform to organize events, share information, and recruit volunteers. This approach leverages the organizational aspect of social media to mobilize people for good.

Efforts are being made to counteract the erosion of democratic institutions and the rise of authoritarian rule.

The book examines how collective resistance against authoritarian governance takes shape. Individuals and organizations have consistently endeavored to reveal violations, support those who have suffered, and advocate for the reinstatement of democratic principles, ranging from the secret meetings held by Italian adversaries of Mussolini's fascist rule to the Chilean groups dedicated to defending human rights throughout the authoritarian regime of Pinochet. She underscores the importance of building alliances across diverse dissenting factions and devising strategies that exploit the specific vulnerabilities of each regime.

Practical Tips

• Engage in 'Digital Literacy Drives' by volunteering to teach older adults or those unfamiliar with technology how to critically assess online information. This helps combat misinformation and promotes informed citizenship, which is crucial for the health of democratic institutions.
• You can foster critical thinking by starting a book club focused on dystopian literature. By reading and discussing novels that explore themes of authoritarianism, such as George Orwell's "1984" or Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaid's Tale," you and your group can analyze the mechanisms of oppressive regimes and the importance of resistance. This will help you recognize patterns of authoritarian behavior in real life and understand the value of collective action.
• Advocate for democratic principles by starting a micro-podcast that discusses the importance of democracy in everyday life. Use your phone to record short, informative episodes that break down democratic values into relatable scenarios, such as fair play rules in local sports or decision-making in family settings, and share them on social media to spark conversations.
• Create a safe space for dialogue by establishing a virtual discussion group with strict privacy rules. Use encrypted messaging apps to simulate the clandestine nature of historical secret meetings. This modern twist not only protects the privacy of the participants but also encourages open and honest communication about topics that may be sensitive or divisive.
• Volunteer remotely for human rights organizations by offering your skills. Many organizations need help with tasks that can be done online, such as translation, graphic design, or data entry. By contributing your time and skills, you're directly supporting the work of those who defend and promote human rights. For instance, if you're fluent in another language, you could help translate documents or interpret for non-English speaking beneficiaries.
• Volunteer for a community mediation service to develop skills in reconciling differing opinions. Mediation services often look for volunteers to help with small disputes in neighborhoods or local organizations. By participating, you'll gain hands-on experience in navigating conflicts and finding resolutions that satisfy all parties involved, which is a practical application of building alliances across dissenting groups.

The grip of authoritarian governance typically diminishes over time.

Ben-Ghiat argues that the strongman's seemingly unshakable grip on power is an illusion. Despite appearing robust on the surface, authoritarian governments often grapple with internal discord, economic mismanagement, and the harmful effects of oppressive rule and dishonest practices. She explores the diverse factors contributing to the collapse of these governments, such as the withdrawal of support by key factions, widespread public demonstrations, and the engagement of international actors, each of which can hasten their demise.

Key figures played a pivotal role in the overthrow of a dictator.

The author underscores the pivotal role that powerful collectives play in precipitating the collapse of authoritarian governments. Upon confronting undeniable proof of the authoritarian leader's perilous tactics, the detrimental effects on the nation's reputation, or his incompetence in managing crises, former supporters of the administration may withdraw their support, leading to a downturn. She references the ousting of Mussolini by the Fascist Grand Council in 1943 and highlights how, amid the turmoil in Libya, Mussolini's long-time ally Abdessalam Jalloud deserted him, serving as examples.

Practical Tips

• Develop a skill for identifying influential people by engaging in social listening on platforms like Twitter or LinkedIn. Follow thought leaders, activists, and innovators in fields you care about, and take note of how they communicate, who they interact with, and the responses they receive. This will help you recognize patterns of influence and could guide you in building your network strategically.
• You can evaluate the leadership in your workplace by creating a feedback loop with colleagues. Set up an anonymous survey where employees can express their concerns about management's decisions and tactics. This can help identify if there's a collective sense of mismanagement or unethical practices that could lead to a withdrawal of support, similar to how citizens might react to a dictator's actions.
• You can analyze decision-making processes by creating a timeline of a significant personal or professional decision you've faced, noting the key players and turning points. Just as the Fascist Grand Council played a pivotal role in Mussolini's ousting, mapping out who influenced your decision and at what moments can help you understand the dynamics of power and persuasion in your own life.
• Start a conversation with friends or family about the concept of loyalty versus personal ethics. Use hypothetical scenarios to explore what factors influence the decision to stay loyal or to break away, which can enhance your ability to navigate complex social and ethical dilemmas.

Confronting the dangers posed by authoritarian regimes requires overcoming fear and complacency.

The writer argues that the key to overthrowing dictatorships lies in shattering the widespread sense of intimidation and inaction bred by authoritarian rule. Speaking truth to power, engaging in acts of defiance, and challenging official narratives, while risky, can embolden others to confront despotic rule, thereby exposing its vulnerabilities. She highlights the tactics employed by Russian activists, including public demonstrations, the utilization of online platforms, and the creation of innovative methods of opposition, to challenge the authoritarian tactics employed by Putin.

Context

• External pressure and support from international communities can bolster internal resistance efforts, providing legitimacy and resources to opposition movements.
• Art, literature, and music often serve as mediums for speaking truth to power, using creative expression to critique and undermine authoritarian narratives.
• When people see that official narratives can be successfully challenged, it can empower them to take further action, fostering a culture of resistance and resilience.
• Young people play a significant role in organizing and participating in protests, driven by a desire for political change and greater freedoms.
• Digital tools can provide a degree of anonymity, helping activists organize and communicate without immediate risk of detection by state surveillance.
• Boycotts and strikes can economically challenge regimes, forcing them to address public grievances.

Autocratic governance's credibility is eroded when actions are taken for self-promotion and personal enrichment.

This section examines how the continuous self-aggrandizement of the ruler, the reliance on personal adulation to maintain authority, and the use of authoritarian tactics to benefit oneself and one's supporters at the expense of the nation's well-being collectively erode the trust in the government and reduce the support of the citizens. Crafting legends about the leader's exceptional abilities does not lessen the impact of his mistakes and wrongdoing.

Context

• Self-enrichment often involves corruption and misallocation of resources, which can lead to economic instability, increased poverty, and a lack of public services, further eroding trust in the government.
• Excessive self-promotion can damage a country's international reputation, affecting diplomatic relations and foreign investment, which in turn can impact domestic trust in leadership.
• The focus on personal adulation can galvanize opposition groups, as citizens seek alternative leadership that prioritizes collective well-being over individual glorification.
• Citizens may become disillusioned when they perceive that their leaders are more interested in personal wealth than in public service, leading to protests, civil unrest, or even revolutions.
• While legends can temporarily enhance a leader's image, they can also backfire if the public becomes aware of the manipulation, leading to a loss of credibility.

Sudden events and crises can accelerate the erosion of a dictator's grip on power.

The writer argues that authoritarian regimes may be expedited towards their downfall by a range of external influences, such as economic downturns and defeats in military engagements. These tumultuous events reveal the leader's deficiencies, challenge his assertions of extraordinary skill, and inspire those who desire transformation. She explains that the downfall of Mussolini's rule and Berlusconi's exit from leadership in Italy corresponded with the triumph of Allied forces in World War II and the subsequent disbanding of the Axis powers, as well as the impact of the eurozone's financial troubles.

Context

• In the modern era, the rapid spread of information through social media and other channels can amplify the impact of crises, making it harder for dictators to control narratives and suppress dissent.
• Crises often exacerbate existing tensions within a regime's leadership. Economic or military failures can lead to infighting as different factions blame each other, weakening the overall stability of the government.
• The psychological impact of a crisis can shift public sentiment from fear to anger, motivating collective action against perceived incompetence.
• Historical examples of successful transitions during crises can inspire and guide current movements, offering strategies and hope for achieving similar outcomes.
• Both Mussolini and Berlusconi's exits were influenced by external pressures—military defeat and economic crisis, respectively. These events exposed vulnerabilities in their leadership and governance, leading to loss of support both domestically and internationally.
• During financial crises, international pressure and scrutiny can increase, as global institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) may impose conditions on financial assistance that require political or economic reforms.

Maintaining a positive attitude and unity is crucial in opposing tendencies toward authoritarianism.

The author emphasizes the critical role of cultivating solidarity and hope as fundamental instruments for combating autocratic rule and rejuvenating the principles of democracy. By acknowledging our common human bonds, dismissing skepticism, and forging partnerships that go beyond ideological and cultural boundaries, we can successfully counteract the strongman's efforts to capitalize on fears and bias. The writer emphasizes instances such as the international volunteers who battled Franco during the Spanish Civil War and the inventive efforts of Chile's CADA group with their "NO+" campaigns, which bolstered opposition to Pinochet, showcasing the strength of optimism and unity.

Context

• A hopeful outlook encourages innovation and creative problem-solving, which can lead to new strategies and tactics for resisting authoritarian measures.
• The Solidarity movement in Poland is an example where unity among workers, intellectuals, and the Catholic Church played a crucial role in opposing communist rule.
• Hope is a psychological resource that can sustain individuals and communities through periods of oppression, helping them to envision and work towards a better future.
• By focusing on shared human experiences, societies can strengthen social cohesion, making it harder for authoritarian figures to isolate groups and create an "us vs. them" mentality. This unity can be a powerful deterrent against divisive tactics.
• Forging partnerships beyond ideological boundaries can bring together a wider range of resources, skills, and perspectives, enhancing the ability to challenge authoritarian regimes effectively.
• Pinochet came to power in Chile through a military coup in 1973, overthrowing the democratically elected government of Salvador Allende. His rule was marked by human rights abuses, including torture, disappearances, and strict control over political life.

The lasting influence and consequences of authoritarian governments from the 20th and 21st centuries.

This section explores the enduring impact that authoritarian rule has on public consciousness, societal structures, and the foundational mechanisms of both political and economic systems. Ruth Ben-Ghiat posits that the legacy of a dictator's rule can profoundly affect individuals, societal frameworks, and the collective psyche, leaving an imprint that persists far longer than the dictator's time in power.

Personal trauma stems from the manner in which memory becomes influenced by politics.

The impact of authoritarian governments endures beyond their tenure in office, as argued by Ben-Ghiat. Governance under an authoritarian regime can profoundly alter a nation's collective memory and identity by reshaping historical narratives, and it can inflict deep emotional wounds on both individuals and the wider community.

Restoring honesty and responsibility following the collapse of authoritarian rule.

The writer emphasizes the challenges of re-establishing honesty and securing responsibility after the downfall of authoritarian governments. Societies must contend with the enduring consequences of past coercion and brutality as they deal with amnesties given to offenders and challenge established accounts that attempt to minimize or ignore historical offenses. She explores the vital role that truth commissions, judicial measures, and efforts to recover the remains of the disappeared have in addressing past wrongs and establishing a foundation for democratic renewal.

Practical Tips

• Develop a habit of acknowledging your mistakes openly when they occur. This could be as simple as admitting to a coworker when you've overlooked an email or to a friend when you've forgotten an appointment. By doing so, you normalize taking responsibility for your actions, which can influence others around you to do the same.
• Encourage restorative justice practices within your community by volunteering at local organizations that support offender rehabilitation. By participating in or supporting programs that help reintegrate individuals into society, you contribute to a broader application of the amnesty principle, emphasizing healing over punishment.
• Engage in a book swap with a theme centered on uncovering hidden histories. Choose books that are known for their honest portrayal of history, including the uncomfortable parts, and exchange them with peers. This encourages a collective effort to confront and discuss historical offenses rather than ignore them. After reading, you could have informal discussions to share insights and learn from different perspectives.
• Create a 'truth and reconciliation' ritual within your family or circle of friends where members can voluntarily discuss past grievances in a safe and non-judgmental space. This could be a regular meeting where everyone has the opportunity to express themselves, offer apologies, or seek understanding for past conflicts, fostering a culture of openness and healing similar to the principles of truth commissions.
• Encourage transparency by writing to your local representatives to request clear communication about judicial measures and their outcomes. By advocating for transparency, you contribute to the accountability of the judicial system, which is a cornerstone of democratic renewal. This could include asking for simplified court case summaries or explanations of judicial decisions in layman's terms to be made available to the public.
• Start a digital storytelling project to share narratives of the disappeared through social media. Use your phone to record interviews with willing participants who want to keep the memory of their loved ones alive, and share these stories online to raise awareness and foster a community of support.

Measures were implemented to ensure that those responsible were held accountable.

The writer delves into the complex and often frustrating struggle to make authoritarian leaders answerable for their violent actions. She examines how former autocrats, together with the institutions of power and safety that thrived during their tyrannical reigns, often strive to dodge legal repercussions while preserving their influence within the reorganized social hierarchy. She examines the challenges in securing justice for victims and their kin, noting that a combination of complex legal matters, systemic barriers, and a climate rife with intimidation and muteness hampers this effort.

Practical Tips

• Engage in micro-volunteering for transparency-focused organizations from the comfort of your home. Look for online platforms that crowdsource efforts to fact-check statements by public figures or to analyze government spending. Your contribution could be as simple as dedicating a few minutes a day to verify a statement or to categorize data.
• You can support justice for victims by volunteering with a local victim support hotline, providing a listening ear and practical advice to those affected by crime. By doing this, you become a direct line of support, helping victims navigate their emotions and the legal system, which can be a crucial step in their journey towards justice.
• Create a social media group focused on demystifying legal jargon for its members. Use the platform to share resources, discuss recent cases, and invite legal experts willing to explain complex matters in simple terms. This can foster a community of informed citizens who can advocate for clearer legal communication.
• Develop a personal "Accountability Action Plan" to navigate around systemic barriers. Outline steps you can take to hold yourself accountable, even when the system fails to do so. This might include setting personal deadlines, seeking feedback from peers, or creating a self-review system. For instance, if your workplace lacks a feedback culture, you could proactively ask for input on your projects from trusted colleagues.
• Practice active listening in your daily interactions to help dismantle a culture of silence. When someone shares a concern or an experience related to injustice, give them your full attention, acknowledge their feelings, and refrain from immediate judgment or advice. By doing so, you contribute to a more open and empathetic community, encouraging others to speak up and share their stories.

The influence of an authoritarian leader extends through the political framework, cultural interactions, and economic foundations.

The book scrutinizes how authoritarian rule leaves a lasting impact on institutions, the political climate, and economic frameworks. Autocratic-leaning rulers often use strategies to gain supporters, suppress opposition, and create societal rifts, which can lead to the weakening and delegitimization of institutions, ultimately reducing the public's trust. Corruption, once established as standard practice within commercial transactions, can persist even after a transition to democratic governance takes place. The author highlights that the negative effects on social unity and the curtailment of civic engagement may continue even after the removal of the autocratic ruler, due to a climate of intimidation stemming from the government's propagation of false information and monitoring activities.

Other Perspectives

• The impact of an authoritarian leader on these areas may vary greatly depending on the specific context, historical background, and the presence of other influential actors or institutions.
• In some societies, traditional or religious institutions may retain their legitimacy and public trust even under autocratic rule, serving as a counterbalance to the state's authority.
• A transition to democratic governance can empower watchdog organizations and a free press, which play crucial roles in exposing and challenging corruption.
• Social unity and civic engagement may recover quickly after the removal of an autocratic ruler if there is a strong civil society ready to rebuild the social fabric.
• In some societies, a history of authoritarianism may have inoculated the public against government misinformation, leading to a skeptical citizenry that is less likely to be intimidated and more likely to seek out independent verification of government claims.

The enduring allure of leadership styles characterized by authoritarianism continues to be apparent.

The writer argues that understanding the enduring appeal of autocratic governance is essential for successfully opposing the spread of authoritarian rule. The autocrat's charm, his promise of order, and his adeptness at manipulating anxieties and emotions continue to attract those seeking simple solutions and certainty in a complex world. By recognizing the attraction, identifying the susceptibilities it leverages, and advocating for leadership principles based on empathy, responsibility, and the safeguarding of individual worth, we can contest the influence that such despotic figures have on our political consciousness.

Context

• People may be drawn to strongman figures due to psychological needs for security and order, especially when they feel threatened by rapid social or economic changes.
• By promising economic growth or stability, autocratic leaders can attract followers who prioritize financial security over democratic freedoms.
• Leadership based on these principles encourages collaborative and nuanced approaches to problem-solving, as opposed to the simplistic and often divisive solutions offered by authoritarian figures.
• Empathetic leaders are often skilled in conflict resolution, using dialogue and understanding to address disputes. This contrasts with authoritarian leaders who may use force or coercion, and can help maintain peace and stability in diverse societies.