PDF Summary:Knowing God, by J. I. Packer

The nature of God, His eternal essence and sovereignty, is unequivocally revealed in Scripture. In Knowing God by J. I. Packer, the author explores these scriptural depictions, emphasizing God's infinite power, wisdom, and righteousness. He highlights the importance of comprehending these divine attributes not merely as abstract ideas, but as true reflections of the omnipotent Creator.

Packer also examines how Scripture portrays worship, obedience, faith, and redemption as natural responses to understanding God's true nature. By cultivating a deeper awareness of the Trinitarian Godhead and the unique roles of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, believers forge a reciprocal relationship marked by awe, assurance, and purposeful living according to God's plan.

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Context

• Worship can take various forms, including singing, rituals, and communal gatherings. It is often viewed as an act of reverence and adoration, acknowledging God's greatness and expressing gratitude.
• The notion that understanding God is a gift challenges the idea that human reason alone can fully comprehend the divine, emphasizing the need for revelation.
• For believers, this idea encourages practices such as prayer, meditation, and worship as responses to God's invitation, fostering a deeper spiritual life and personal transformation.
• The idea of God pursuing those who have strayed is rooted in various biblical narratives, such as the parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32), where a father eagerly welcomes back his wayward son, symbolizing God's readiness to forgive and restore.
• In the context of a covenant, which is a key biblical theme, God’s choice to sustain a relationship is seen as a commitment to be faithful to His promises, reflecting a bond that is both legal and relational.
• The doctrine of sovereign grace has been a central tenet in the teachings of influential theologians like Augustine and John Calvin, shaping much of Protestant thought.
• This type of knowledge is marked by a deep spiritual intimacy, akin to the relationship between close friends or family, where there is mutual trust, understanding, and love.
• The process of redemption implies a personal transformation where individuals are gradually conformed to the image of Christ, reflecting His character and values in their lives.
• The idea of God accepting us fully aligns with the theological concept of agape, or unconditional love, which is central to Christian teachings about God's relationship with humanity.

Grasping the nature of God results in profound practical implications and effects.

Grasping the true nature of God extends past mere theoretical comprehension and profoundly influences one's perspective on existence.

Understanding the nature and characteristics of God is essential for nurturing authentic worship, leading a life dedicated to sanctity, and maintaining enduring hope.

The author challenges prevalent perceptions and discussions concerning the divine, emphasizing that the second commandment warns of the subtle and dangerous forms of idolatry. He contends that idolatry is not limited to the worship of imaginary gods but also includes the reverence of the true God by replacing Him with visual representations. We should refrain from including any visual representations of God in our practices of worship, which extends to images of Jesus Christ. Packer stresses that while these depictions might seem innocuous and advantageous, they ultimately do not do justice to the full scope of His magnificence and the totality of His supreme majesty.

The writer clarifies this concept by emphasizing the potential dangers linked to the employment of imagery. Packer warns that any representation of God, whether it's a tangible object or a figment of our creativity, will always fail to capture His genuine nature. Employing such metaphors is not only disrespectful and misleading, but it also obscures the genuine essence of the Divine and implants false impressions within the consciousness of the faithful. The writer emphasizes this aspect by remembering the occasion when Aaron crafted an idol in the form of a golden calf, symbolizing the god he claimed had liberated his people from enslavement in Egypt. While the Israelites undoubtedly viewed the golden calf as a way of honoring and venerating Yahweh, the image in fact insulted Him, as it failed to express any of His true essence and character. The wild celebrations and jubilant assemblies of the Israelites around the emblem not only misrepresented Yahweh but also misguided them and tainted their customs.

Practical Tips

• Develop a "hope tracker" where you record instances where you feel hopeful, attributing each instance to an understanding of God's nature. Over time, this can highlight the sustaining power of hope in your life and encourage a more hopeful outlook, even during challenging times.
• You can create a worship space at home that focuses on the abstract rather than the representational by using symbols like candles, natural elements, or simple geometric shapes that encourage contemplation without depicting any form of deity. This approach can help you focus on the essence of your faith and spirituality without the distraction of images.
• Engage in a silent retreat, even if it's just for a day, where you focus on being present and open to the experience of the divine without words, images, or preconceived notions. This can be done in a natural setting or a place that you find peaceful. The absence of external representations and the focus on internal experience can provide a more authentic sense of connection to the divine.
• Experiment with writing your own parables or metaphors that convey your spiritual beliefs without using direct imagery. Share these with friends or family and discuss how these abstract narratives compare to visual representations in terms of misrepresentation and respect for the divine. This could reveal new insights into how language shapes your perception of spirituality and the divine.
• Create a 'values affirmation' reminder system using technology. Set up daily notifications on your phone or computer with messages that reinforce your core values. These could be quotes, affirmations, or personal mantras that remind you of who you want to be and the principles you want to live by. This regular reinforcement can help keep you focused and prevent you from being swayed by external influences that don't serve your values, much like the Israelites were swayed by the golden calf.

Misconceptions about God or possessing only a fragmentary grasp of His nature can lead to a fragile spiritual state, moral compromises, and ultimately, the danger of eternal peril.

Packer cautions about the danger of forming an image of God based on our own thoughts, likening it to the risk of creating physical idols. He challenges those who view God merely as the ultimate Designer or the initiator of the cosmos, and also speaks to individuals who neglect to acknowledge God's role in passing judgment, opting instead to view Him solely as a benevolent Protector. He argues that such claims inadvertently transgress the second commandment by reducing the Almighty to a stature that is on par with, or potentially inferior to, that of human beings. Theology grounded in philosophical conjecture rather than the revelations of Scripture is frequently susceptible to particular mistakes.

Packer emphasizes the unique essence of God, underscoring that He is beyond comparison to humans. Our likeness reflects God's creation, yet His essence cannot be limited to the image we carry. The apostle Paul underscores that human wisdom is inadequate for truly understanding God, highlighting that it did not succeed in discovering Him through its own wisdom. Packer elucidates the idea by stating that due to His sublime and mysterious nature, God surpasses our imaginative, intuitive, and speculative philosophical capabilities. Our comprehension and esteem for His essence are wholly reliant on the revelations He has benevolently shared with us. God's essence is revealed in the holy scriptures, which carry everlasting authority and are divinely inspired.

Other Perspectives

• The danger of eternal peril presupposes a belief in an afterlife with rewards or punishments based on one's understanding of God, which is not a universally accepted concept.
• The act of imagining God does not necessarily equate to idolatry if the intention is not to limit God but to engage with the concept of the divine in a personal and meaningful way.
• Others might suggest that focusing too heavily on divine judgment can overshadow the equally important aspects of God's nature, such as compassion, mercy, and grace.
• Philosophical conjecture, when used responsibly, can help to identify and correct potential errors within theological systems by applying rigorous critical thinking.
• The concept of God being beyond comparison may be seen as a limitation on human understanding and spiritual experience, suggesting that it is impossible to have a personal relationship with a completely incomprehensible deity.
• The idea that human wisdom is inadequate could be seen as a limitation imposed by religious doctrine rather than an inherent human incapacity.
• The assertion could be seen as potentially self-defeating if it is itself a philosophical statement about the nature of God, which would imply that some philosophical understanding of God is possible.
• The reliance on holy scriptures for understanding God assumes that these texts are accessible and understandable to all, which may not be the case due to language barriers, literacy levels, and cultural differences.
• Some philosophical perspectives argue that ultimate truth is not fixed but is instead an ongoing process of discovery, which could conflict with the notion of a static, everlasting authority.

Gaining deep insight into the divine nature significantly transforms a person's perspective, redefines what they consider important, and affects their actions in every area of life.

It cultivates a recognition of God's ultimate sovereignty, which bolsters faith, promotes obedience, and sustains perseverance amid life's trials.

Packer highlights an often-neglected facet of the divine character in modern theological discussions, placing significant emphasis on the non-physical essence of the deity. He begins the discussion by mentioning the dialogue between Jesus and a Samaritan woman, in which Jesus states that God's fundamental nature is of a spiritual kind, and he elaborates that this concept of "spirituality," though seemingly esoteric, provides a profound and essential insight into the nature of God and His relationship with people. Packer establishes a distinct separation between the realm of the spirit and the material world. He underscores the concept that God possesses no physical form, cannot be divided, and is unaffected by suffering, drawing on the terminology used in the first article of the Thirty-Nine Articles.

The author delves deeply into the extensive consequences of these principles by examining each refusal comprehensively. Being a non-material being, God exists beyond the limitations of space and time. The divine essence is omnipresent throughout the cosmos constantly. God lacks separate elements that might be construed as "components." God embodies a singular, unchanging essence, characterized by absolute perfection, free from internal conflict, and exemplifies steadfastness. God's emotions are neither swayed nor controlled by events outside of His absolute authority. God's actions are deliberate, originating from His independent choices, which demonstrate His unparalleled sovereignty.

It fosters a resolute commitment to the divine, prompting selfless deeds that enhance the well-being of others for the sake of His kingdom.

Packer challenges the misconception that God is an indulgent entity who disregards sin and ethical standards, a perspective that not only simplifies His nature but also leads to our eventual disenchantment. He emphasizes that affection is an intrinsic element of God's character, inseparable from His other attributes, and every deed performed by God, whether it influences the vast universe or singular existences, mirrors His holiness and righteousness. Packer portrays God's love as passionate and deeply rooted in holiness, simultaneously striving to cultivate this holiness within the loved ones. We must shift our perspective from seeing God primarily as a provider of personal happiness and well-being to understanding Him as the ultimate Sovereign who administers justice worldwide and calls humanity to seek holiness and repentance.

Packer concludes this section by underscoring the importance and reality of divine discipline, a subject of particular relevance to those who follow the Christian faith. Divine generosity is continuously displayed as it ensures our sustenance, providing for us in a consistent manner. God also encompasses our surroundings and intentionally introduces obstacles and hardships in our lives to mold our disposition, rouse us from spiritual lethargy, and cultivate a more profound relationship with the Divine. Packer clarifies that such mild admonishment allows us to perceive a hint of God's severity, which is mitigated by His goodwill, thus protecting us from the full force of His rigor that would be experienced if not for His graciousness. Adopting this discipline for the purpose of fostering growth is essential. The author encourages us to embrace this divine discipline, finding comfort in the knowledge that it is a manifestation of God’s loving goodness toward us, intended to deliver us from the greater and more terrible judgment that would otherwise be our due.

Context

• Recognizing God's sovereignty can strengthen faith by reassuring believers that God is in control, even when circumstances seem chaotic. This trust can lead to a deeper reliance on God rather than on personal understanding or external circumstances.
• This concept is influenced by Platonic and Neoplatonic thought, which viewed the spiritual realm as superior to the physical, impacting early Christian thinkers like Augustine.
• In Christian theology, God's spiritual nature means He is not bound by physical limitations. This concept is rooted in biblical passages, such as John 4:24, where Jesus says, "God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in the Spirit and in truth."
• The concept that God cannot be divided is rooted in the doctrine of divine simplicity, which suggests that God is not composed of parts or attributes but is a unified whole, where His essence and existence are identical.
• God's omnipresence is often linked with other attributes like omniscience (all-knowing) and omnipotence (all-powerful), forming a cohesive understanding of God's nature as limitless and all-encompassing.
• Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle influenced the development of the idea of a perfect, unchanging deity. They argued that a perfect being must be unchanging because any change would imply a move from perfection to imperfection or vice versa.
• The idea that God's emotions are not swayed by external events is related to the theological concept of divine impassibility. This doctrine suggests that God does not experience emotional changes in the way humans do, as He is perfect and complete in Himself.
• Throughout the Bible, God's deliberate actions are evident in stories such as the Exodus, where He leads the Israelites out of Egypt, and in the life of Jesus, whose mission was part of God's redemptive plan.
• In Christianity, actions motivated by a commitment to the divine are often viewed in light of eternity, with the belief that such deeds have lasting significance beyond this life.
• The concept of God's love being rooted in holiness is supported by various biblical passages, such as 1 Peter 1:16, which calls believers to be holy because God is holy. This reflects the idea that God's love aims to transform believers into His likeness.
• This perspective shift aligns with classical theism, which emphasizes God's transcendence and sovereignty over creation, contrasting with more modern views that may focus on God's immanence and personal relationship with individuals.
• In Christian theology, divine discipline is often linked to the concept of sanctification, which is the process of becoming more like Christ. This involves spiritual growth and moral development, guided by God's corrective actions.
• In Christian theology, divine generosity is often seen as God's grace, which is unearned favor bestowed upon humanity. This grace is believed to be evident in both the provision of daily needs and the challenges that encourage spiritual growth.

The importance of the Trinity in both the salvation and daily lives of the faithful.

Understanding the continuous oneness of God's being, alongside acknowledging His presence as three separate entities, is essential for a complete comprehension of the gospel's core and the character of a believer's fellowship with God.

The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, united as the Trinity, work in concert to redeem, sanctify, and eternally protect those who trust in Christ.

Packer argues that a deep understanding of God and His engagement with people is fundamentally linked to the belief in the Trinity. The mystery of the Trinity, which discloses God's eternal existence as three unique Persons unified in one divine substance, is crucial to all scriptural verities and defies human understanding; it unveils God's character and the way He discloses Himself to humankind. Packer references the Gospel of John to clarify his understanding of the divine Trinity, highlighting the early scriptures that demonstrate the Word's existence from the beginning, its relationship with God, and its divine essence.

Additionally, Packer's work reveals the presence of a third divine entity in the Trinity, as portrayed in the Gospel of John—the Holy Spirit, who is described as "another Comforter" in the King James Version's rendition of John 14:16. The Son alongside the Father send forth a fresh "Advocate" to take on the duties of Christ in the world and to testify about Him. The Holy Spirit acts as the emissary of Jesus, perpetuating His work and bearing witness for Him after He ascended. The second and third members of the Holy Trinity, the Son and the Holy Spirit, collaborate to actualize and accomplish the Father's purposes and nature in the world.

Other Perspectives

• The concept of the Trinity is not explicitly articulated in the Bible; it is a theological interpretation that developed over centuries after the biblical texts were written.
• Other religions, such as Judaism and Islam, which also draw from Abrahamic roots, do not accept the Trinity and maintain a strictly monotheistic view of God as a single, indivisible entity.
• Philosophically, some argue that the Trinity is a logical paradox, as it seems to contradict the principle of non-contradiction by asserting that God is simultaneously one and three.
• The language used in the Gospel of John is highly symbolic and metaphorical, which can lead to multiple interpretations about the nature of the Word and its connection to the Trinity.
• The term "Comforter" in John 14:16 is a translation of the Greek word "Parakletos," which can also be interpreted as "Advocate," "Helper," or "Counselor," suggesting that the role of the Holy Spirit may encompass a broader range of functions than solely comfort.
• The idea that the Holy Spirit and the Son are sent by the Father could be seen as implying a hierarchy within the Trinity, which some theologians argue against, emphasizing the co-equality of the Trinity's persons.
• Some may argue that the language of "bearing witness" could imply a passive role, whereas in various scriptural accounts, the Holy Spirit is depicted as actively guiding, empowering, and transforming individuals and communities.

Every member of the Holy Trinity plays a unique and vital role in ensuring salvation and sustaining the spiritual well-being of believers.

The writer expresses regret that the church has primarily focused on who Christ is and what he has done, without adequately addressing the attributes and function of the Holy Spirit. He argues that this stance does not sufficiently recognize the commitment of Christ in sending the Holy Spirit to sustain His efforts. Packer challenges our apathy by asking if we genuinely contemplate the importance of the role played by the Holy Spirit. (p. 69). The gospel would be nonexistent, faith would not be found, the church would not have formed, and Christianity itself would be absent without the intervention of the Holy Spirit.

The author elaborates on these ideas, highlighting the essential role of the Divine Spirit in shaping the gospel and the divine inspiration at the core of the New Testament's formation. Jesus' rise to heaven tasked a band of imperfect followers, who had consistently shown a misunderstanding of His message during His time with them, with the duty of spreading His teachings. Jesus comforted them by guaranteeing His unwavering support and presence throughout all their endeavors. He guaranteed that before His ascension, the Holy Spirit, also known as the Counselor, would enable them to fully understand and help them recall everything He had imparted to them. Upon its release, the Spirit of truth will guide your understanding of all aspects of truth. He is obligated to communicate solely the messages given to him, without interjecting his own opinions.

Other Perspectives

• The church has historically developed a rich theology of the Holy Spirit, which is evident in the creeds, liturgies, and teachings that have been passed down through generations.
• The commitment of Christ in sending the Holy Spirit is recognized appropriately within the context of different theological traditions, and the perceived lack of recognition may be a matter of personal or denominational perspective rather than a general oversight.
• The resilience and spread of Christianity could also be attributed to the compelling nature of its message, the moral teachings of Jesus, and the community-building aspects of the faith, alongside the work of the Holy Spirit.
• The emphasis on the Holy Spirit's role might overshadow the human element in the composition of the New Testament, which includes the cultural, linguistic, and personal factors that influenced the authors.
• There is a perspective that the narrative of unwavering divine support could be used to justify or excuse the actions of followers, regardless of the outcomes of their efforts to spread the teachings.
• The concept of recalling Jesus' teachings infallibly through the Holy Spirit could be questioned by the historical critical method, which points out that the New Testament texts were written decades after Jesus' life and may reflect the theological concerns of the early church rather than a verbatim memory.
• The assertion that the Holy Spirit communicates messages without personal opinions presupposes that the messages are received and understood uniformly, which does not reflect the historical and cultural variations in interpreting biblical texts.

A believer's deep impact on their devotion, communication with the divine, steadfastness in their convictions, and confidence stems from their comprehension and intimate experience with the triune nature of God.

Grasping the multifaceted character of the Divine prevents simplistic or inaccurate views of His true being and cultivates feelings of awe, gratitude, and commitment.

The author underscores that the supreme gift bestowed by the gospel is the inclusion in God's household, a privilege surpassing even justification. Many Protestants have traditionally viewed the divine gesture of pardoning sinners, clearing their transgressions, and welcoming them into fellowship as the ultimate expression of the Christian experience. It's crucial to understand that the concept of justification is closely linked with legal ideas, underscoring the role of God as the judge. Packer elucidates that the act of justification by the divine is a declaration that saves penitent people from the fate their sins merit, by virtue of Jesus Christ's sacrificial death. Merely being absolved in a legal context does not inherently foster a deep relationship with the Divine. In the realm of humanity, it is acknowledged that one can be absolved of a wrongdoing without forming a personal bond with the judge who delivers the decision.

Packer clarifies that adoption, in contrast to justification, initiates a profound and loving connection with God for the believer, characterized by grace and fondness. He underscores the importance of becoming an integral part of the community, engaging in its liberties and entitlements, and feeling the closeness and affection that come with genuine family connections. Packer delves into the nuances of Paul's message to the Galatians, highlighting the stark difference between their previous strict observance of the law and the joyful freedom they now embrace as children welcomed into God's family, free from the shackles of legalism and heirs to an eternal inheritance. Paul highlights the profound change in their belief system, stressing that they have moved from a condition of bondage to being acknowledged as children of God, thus being designated as inheritors by the Divine.

Practical Tips

• Volunteer for community service projects that aim to integrate diverse groups of people. By participating in activities such as community gardening or neighborhood clean-ups, you can experience firsthand the concept of inclusion and contribute to creating a welcoming environment for all members of your community.
• Create a personal "court session" with a trusted friend or family member where you discuss recent actions and their justifications. This can be a regular conversation where you explain the reasoning behind your decisions and receive feedback. It's a way to hold yourself accountable and ensure your actions align with your values.
• Create a reflection journal to explore personal growth through the lens of forgiveness and redemption, writing daily about actions and thoughts that align with or diverge from your values, and how you can seek forgiveness and offer it to others. This practice encourages self-awareness and the application of the concept of redemption in everyday life, fostering a mindset of continual improvement and empathy.
• Volunteer for an organization that supports children in foster care or adoption. Engaging with children who are waiting to be adopted or who have been adopted can give you a tangible experience of the profound connection and love that can develop through adoption. You might choose to mentor a child, assist with events, or provide support to adoptive families. This hands-on approach allows you to witness and contribute to the creation of these connections.
• Create a 'story-sharing' evening in your living room where neighbors can come and share personal stories or local history. This encourages a sense of belonging and helps people to see the value in their community narratives, strengthening the fabric of local relationships.
• Start a "Joyful Freedom" journal where you document daily experiences where you felt like a joyful child. This could be anything from playing a game, laughing at a joke, or enjoying nature. The key is to recognize and celebrate moments of unburdened happiness as a way to embrace a more liberated life.

The concept of the Trinity establishes the groundwork for a relationship in which a believer is welcomed into the family of God and participates in His eternal purposes.

Packer emphasizes the importance of viewing all aspects of Christian life in the context of being chosen as children of God. Our spiritual path is profoundly molded by the relationship we have with the Divine, which affects all aspects of our lives, from the ethical choices we face to the way we communicate with God through prayer. Understanding the Trinity profoundly deepens our appreciation for the privilege of being included in God's family. We are welcomed into a nurturing relationship with God the Father, where we experience a profound kinship, and under the constant guidance and consolation of the Holy Spirit, our conviction is strengthened, motivating us to live with love and adherence to His will.

The author emphasizes the profound link between our acceptance into the fellowship of God and our daily conduct, delving into what he calls the "family code," which is a collection of guidelines originating from the Sermon on the Mount. This collection of Jesus' teachings, he contends, transcends a simple set of directives; it serves as a roadmap for behavior appropriate for individuals who possess a deep connection with their divine Parent. Packer emphasizes the ethical teachings of the Sermon on the Mount, highlighting that Jesus instructed his disciples to reflect God's essence by loving their enemies and pursuing a wholeness that mirrors the divine flawlessness, while conducting themselves in a manner that prompts others to notice their righteous deeds and consequently praise God. Jesus emphasized the need for a close and trusting relationship with God, which is evident from the prayer that starts with "Heavenly Parent." The author stresses the significance of adopting a lifestyle marked by steadfast faith and dependence, similar to the trust a child has in a caring guardian, with the assurance that your needs are acknowledged by your Heavenly Father; concentrate on His kingdom, and all your requirements will be fulfilled.

Practical Tips

• Journal about experiences where you felt a sense of belonging or purpose within your faith community. Reflecting on these moments can help solidify your understanding and acceptance of being chosen. Write about times when you felt particularly connected during worship, when you received support from fellow believers, or when you overcame a challenge through faith.
• Engage in intergenerational conversations within your community or family to gain a deeper understanding of different perspectives on spirituality and inclusion. Organize casual meet-ups or dinners where people of various ages can share their life experiences and spiritual insights, fostering a sense of belonging and appreciation for the diversity within a spiritual family.
• Create a "kinship map" that visually represents your relationships and connections. Use drawings, symbols, or words to represent people, places, and experiences that make you feel connected to a larger community or the divine. This can serve as a reminder of the interconnectedness of life and help you see the tangible and intangible threads that tie you to a greater existence.
• Develop a "consolation playlist" with music that resonates with the feeling of being consoled or uplifted. Music can be a powerful tool to evoke emotions, and by intentionally selecting songs that give you a sense of comfort, you can create an accessible resource for moments when you need consolation.
• Implement a "random acts of kindness" challenge for yourself, aiming to perform at least one unexpected kind deed per day. This could be as simple as paying for a stranger's coffee or offering your seat on public transport. The goal is to make positive conduct a habitual part of your daily life, reinforcing the connection between your actions and a sense of community and fellowship.
• Implement a "one less" rule in your daily routine, choosing to live more simply and humbly by reducing excess in your life. This could mean having one less coffee out to save money, one less hour of screen time to connect more with family, or one less purchase to minimize materialism. By consciously choosing to have "one less" of something each day, you're practicing restraint and simplicity, which can lead to a more content and grounded lifestyle.
• You can practice empathy by writing letters of forgiveness to those who have wronged you, without the intention of sending them. This exercise helps you articulate your feelings and fosters a sense of compassion and understanding towards others, which is a step towards loving enemies. For example, write about the hurt you felt, but also try to understand the situation from the other person's perspective and express a wish for their well-being.
• Create a "dependence jar" where you note down every time you accept help or rely on someone else. Write these instances on small pieces of paper and drop them into a jar. Over time, you'll visually appreciate the network of support around you, reinforcing the value of interdependence.
• Engage in a "trust challenge" where for a set period, say one week, you consciously relinquish control in small, safe ways to experience trust firsthand. This could be as simple as letting someone else choose a movie for movie night or asking for help with a task you'd normally do alone. The goal is to feel the relief and support that comes from trusting others, which can be an exercise in understanding trust in a broader, spiritual sense.
• Create a daily affirmation journal where you write down one need you feel has been met each day, focusing on the feeling of assurance that comes with it. This practice helps you recognize and affirm the ways in which your needs are being addressed, fostering a sense of gratitude and awareness of support.
• Create a personal mission statement that reflects your commitment to higher values and review it daily. This statement should encapsulate what you believe is your role in contributing to a greater good. By revisiting it each morning, you set a tone for the day that aligns your actions with your deeper intentions, fostering a sense of direction and meaning in everyday life.

Deepening our understanding of His essence.

Idolatry, whether physical or mental, invariably leads to a warped and reduced perception that neither honors nor truthfully portrays the nature of the deity.

Forming conceptual images of God or attributing human characteristics to Him can obstruct our comprehension of His immense majesty and incorporeal nature.

Packer sheds light on the importance of God being referred to as "Jealous" in the Old Testament, underscoring His demand for absolute loyalty from those He has cherished and liberated. Worshipping idols and establishing ties with other gods violates the solemn agreement binding Israel to Yahweh. In Scripture, God's "jealousy" signifies His unwavering commitment to protect the sacred agreement. He elaborates on this idea by likening the connection with God to a marriage covenant, which demands unwavering and complete dedication from everyone involved.

The author underscores the necessity of acknowledging the rightful demand of God for our exclusive devotion as part of His magnificent plan, which encompasses demonstrating His supreme authority, redeeming His chosen ones, and leading them to a position of worship where they can praise Him for His mercy and unwavering love. God's every deed, from the dawn of creation through to the culmination of the ages, is inherently motivated by His unwavering commitment to His purposes and the revelation of His glory.

Practical Tips

• Start a loyalty journal where you record daily actions that demonstrate your commitment to your chosen priorities. This could include turning down invitations that conflict with your values or spending extra time on a project that is important to you. Reviewing this journal weekly can help you see patterns in your behavior and make adjustments to ensure your actions align with your intentions of absolute loyalty.
• Implement a "protection ritual" for your commitments by setting aside a specific time each week to focus on actions that safeguard your agreements. This could involve reaching out to someone you have an agreement with to check in, or it could be a personal time to meditate on the value of your word and the trust others place in you.
• Initiate a monthly "relationship audit" with your spiritual connection, assessing the depth and quality of your engagement. This can involve setting aside time for quiet reflection, meditation, or prayer, where you consider the strength of your spiritual bond and identify areas for improvement, akin to a couple examining their relationship to foster closeness.
• Develop a personal ritual or ceremony that symbolizes your commitment to exclusive devotion, such as lighting a candle or planting a tree. This act can serve as a physical representation of your dedication and a reminder of your commitment. Perform this ritual regularly to maintain a sense of connection to the principle of devotion.

The directive against idol worship in the second commandment instructs believers to concentrate their reverence on the holy revelations presented in the Scriptures, instead of on figments of human imagination.

Packer highlights that contemporary discussions on theology and prevalent doctrines in churches often fail to acknowledge the scriptural reality of God's retributive justice. The concept of God acting as a magistrate recurs as a central motif throughout the biblical historical accounts, from the Old Testament to the New. Packer outlines numerous biblical episodes that illustrate this key concept, such as the judgment passed on Adam and Eve after their expulsion from Eden, the global deluge that saved only a family of eight, the destruction of two notorious cities, the plagues that were visited upon Egypt, the downfall of the Israelites who worshipped the Golden Calf, the deadly outcome for those offering illicit incense, and the banishment of Israel's Northern and Southern Kingdoms. Packer highlights instances in the New Testament where divine punishment was administered to individuals for their lack of faith, such as the Jewish nation, and to Ananias and Sapphira for their deceit, Herod for his hubris, Elymas for opposing the gospel, and the Corinthians for their irreverence during the Lord's Supper.

The writer delves deeply into the scope and implications of divine adjudication, which spans the present era as well as the future, by examining the authentic importance of God's position as a judge. As our Creator, God inherently possesses the authority to set forth directives that shape and guide our lives. In the biblical perspective, a judge epitomizes the essence of fairness and righteousness, setting it apart from the modern view which sees judges as mere impartial enforcers of the law. God's inherent inclination toward goodness and repulsion from evil manifest themselves through His authoritative pronouncements. A judge's duty involves having the insight necessary to distinguish what is true. The responsibility of a judge is to ascertain the true facts, reflecting how God, with His omniscience, understands and evaluates who we really are. Finally, Packer underscores the judge's capacity to carry out the sentences he decrees. Unlike a contemporary magistrate who respects the separation of state powers, God is depicted as executing His judgments directly.

Context

• The second commandment is part of the Ten Commandments given to Moses on Mount Sinai, which are foundational ethical guidelines in Judaism and Christianity. It specifically prohibits the creation and worship of idols, emphasizing the worship of God alone.
• The idea of retributive justice has roots in ancient legal systems, such as the Code of Hammurabi, which influenced biblical law. Understanding this context helps clarify why biblical narratives often emphasize divine justice.
• Biblical narratives often use vivid imagery to depict God's judgments, such as fire, storms, or other natural phenomena, symbolizing His power and authority over creation.
• The Northern Kingdom (Israel) and the Southern Kingdom (Judah) were eventually conquered and exiled due to persistent idolatry and injustice. These events are seen as fulfillment of prophetic warnings and illustrate the covenantal relationship between God and Israel.
• In Acts 13, Elymas, also known as Bar-Jesus, opposed Paul and Barnabas as they preached to the proconsul Sergius Paulus. Paul, filled with the Holy Spirit, pronounced a temporary blindness on Elymas as a punishment for his opposition to the gospel.
• In Christian theology, God's judgment is also associated with eschatology, the study of end times. It is believed that ultimate justice will be realized in the final judgment, where God will fully reveal His justice and mercy.
• Today, judges are typically seen as part of a secular legal system, where their primary role is to interpret and apply the law impartially, without necessarily considering moral or spiritual implications.
• The concept implies that there is an objective standard of good and evil, with God as the ultimate arbiter. This challenges relativistic views of morality, suggesting that ethical truths are not subjective but grounded in divine authority.
• Throughout the Bible, there are numerous instances where God demonstrates His ability to discern the true nature of individuals and situations. For example, in the story of King Solomon, God grants Solomon wisdom to judge fairly, illustrating the divine ability to see beyond appearances.
• In theological terms, God is often viewed as possessing ultimate authority over all creation, which includes the power to enact, interpret, and enforce divine laws. This contrasts with human systems where these roles are divided among different entities to ensure checks and balances.

Misconceptions about the characteristics of God's affection, justice, and benevolence can result in a belief system that is not solidly grounded in biblical teachings, is distorted, and could be harmful.

Placing undue focus on the love of God while disregarding His holiness and justice results in an understanding that is reduced and excessively sentimental.

Packer expresses regret that modern congregations frequently sidestep conversations about divine retribution, opting to softly highlight the benevolence and mercy of the Almighty, with little acknowledgment of His just indignation against wickedness and immorality. Numerous faithful individuals experience discomfort when confronted with the notion of a deity who exhibits wrath, as it seems to conflict with His nature. Packer contends that this perspective indicates a misinterpretation of the scriptural terminology. Biblical passages frequently attribute human characteristics to the divine, using a figure of speech known as "anthropomorphisms."

The author clarifies the concept by explaining that while the Bible employs human-like terms such as "arm," "finger," "eyes," "seeing," "hearing," "heart," "love," and "anger" to depict God, it is crucial not to conclude that God's qualities possess the same faults, imperfections, and propensity for sin that frequently accompany human traits. God's love remains untainted and is exercised with wisdom, in contrast to human emotions which can sometimes lead to unwise or immoral behavior. God's wrath should not be misinterpreted as an indication of pettiness, weakness, or a lack of self-control. God's aversion to sin underscores His impeccable nature and underscores His unwavering dedication to maintaining sanctity amidst violations.

Other Perspectives

• A focus on love rather than judgment may be more effective in modern evangelism, as it can be more appealing and relatable to people living in a diverse and pluralistic society.
• The concept of divine retribution may not resonate with or be as relevant to modern congregations dealing with complex social and personal issues that require a message of hope and support rather than judgment.
• Others might suggest that the discomfort stems from a lack of understanding or familiarity with the historical and cultural contexts in which the concepts of divine wrath were originally articulated.
• There is a perspective within Christian theology that emphasizes the incarnation, where God literally took on human form in the person of Jesus Christ, suggesting that anthropomorphisms may point to a deeper reality rather than being mere figures of speech.
• Some theologians argue that while anthropomorphic language is useful, it should be balanced with apophatic theology, which emphasizes the unknowability of God and the idea that God's qualities transcend human understanding.
• Human emotions, while they can lead to unwise or immoral behavior, are also capable of inspiring great acts of kindness, sacrifice, and morality, suggesting that they are not inherently less pure than a divine love.
• Some may argue that the concept of God's aversion to sin is influenced by human interpretations of ancient texts, which could be affected by cultural and historical contexts.

Understanding the intrinsic connection between God's indignation and His just nature is essential to fully appreciate the gospel's significance.

The idea of divine anger is often perceived as a sign of malevolence, especially when considering Jonathan Edward's intense and somewhat terrifying sermon "Sinners at the Mercy of a Wrathful Deity." Packer contends that understanding two key biblical truths effectively counters this assertion. The depiction of God's wrath in the Scriptures is devoid of petty vindictiveness or ill will; it represents a 'judicial' reaction, indicative of His judgment that stems from His flawless righteousness, justice, and dedication to truth.

The author stresses that people will inevitably face the repercussions of their deeds during the divine assessment. The erroneous belief that a sinner's descent into hell is due to divine harshness or a deficiency of compassion is unfounded; in truth, it is the sinner's absence of belief and misdeeds that culminate in the fair consequence of hell, which stems not from an act of God but from their personal choices. Individuals choose to accept the biblical portrayal of divine wrath, according to Packer's reasoning. Hell is not a punishment imposed on individuals, but rather the consequence of rejecting the path designed to lead them into communion with the divine. Ultimately, those who choose to live without acknowledging a divine presence and reject the sphere of His kindness and goodwill will find that their wishes are indeed granted. The divine response that respects a person's decision and allows it to evolve to its final consequence should not be seen as a sign of divine severity.

Context

• The concept of God's justice is rooted in His nature as perfectly holy and righteous. This means that His anger is not arbitrary but is a necessary aspect of His character in response to sin, which is a deviation from His will.
• At the time of its delivery, Edwards' sermon was intended to awaken a sense of spiritual urgency and repentance among listeners, reflecting the intense religious fervor of the period.
• The idea that actions have consequences is rooted in the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, where moral and ethical choices made in life are believed to have eternal implications.
• Different Christian denominations interpret the Bible's teachings on hell and divine judgment in various ways. Some view hell metaphorically, while others see it as a literal place of separation from God.
• Other religious traditions also grapple with the concept of posthumous consequences, though the specifics differ. For example, in Islam, hell is also seen as a result of one's actions, but with a different theological framework.
• Accepting divine wrath involves recognizing human moral responsibility and the consequences of free will, where individuals are accountable for their choices.
• In Christian theology, the idea of rejecting divine presence often refers to a conscious decision to live independently of God's guidance and moral framework, which is believed to lead to spiritual separation.
• The respect for human decisions aligns with philosophical discussions on existentialism, where individuals are seen as the architects of their own destiny. This view supports the notion that divine respect for human choice is not harsh but rather an acknowledgment of human agency.