{"id":99548,"date":"2023-04-14T06:55:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-14T10:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=99548"},"modified":"2023-04-21T10:46:46","modified_gmt":"2023-04-21T14:46:46","slug":"different-types-of-carbohydrates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/","title":{"rendered":"The 3 Different Types of Carbohydrates, Explained"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What exactly are carbohydrates? What different types of carbohydrates are there? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbohydrates are a macronutrient comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be divided into complex and simple. Complex carbohydrates are formed from multiple sugar molecules bond together. Sugars, or simple carbohydrates, are either monosaccharides or disaccharides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about the different types of carbohydrates and how they&#8217;re digested in the body. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-glucose-and-other-carbohydrates\"><strong>Glucose and Other Carbohydrates<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Glucose is a carbohydrate that the book <em>Glucose Revolution<\/em> defines as molecules that are created when carbon and water join together (as happens, for example, during photosynthesis). <strong>Plants bind glucose molecules together in various ways and for different purposes,<\/strong> forming three different types of carbohydrates: starch, fiber, and sugars.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-starch\">1. Starch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Inchausp\u00e9 explains that <strong>starches are chains of glucose that plants use as energy stores<\/strong> when they don\u2019t have access to sunlight at night (and therefore can\u2019t photosynthesize to make more energy-giving glucose).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the day, plants make more glucose than they need, and with the help of enzymes, they join the excess glucose molecules into chains that form starch molecules. When a plant needs glucose again, it uses the enzyme alpha-amylase to break some molecules free from the starch chain. In our diet, we get starch from foods like potatoes, oats, and barley.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inchausp\u00e9 notes that like plants, our bodies use alpha-amylase to break down starch into glucose. This process starts with the enzymes in our saliva and ends when glucose molecules are freed in our gut. (Shortform note: The type of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/amylase\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">alpha-amylase<\/a> in our mouths, also known as ptyalin, comes from the salivary glands. The alpha-amylase that digests food into glucose in our small intestine comes from the pancreas.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-fiber\">2. Fiber<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Inchausp\u00e9 states that fiber is also made from chains of glucose molecules, but the molecules are joined together in different ways than those in starches. Fiber is tough, holding plants together and keeping them upright.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Because of fiber\u2019s strength, no enzymes in our bodies can break it down,<\/strong> so it retains its structure while moving through our digestive system. This means that it doesn\u2019t provide us with energy from glucose molecules. However, it does help keep our gut microbiome (the bacteria living in our digestive system) healthy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/importance-of-fiber-in-the-diet\/\">Importance of Fiber<\/a><\/strong><br><br>Though we can\u2019t break down fiber and turn it into glucose for energy, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.foodnerdinc.com\/blogs\/food-for-thought\/why-is-fiber-so-important#:~:text=Plants%20make%20fiber%20to%20structurally,whereas%20insoluble%20fiber%20will%20not\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">bacteria in the colon break it down<\/a> through fermentation. The fiber fermentation process produces short-chain fatty acids (acids made up of just a few carbon atoms). Short-chain fatty acids play a huge role in the health of our gut because they promote the proliferation of good bacteria in our gut microbiome. Since a thriving microbiome is essential to overall health, eating enough fiber is a vital part of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/maintaining-a-healthy-lifestyle\/\">a healthy lifestyle<\/a>.<br><br>Additionally, the natural strength of plant fiber makes it useful for more than just our guts. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thesciencehive.co.uk\/plant-fibres-and-sustainability-a-level\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">It\u2019s also used as a material for textiles, rope, and other commercial products.<\/a> Materials made of plant fibers are more sustainable than materials made of plastics, which derive from non-renewable fossil fuels. Plant fibers are also cheaper and easier to produce than plastics, and they\u2019re biodegradable. Common plant fibers used in commercial products include hemp, cotton, and jute.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-sugar\">3. Sugar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Inchausp\u00e9 defines glucose, fructose, and sucrose as sugars.<\/strong> They all taste sweet, but they serve different purposes for plants. Plants transform some glucose into fructose because fructose is sweeter. Fructose makes fruit sweet enough to attract animals, who then eat the fruit and spread the plant\u2019s seeds through their waste.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: It\u2019s not only the sweetness of fructose that makes fruit an effective medium for spreading plants\u2019 seeds. According to Steven Gundry in <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-plant-paradox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Plant Paradox<\/em><\/a>, unlike glucose, <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-plant-paradox\/part-one-chapter-1#seeds-for-eating-are-low-in-lectins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fructose doesn\u2019t signal fullness<\/a> to the body. Therefore, animals who eat fruit will keep eating more, increasing the chance that the plant\u2019s seeds will be spread.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sucrose (also known as table sugar) is also sweeter than glucose alone, and it\u2019s made when glucose and fructose combine. Sucrose is a slightly smaller molecule than glucose and fructose, allowing plants to store more energy using less space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: In addition to <em>storing<\/em> energy using space-efficient sucrose, plants compress glucose and fructose into sucrose so <a href=\"https:\/\/biologydictionary.net\/sucrose\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">they can <em>transport<\/em> large amounts of energy more easily.<\/a> Sucrose is dissolved in water within the plant and then moved through the phloem (vascular tissue designed to transport sugars in plants) into the stems and roots. Unlike in leaves, the plant cells in stems and roots don\u2019t have chloroplasts, which are organelles necessary for photosynthesis. Therefore, they rely on this internal transport system for energy.)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When we eat fruit and other sweet foods, our guts absorb their glucose and fructose, which then enter the bloodstream. Sucrose takes a less direct route into the bloodstream: Sucrose from sweet foods breaks down into glucose and fructose with the help of enzymes. Some of the fructose molecules from sucrose break down further into glucose, but the rest remain intact.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Sucrose is made up of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/news\/hsph-in-the-news\/high-fructose-corn-syrup-or-table-sugar-for-better-health-avoid-too-much-of-either\/#:~:text=Table%20sugar%2C%20called%20sucrose%2C%20is,glucose%20and%2050%20percent%20fructose.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">50% glucose and 50% fructose<\/a>. As Inchausp\u00e9 states, some fructose is then converted into glucose that can be used for energy. Studies suggest that this conversion\u2014which happens in the small intestine\u2014also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6032988\/#:~:text=We%20find%20that%20small%20intestine,the%20liver%20from%20fructose%20exposure.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">helps protect the liver from excessive fructose exposure,<\/a> which can cause damage and disease. Too much fructose at once can overwhelm the natural buffering capacity of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-happens-in-the-small-intestine\/\">the small intestine<\/a> and cause fructose toxicity.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What exactly are carbohydrates? What different types of carbohydrates are there? Carbohydrates are a macronutrient comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and can be divided into complex and simple. Complex carbohydrates are formed from multiple sugar molecules bond together. Sugars, or simple carbohydrates, are either monosaccharides or disaccharides. Keep reading to learn about the different types of carbohydrates and how they&#8217;re digested in the body.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":35441,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,16],"tags":[984],"class_list":["post-99548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-food","category-health","tag-glucose-revolution","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The 3 Different Types of Carbohydrates, Explained - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Carbohydrates are macronutrients found in food. 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Learn about the different types of carbohydrates and how they&#039;re digested in the body.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-04-14T10:55:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-04-21T14:46:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/man-eating-burger-fast-food.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"533\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\"},\"headline\":\"The 3 Different Types of Carbohydrates, Explained\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-04-14T10:55:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-04-21T14:46:46+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/\"},\"wordCount\":917,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/man-eating-burger-fast-food.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Glucose Revolution\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Food\",\"Health\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/\",\"name\":\"The 3 Different Types of Carbohydrates, Explained - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/different-types-of-carbohydrates\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/man-eating-burger-fast-food.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-04-14T10:55:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-04-21T14:46:46+00:00\",\"description\":\"Carbohydrates are macronutrients found in food. 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