{"id":98008,"date":"2023-04-01T14:43:00","date_gmt":"2023-04-01T18:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=98008"},"modified":"2023-04-07T11:16:29","modified_gmt":"2023-04-07T15:16:29","slug":"how-do-children-acquire-language","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-children-acquire-language\/","title":{"rendered":"How Do Children Acquire Language? Innate Skills May Explain It"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>How do children acquire language? At what point do our language acquisition skills diminish?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Steven Pinker believes that human language is biologically innate. His theory provides a key insight into the field of linguistics. It explains why children have the ability to rapidly acquire language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to discover why children are linguistic geniuses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-children-acquire-language\">How Children Acquire Language<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>How do children acquire language so quickly? By the time children are two or three years old, they can often speak in fully grammatical sentences. Pinker emphasizes the magnitude of this feat\u2014especially children\u2019s ability to memorize the meanings of words and apply them in novel sentence structures according to internalized rules. He asserts that <strong>children produce language with the help of innate language skills<\/strong>, like recognizing patterns in syntax, and not just by mimicking exactly what they\u2019ve heard before. Children also expand their vocabulary exponentially, learning an average of one new word every two hours through their adolescence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Critics of Pinker argue for an alternative understanding of why children acquire language quickly: the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/evidence-rebuts-chomsky-s-theory-of-language-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">usage-based approach<\/a>. Proponents of this theory argue that children acquire language through exposure and by using multifunctional cognitive tools. For example, they hear people around them saying things like, \u201cWhere is the dog?\u201d and they learn by analogy and inference that they can insert different words into that structure. The key distinction between the biologically innate framework and the usage-based framework is that the latter doesn\u2019t rely on <em>language-specific<\/em> cognitive mechanisms, like having a genetically encoded ability to recognize universal grammar structures.)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pinker also writes that our <strong>language acquisition skills diminish significantly after puberty<\/strong>. The timeframe before puberty is called the critical period for learning. The general idea of a critical period applies to different scenarios in which an organism must acquire a specific skill within a certain time period. Otherwise, it will never properly develop. For example, zebra finches have to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5780260\/#:~:text=Both%20domesticated%20and%20wild%20zebra,90%20dph%20(Immelmann%201969).\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">learn from other birds how to produce a mating song<\/a> within 65 days of hatching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pinker suggests that humans have a critical period for language acquisition because children benefit from learning their community\u2019s language as soon as possible: If they can understand language, they\u2019re more likely to heed warnings of danger, like \u201cdon\u2019t go near that animal.\u201d So for children, it\u2019s important to learn a language quickly, but once they\u2019re competent at it, their body allocates less energy to the parts of the brain responsible for language acquisition. According to Pinker, this explains why children can easily learn multiple languages while adults who try to learn a new language often struggle to overcome an accent or fully master the grammar.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: The researcher <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/education\/ceri\/33835210.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Eric Lenneberg<\/a> popularized the concept of the critical period for language acquisition in the 1960s, and it\u2019s still a widely accepted theory in linguistics that\u2019s supported by many <a href=\"https:\/\/linguistics.ucla.edu\/people\/curtiss\/1974%20-%20The%20development%20of%20language%20in%20Genie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">case studies<\/a>. However, some researchers disagree on the age cutoff when people will no longer be able to achieve native-like fluency in a new language. Some argue that it\u2019s as young as <a href=\"https:\/\/cbcd.bbk.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/cbcd\/files\/interlearn\/FriedmannRusou_criticalPeriodLanguage_curOpNeurobi15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">four years old<\/a> while others suggest that the cutoff is closer to <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2018\/cognitive-scientists-define-critical-period-learning-language-0501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10 years old<\/a>. For a child\u2019s <em>first<\/em> language acquisition, one study shows that the <a href=\"https:\/\/cbcd.bbk.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/cbcd\/files\/interlearn\/FriedmannRusou_criticalPeriodLanguage_curOpNeurobi15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">first year of an infant\u2019s life<\/a> is part of the critical period for language development.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How do children acquire language? At what point do our language acquisition skills diminish? Steven Pinker believes that human language is biologically innate. His theory provides a key insight into the field of linguistics. It explains why children have the ability to rapidly acquire language. Keep reading to discover why children are linguistic geniuses.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":98013,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,160],"tags":[968],"class_list":["post-98008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-science","tag-the-language-instinct","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Do Children Acquire Language? 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Learn more.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-children-acquire-language\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-04-01T18:43:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-04-07T15:16:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/parent-and-child-sitting-on-a-couch.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-children-acquire-language\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-children-acquire-language\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Elizabeth Whitworth\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d2928cf6c11a69ced1491d6a5b74fb13\"},\"headline\":\"How Do Children Acquire Language? 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