{"id":94772,"date":"2023-03-05T12:12:11","date_gmt":"2023-03-05T16:12:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=94772"},"modified":"2023-03-13T12:29:03","modified_gmt":"2023-03-13T16:29:03","slug":"fungi-body-structure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/fungi-body-structure\/","title":{"rendered":"Fungi&#8217;s Body Structures: The Glue That Holds Fungi Together"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What do we know about fungi&#8217;s body structures? How are fungi organized?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Like every other living thing, fungi have internal organization\u2014structures such as cells, roots, and organs that organize their matter. In <em>Entangled Life<\/em>, Merlin Sheldrake breaks down the body structure of fungi, from hyphae to mushrooms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Learn more about the organization of fungi below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Organization of Fungi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sheldrake explains that the cell is the main structure in unicellular fungi, such as yeast. However, <strong>most fungi are <em>multi<\/em>cellular organisms whose cells form larger structures.<\/strong> Below we&#8217;ll look at fungi&#8217;s body structures and their functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Some fungi <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-osbiology2e\/chapter\/characteristics-of-fungi\/#:~:text=Dimorphic%20fungi%20can%20change%20from,fungi%20((Figure)).&amp;text=Most%20fungi%20are%20multicellular%20organisms.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">are <em>dimorphic<\/em><\/a>: They switch between being unicellular yeasts and multicellular organisms. They make this switch in response to environmental changes, suggesting that this ability to transform is an adaptation that enables their survival.)In this section, we\u2019ll explore three structures found in multicellular fungi. First, we\u2019ll describe <em>hyphae<\/em>\u2014long chains of cells surrounded by a cell wall. Then, we\u2019ll examine two larger structures made of hyphae: <em>mycelia<\/em> (which typically grow underground) and <em>mushrooms<\/em> (which typically grow above ground).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-structure-1-hyphae\">Structure 1: Hyphae<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Every multicellular fungus is composed of hyphae. According to Sheldrake, <strong>hyphae\u2019s thin, tubelike structure allows fungi to perform essential functions. <\/strong>Let\u2019s explore two examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example 1: Hyphae transport water and nutrients to various parts of a fungus<\/strong>, providing hydration and nourishment. (Shortform note: Sheldrake doesn\u2019t clarify whether hyphae are tube-like because hyphal cells <em>are arranged<\/em> into a tube (like bricks in a cylindrical chimney) or because the hyphal cells <em>themselves<\/em> are tubelike. Other descriptions of hyphae <a href=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Botany\/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)\/Unit_1%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)\/04%3A_Fungi\/4.02%3A_Characteristics_of_Fungi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">confirm that the second explanation is true<\/a>: Hyphal cells are fluid-filled and sheathed with a tubular cell wall.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example 2: Hyphae allow fungi to grow inside and around other organisms. <\/strong>Hyphae are able to do this because they\u2019re so thin. For instance, mycorrhizal fungi are slender enough to live <em>inside<\/em> even the narrowest plant roots. (Shortform note: Hyphae\u2019s slenderness also gives a fungus a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, meaning that <a href=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Botany\/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)\/Unit_1%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)\/04%3A_Fungi\/4.02%3A_Characteristics_of_Fungi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a large proportion of a fungus\u2019s cells touch its surroundings<\/a>. Fungi gain energy by absorbing nutrients through these cells, so this high surface-area-to-volume ratio allows them to digest food efficiently.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-structure-2-mycelia\">Structure 2: Mycelia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Sheldrake, the <strong>hyphae of all multicellular fungi form a branching, underground network called a mycelium<\/strong> (plural mycelia). Because of mycelia, fungi can grow across vast distances. For instance, the underground mycelium of a honey fungus in Oregon weighs multiple hundred tons and occupies an area of 10 square kilometers. (Shortform note: According to experts, this massive resident of Oregon is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/strange-but-true-largest-organism-is-fungus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the largest living thing on Earth<\/a>. Scientists DNA-tested multiple mycelial samples from across the region, confirming that they were all genetically identical.)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-structure-3-mushrooms\">Structure 3: Mushrooms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>While all fungi form mycelia, only some form mushrooms. Sheldrake explains that <strong>mushrooms are a fungus\u2019s <em>fruiting body<\/em>, <\/strong>like how an apple is for an apple tree. A fungus forms a mushroom when its hyphae knit together and inflate with water. This inflation pushes the mushroom up through the ground, tree, or another environment in which it\u2019s embedded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: How are thin, thread-like hyphae able to form mushrooms, which are rigid enough to stand upright? In addition to inflating with water\u2014which provides some rigidity\u2014hyphae form upright mushrooms because <a href=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Botany\/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)\/Unit_1%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)\/04%3A_Fungi\/4.02%3A_Characteristics_of_Fungi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">hyphal cells have rigid cell walls<\/a>. These cell walls contain chitin, the same material that makes insects\u2019 exoskeletons hard.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What do we know about fungi&#8217;s body structures? How are fungi organized? Like every other living thing, fungi have internal organization\u2014structures such as cells, roots, and organs that organize their matter. In Entangled Life, Merlin Sheldrake breaks down the body structure of fungi, from hyphae to mushrooms. Learn more about the organization of fungi below.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":95168,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[928],"class_list":["post-94772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-entangled-life","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Fungi&#039;s Body Structures: The Glue That Holds Fungi Together - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is fungi made up of? What helps fungi function in the environment? 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