{"id":92767,"date":"2023-02-21T09:03:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-21T13:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=92767"},"modified":"2023-02-27T13:49:43","modified_gmt":"2023-02-27T17:49:43","slug":"rawls-veil-of-ignorance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/rawls-veil-of-ignorance\/","title":{"rendered":"John Rawls: The Veil of Ignorance and Justice"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is John Rawls&#8217;s &#8220;veil of ignorance&#8221; assumption? How can ignorance inform justice?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The veil of ignorance is a device for helping people arrive at a rational definition of justice. The idea is that by imagining that they are ignorant about their personal circumstances\u2014things like race, sex, gender, age, wealth, and religious beliefs\u2014people can prevent their biases from interfering in their reasoning. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s why justice should be founded on ignorance, according to Rawls. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-veil-of-ignorance\"><strong>The Veil of Ignorance<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While the representatives understand the above circumstances, Rawls also explains that there are some things that they don\u2019t know\u2014a lack of knowledge that he calls the \u201cveil of ignorance.\u201d<strong> Under the veil of ignorance, the representatives don\u2019t know the specific life circumstances of those they represent<\/strong>. Because the representatives don\u2019t know these circumstances, they\u2019ll only argue for a definition of justice that benefits a <em>general <\/em>citizen, rather than a citizen with specific traits or qualities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, a representative speaks on behalf of Jolene, a wealthy Buddhist woman.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>Without<\/em> the veil of ignorance, the representative knows these things about Jolene and would argue for a definition of justice that benefits the wealthy, or for the Buddhist definition of justice.&nbsp;<\/li><li><em>With<\/em> the veil of ignorance, however, the representative simply knows they speak on behalf of \u201cCitizen J.\u201d Therefore, they won\u2019t argue for a definition of justice that favors the wealthy or Buddhists\u2014for all they know, Citizen J could be a poor Protestant, a middle-class Muslim, or anything else.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: The veil of ignorance allows Rawls to incorporate a common liberal ideal\u2014that people should <em>ignore <\/em>their personal background and biases in favor of detached rational debate\u2014into his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/philosophical-thought-experiments\/\">thought experiment<\/a>. Many critics have attacked Rawls&#8217;s veil of ignorance, though, arguing that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/liberalism-and-the-limits-of-justice\/6800BAC97E92FF5D64FF99DE858A900C\">personhood is defined by our backgrounds, communities, and experiences<\/a>, and that you can\u2019t separate these things from conceptions of reason and rational debate the original position relies on. In his later work <a href=\"http:\/\/cup.columbia.edu\/book\/political-liberalism\/9780231130899\"><em>Political Liberalism<\/em><\/a>, Rawls says these objections miss his point because they focus on the <em>metaphysical<\/em> question of what it means to be a person rather than the <em>political<\/em> question of how self-interested, competent individuals might negotiate fairly.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Rawls\u2019s Ideological Roots<\/strong><br><br>In <em>A Theory of Justice<\/em>, Rawls offers a defense of <em>liberalism<\/em>\u2014an ideology that began in 17th-century England with philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, and later expanded to include thinkers across Europe and its colonies. While liberalism is a broad category of ideas, three main ideas come up repeatedly:&nbsp;<br><br>1) Society is made up of rational individuals, rather than intermingling groups and communities.&nbsp;<br>2) Government exists for the benefit of the people and must guarantee certain rights and liberties that all rational individuals deserve.&nbsp;<br>3) In particular, the government must guarantee an individual\u2019s right to own property and capital.<br><br>As you read our guide, consider how Rawls defends these three core principles of liberalism and how he tries to make them compatible with guarantees of general societal well-being.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is John Rawls&#8217;s &#8220;veil of ignorance&#8221; assumption? How can ignorance inform justice? The veil of ignorance is a device for helping people arrive at a rational definition of justice. The idea is that by imagining that they are ignorant about their personal circumstances\u2014things like race, sex, gender, age, wealth, and religious beliefs\u2014people can prevent their biases from interfering in their reasoning. Here&#8217;s why justice should be founded on ignorance, according to Rawls.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":6877,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,275],"tags":[908],"class_list":["post-92767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-philosophy","category-politics","tag-a-theory-of-justice","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>John Rawls: The Veil of Ignorance and Justice - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What does John Rawls mean by the &quot;veil of ignorance&quot;? 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