{"id":90937,"date":"2023-01-21T18:40:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-21T22:40:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=90937"},"modified":"2023-01-31T12:34:00","modified_gmt":"2023-01-31T16:34:00","slug":"ice-age-cycle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/ice-age-cycle\/","title":{"rendered":"The Ice Age Cycle: What Do Scientists Know About It?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What causes ice ages? How much of the Earth has been covered by ice? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/are-we-in-an-ice-age\/\">Are we in an ice age<\/a> now?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The geological history of the Earth indicates that ice covers much of the planet at times and, at other times, it doesn&#8217;t. Author Bill Bryson looks into the ice age cycle to understand what scientists know and how.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading for a brief overview of the ice age cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-ice-age-cycle\">The Ice Age Cycle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Bryson\u2019s exposition, ice has played a significant role in shaping the planet\u2019s surface. All over the world, we find valleys that were carved out by glaciers as well as moraines\u2014deposits of rock and sediment that were carried along by glaciers and left in piles when the glaciers melted. From this, scientists infer that almost all of the Earth\u2019s surface has been covered by ice at some point. Scientists believe there&#8217;s an ice age cycle\u2014the significant ice coverage comes and goes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bryson remarks that, while scientists agree that Earth has had numerous ice ages, there&#8217;s no consensus about exactly what causes ice ages to begin or end. Slight variations in Earth\u2019s orbit or the tilt of its axis may be a factor, as they would change the intensity of sunlight striking the Earth. Volcanic eruptions could also play a role, either by creating plumes of ash that block sunlight and bring down global temperatures or by releasing large amounts of greenhouse gasses, raising global temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, Bryson explains, there\u2019s evidence that global temperatures sometimes rise or fall enough in just a few decades to bring on an ice age or signify the end of one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He also points out that, technically, we\u2019re in a mild ice age right now, because Earth has polar ice caps and large temperate climate zones that are snow-covered in the winter. Fossil evidence indicates that tropical climate zones extended from the equator all the way to the poles for much of Earth\u2019s geologic history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: It\u2019s debatable whether or not we\u2019re currently in an ice age because the definition of an ice age is somewhat subjective. Most sources define an ice age as a period of time during which a substantial portion of Earth\u2019s surface is covered by ice. But just how much is \u201csubstantial?\u201d Since ice caps currently cover Antarctica and much of Greenland, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/climate-qa\/whats-coldest-earths-ever-been\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">some sources agree with Bryson that we\u2019re in an ice age<\/a>. But other sources say <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/news\/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117576\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the last ice age ended about 13,000 years ago<\/a>. And, others, while acknowledging a similar time frame for the last <em>major<\/em> ice age, make mention of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/ice-age-geology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a <em>minor<\/em> ice age that started about 500 years ago and ended about 200 years ago<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Modeling the Ice Age Cycle<\/strong><br><br>As computer models of global climate have become more sophisticated, scientists think they\u2019re getting closer to understanding why ice ages come and go\u2014and why they appear to have come and gone at regular intervals over Earth\u2019s geologic history. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2013\/08\/130807134127.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The answer, according to the latest simulations, has to do with the interrelationship between Earth\u2019s topography and the currents<\/a> in the atmosphere and oceans that drive much of the planet\u2019s weather.<br><br>Both global warming and global cooling tend to be self-reinforcing: Ice sheets absorb less heat from sunlight than land does, so the more ice accumulates on Earth, the less heat Earth receives from the sun, and the lower temperatures fall, causing still more ice to accumulate. Conversely, if ice sheets are receding, the more they recede, the more heat Earth receives, causing them to melt further. But what triggers the transition between these two processes?<br><br>Scientists now think it has to do with ocean currents and atmospheric air currents, which play a central role in shaping Earth\u2019s weather. As ice sheets accumulate, ocean levels drop, and thick ice sheets on land fill in and smooth out the topography. When the changes to Earth\u2019s water levels and topography reach a certain threshold, ocean currents and atmospheric air currents shift, resulting in different weather patterns. Some scientists now think this is the dominant mechanism in triggering the onset or end of an ice age.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What causes ice ages? How much of the Earth has been covered by ice? Are we in an ice age now? The geological history of the Earth indicates that ice covers much of the planet at times and, at other times, it doesn&#8217;t. Author Bill Bryson looks into the ice age cycle to understand what scientists know and how. Keep reading for a brief overview of the ice age cycle.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":90941,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,160],"tags":[886],"class_list":["post-90937","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-science","tag-a-short-history-of-nearly-everything","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Ice Age Cycle: What Do Scientists Know About It? - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"We&#039;ve had many ice ages, but scientists aren&#039;t sure what causes them to begin or end. 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