{"id":90418,"date":"2023-01-27T16:32:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-27T20:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=90418"},"modified":"2023-01-30T15:54:57","modified_gmt":"2023-01-30T19:54:57","slug":"how-does-attention-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-does-attention-work\/","title":{"rendered":"How Does Attention Work? A Neuroscientist Explains"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>How does attention work? How does your brain know what to focus on? Can you pay attention to more than <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/focus-on-one-thing\/\">one thing at a time<\/a>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neuroscientist Daniel J. Levitin explains the two <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/attention-in-learning\/\">modes of attention<\/a> and how the brain chooses between them. He also argues that multitasking is impossible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Continue reading to learn how attention works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-does-attention-work\">How Does Attention Work?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>How does attention work? Levitin explains that we have two modes of attention: <strong>Our brains operate either<em> <\/em>in the \u201ccentral executive\u201d (CE) mode or the \u201cmind-wandering\u201d (MW) mode. <\/strong>CE mode is what you\u2019re using to read this; it takes over when you\u2019re trying to focus on a particular task. If you\u2019re not in CE mode, your brain naturally reverts to MW mode: You&#8217;re not focused on anything in particular and are instead letting your thoughts flit among various topics.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Levitin explains that your brain chooses your mode of attention using two mechanisms: the \u201cattentional filter\u201d and the \u201cattentional switch.\u201d Your attentional filter is a group of neurons that constantly assesses your environment and guards against unimportant information. But sometimes, your brain <em>does <\/em>decide that something is immediately relevant: In particular, it will do so if it detects something <em>new <\/em>or something <em>significant<\/em>. In that case, your attentional switch kicks in\u2014and directs your attention to something else. (This can happen within or outside of your conscious awareness.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, say you\u2019re reading this guide in CE mode at a coffee shop. Your brain is registering countless stimuli\u2014like the sound of the radiator and the smell of espresso\u2014but your attentional filter is keeping it all at bay so that you can focus on reading. However, if you were to spill hot coffee on your pants, your attentional switch would alert you to the hot sensation (which is both new and important because it\u2019s dangerous) so that you could jump up and clean it off. After that, you might decide to observe your fellow cafe-goers and relax for a few minutes\u2014in which case you would consciously use your attentional switch to shift to MW mode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Levitin noted in a blog post that <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/impactofsocialsciences\/2015\/01\/23\/the-organized-mind\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Donald Broadbent was one of the scientists who identified the \u201cattentional filter.\u201d<\/a> This suggests that Levitin took the term from Broadbent\u2019s filter model of attention, which was the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-selective-attention-2795022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">first theory that posited that you filter out unimportant information<\/a> so that you can pay attention to the things that matter. Additionally, Levitin is one of the few authors to use \u201cattentional switch\u201d to describe both the neural mechanism that redirects your attention and the process of redirecting your attention; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01665\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">other authors tend to use \u201cattentional shifting\u201d to describe the process of redirecting your attention<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>How Switching Between The Brain\u2019s Modes Helps You Solve Problems<\/strong><br><br>In <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/a-mind-for-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>A Mind for Numbers<\/em><\/a>, Barbara Oakley also explains that <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/a-mind-for-numbers#the-two-modes-of-thinking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">your brain naturally alternates between two modes<\/a>, but she calls them by different names. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/focused-thinking\/\">Focused-mode thinking<\/a> is Levitin\u2019s CE mode: It occurs when your attention is focused on something, and it allows you to process detailed information. Diffused-mode thinking is Levitin\u2019s MW mode: It occurs when you relax your focus or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-let-your-mind-wander\/\">let your mind wander<\/a>.<br><br>While Levitin focuses on how these two modes differ, Oakley, whose text is geared toward learning, focuses on how you can use these two modes in concert. Oakley explains that solving any difficult problem requires an exchange of information between these modes. So you should start by focusing on the problem, then deliberately divert your attention (for example, to exercising or doing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/routine-tasks\/\">routine tasks<\/a>) so that your brain can switch to diffuse mode and approach the problem creatively. In other words, you must first employ your attentional <em>filter<\/em> to keep out irrelevant information so you can focus in CE mode, then deliberately use your attentional <em>switch<\/em> to move into MW mode.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The reality of how attention works explains why <strong>multitasking doesn\u2019t work<\/strong>. When faced with too many demands on your time, you may try to multitask. However, you\u2019re <em>incapable<\/em> of multitasking: You may think you\u2019re doing two things at once, but you\u2019re actually alternating your focus between the two demands. This constant shifting takes a serious toll: It tires out your brain faster, which evidence suggests results in reduced mental abilities. Moreover, multitasking necessitates that you make several little decisions (like which task to focus on at any given moment)\u2014and, as we discussed previously, the more decisions you make, the worse your ability to make them gets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>When Multitasking Works<\/strong><br><br>Unlike Levitin, who argues against multitasking in all its forms, <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/hyperfocus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Hyperfocus<\/em><\/a> author Chris Bailey suggests that <a href=\"https:\/\/shortform.com\/app\/book\/hyperfocus\/part-1-chapter-1#how-many-tasks-you-can-focus-on-at-once\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">you can easily perform some simple tasks simultaneously<\/a>. Since these tasks take up so little attention, you\u2019re able to focus on them simultaneously instead of shifting your attention, so you don\u2019t get tired. This is especially true if these tasks are <em>habitual<\/em> tasks you perform in autopilot mode\u2014which means <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getclockwise.com\/blog\/how-habits-can-help-combat-decision-fatigue#:~:text=Fortunately%2C%20the%20answer%20to%20decision,the%20decisions%20that%20really%20matter.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">you make minimal decisions about them, and thus you don\u2019t tire yourself out<\/a>. For example, if you perform your skincare regimen while listening to a podcast every night, you don\u2019t need to decide when to apply lotion or turn on the podcast; you automatically turn on the podcast when you walk into the bathroom and reach for the lotion after you wash your face.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How does attention work? How does your brain know what to focus on? Can you pay attention to more than one thing at a time? Neuroscientist Daniel J. Levitin explains the two modes of attention and how the brain chooses between them. He also argues that multitasking is impossible. Continue reading to learn how attention works.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":90428,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,30],"tags":[882],"class_list":["post-90418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","category-work","tag-the-organized-mind","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Does Attention Work? A Neuroscientist Explains - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How does attention work? Is multitasking possible? 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