{"id":9024,"date":"2020-05-26T15:29:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-26T19:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=9024"},"modified":"2020-06-04T10:57:50","modified_gmt":"2020-06-04T14:57:50","slug":"the-space-race","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-space-race\/","title":{"rendered":"Dawn of the Space Race: How Sputnik Ignited an American Crisis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What started <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/modern-space-race\/\">the Space Race<\/a>? What did it have to do with the Cold War, and was <em>Sputnik<\/em> really the beginning? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many consider the launch of<em> Sputnik<\/em> by the Soviets to be the official beginning of the Space Race. The Space Race was defined by the race to the moon between the United State and the Soviet Union. Many people worked towards the goals of the Space Race at NASA, including <em>Hidden Figures <\/em>character <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/hidden-figures-katherine-johnson\/\">Katherine Johnson<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Dawn of the Space Race and the Space Task Group<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>On October 5, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched the <em>Sputnik <\/em>satellite into orbit, <\/strong>inaugurating the Space Race era of the Cold War and sparking a major panic among both American policymakers and the general public. All across the US, people with shortwave radios tuned in to hear the tiny satellite\u2019s telltale \u201cbeep beep\u201d and organized observation parties to watch <em>Sputnik <\/em>as it traveled through space.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It was a deeply humbling moment for the West: the Russians had beaten the Americans into space. Had American technology fallen behind that of the Soviets? And if so, what did that mean for the future security of the self-styled \u201cfree world?\u201d Many feared that the Soviet Union\u2019s ability to launch the satellite proved that they must be in possession of a vast arsenal of intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of raining destruction down upon American cities. The <em>Sputnik<\/em> Space Race event was terrifying and mesmerizing. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once again, <strong>the urgency of the Cold War brought the absurdity of segregation to light<\/strong>. If <em>Sputnik <\/em>represented a true national crisis, then why were black Americans being denied the opportunity to fully serve their country? The US was leaving untapped the intellectual resources of a large part of its population, in service of a ridiculous and morally indefensible commitment to racial <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/trevor-noah-apartheid\/\">apartheid<\/a> (while also handing the Soviet Union a major propaganda talking point). While Americans were devoting their energies to keeping black children off high school and college campuses, the Soviets were working vigorously to make sure that <em>all <\/em>their children received the best possible education. In fact, one-third of Soviet engineering undergraduates were female. In this way, the <em>Sputnik <\/em>Space Race events shed light on social inequality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>NASA assembled a brain trust at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/langley-memorial-aeronautical-laboratory\/\">Langley<\/a>, called <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/space-task-group-hidden-figures\/\">the Space Task Group<\/a>.<\/strong> This was a semi-autonomous working group, composed mainly of engineers from Flight Research and PARD. Their mission, codenamed Project Mercury, was to launch a manned craft into orbit, research the effect of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/interstellar-space-travel\/\">space travel<\/a> on humans, and ensure safe reentry to Earth of both the astronaut and the spacecraft. This was one of the first orders of business in the race to the moon. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Katherine\u2019s workspace was abuzz with talk of space. NASA\u2019s top engineers from Flight Research and PARD were discussing orbital mechanics, rocket propulsion, reentry, solar system physics, and trajectories. Katherine hung on every word of these discussions, angling for every opportunity she could get to hear even snippets of conversation. She yearned to be part of these meetings and conversations and knew that she had valuable skills to offer to the Space Race and the eventual race to the moon. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Langley presented engineers with a grueling research review process. To get a technical report published, an engineer needed to present it at an editorial meeting, during which a committee of subject matter experts would review and scrutinize every detail of the report while grilling the researcher on the soundness of the information within it. The committee was thorough (and often quite harsh) in rooting out inconsistencies and poorly reasoned conclusions. The whole process could take months, even years.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">NASA Expands<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>With the expanded scope of NASA\u2019s mission, the influx of new personnel and funding, and the enormous public attention on the agency\u2019s activities, American policymakers began to see that NASA was getting too big for Hampton Roads and Langley. The government explored options for a new base of operations, one which would have the right mix of warm climate, cheap land, and friendly politicians.&nbsp;The Space Race\/Cold War era was ripe with opportunities, and NASA seized upon them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With much influence and lobbying from Vice President Lyndon Johnson (a Texan who had deep political connections from his time as Senate Majority Leader and would soon be president himself after Kennedy\u2019s assassination), <strong>NASA decided to move the bulk of its space operations to Houston. This meant that the men and women of Langley would face difficult personal and professional decisions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Katherine Johnson chose to stay in Virginia. After all the changes and tumult in her children\u2019s lives over the past few years, she couldn\u2019t uproot them to Texas. She still would make highly valuable contributions to NASA and the Space Race\/Cold War era, but she would be doing it away from the true nerve center of the agency in Houston.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Space Race was a defining time in American history. The Space Race\/Cold War era was one of fear, hope, and innovation. The <em>Sputnik <\/em>Space Race kickoff was part of what started the Space Race, but for dedicated NASA employees like Katherine Johnson, it was also a chance to prove what she could do. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What started the Space Race? What did it have to do with the Cold War, and was Sputnik really the beginning? Many consider the launch of Sputnik by the Soviets to be the official beginning of the Space Race. The Space Race was defined by the race to the moon between the United State and the Soviet Union. Many people worked towards the goals of the Space Race at NASA, including Hidden Figures character Katherine Johnson.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":9043,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,24],"tags":[86],"class_list":["post-9024","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-society","tag-hidden-figures","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Dawn of the Space Race: How Sputnik Ignited an American Crisis - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What was the space race and when did it start? 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