{"id":89235,"date":"2023-01-19T04:15:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-19T08:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=89235"},"modified":"2023-01-26T11:21:02","modified_gmt":"2023-01-26T15:21:02","slug":"learned-nonuse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/learned-nonuse\/","title":{"rendered":"Learned Nonuse: The Side-Effect of Injured Limbs"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is learned nonuse in psychology? What are some ways learned nonuse can be corrected? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Learned nonuse is a behavioral phenomenon whereby the use of an affected extremity is suppressed due to previous failed attempts to use it. In other words, the individual learns not to use the weak limb\u2014although it&#8217;s perfectly functional\u2014because it&#8217;s easier to use the healthy limb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about learned nonuse, why it happens, and ways to correct it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-discovery-of-learned-nonuse\"><strong>The Discovery of Learned Nonuse<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A series of experiments by Edward Taub proved that we can train neurons to control a body part that doesn\u2019t have sensory input.<strong> <\/strong>The experiments involved <em>deafferenting<\/em> the arms of monkeys: cutting sensory nerves so that the brain didn\u2019t receive any sensation from the arms. Previous experiments with deafferenting monkeys showed that if one arm was deafferented, the monkey would only use the healthy arm, leading scientists to believe that motor control was dependent on sensation\u2014once the neural connections for sensation were disconnected, the neural connections for movement became unusable.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taub discovered the reason a monkey with one deafferented arm would begin using the healthy arm exclusively was because of <em>learned nonuse<\/em>. After surgery on the spinal cord, the neurons have trouble firing correctly\u2014a condition called <em>spinal shock<\/em>, which results from damage to the spinal cord and usually lasts two to six months. An animal in spinal shock will try to use its deafferented arm, but because the neurons aren\u2019t firing well, it will frequently fail to get the response it wants and eventually give up trying. It will learn to not use its deafferented arm and to use only the healthy one instead, thereby reinforcing only those neural pathways to the healthy arm while the pathways to the deafferented arm fall into disuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Since spinal shock is the result of damage to the spinal cord, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spinalcord.com\/blog\/spinal-shock-what-it-is-and-how-you-treat-it\">it usually only occurs in those who\u2019ve experienced a severe spinal cord injury<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/medical\/deafferentation\">Deafferentation is performed by cutting the nerve right where it connects to the spinal cord<\/a>, so this is why deafferentation would result in spinal shock while most surgeries and procedures would not.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>A Global Definition of Learned Nonuse<\/strong><br><br>While the phenomenon of learned nonuse is well established in the medical field, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.18.20037374v1.full\">scientists are still working on creating a clear definition of learned nonuse that would apply across all scientific disciplines and an objective way to diagnose it<\/a>. Experts suggest that it\u2019s characterized by a difference in the brain\u2019s ability to <em>deliberately<\/em> perform a motor function on demand and its ability to perform that function <em>spontaneously, that is,<\/em> without a conscious effort to use a body part that is harder to use. In other words, someone experiencing learned nonuse of the right arm can<em> deliberately<\/em> pick up a glass with their right hand, but they wouldn\u2019t reach for it <em>automatically<\/em> with their right hand\u2014they\u2019d use their left.&nbsp;<br><br>Since things like <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36507080\/\">which arm we favor to perform certain tasks is often an unconscious choice<\/a>, eliminating learned nonuse first requires a <em>conscious<\/em> effort to use the affected body part instead of compensating with a body part that has no functional impairment.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>However, further experiments showed that learned nonuse could be prevented by restraining the deafferented limb until spinal shock wore off, because while the arm was restrained the monkey wouldn\u2019t try\u2014and fail\u2014to use it, so once the restraint was taken off, it soon used its arm just like it had before surgery.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: We can infer from Doidge\u2019s description that the reason a monkey can still use its limb after restraining it during spinal shock is that it\u2019s aware of a physical constraint restricting its movement, so it doesn\u2019t try to use it. The neural pathways for that limb therefore remain in place and the monkey doesn\u2019t learn that the limb doesn\u2019t work, as it would if it tried <em>and failed<\/em> to move an unrestrained limb.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taub also found that learned nonuse could be corrected if he forced a monkey to use its deafferented arm by restraining the healthy arm, and that it could even be corrected years after the deafferentation was performed. This had major implications for stroke victims who had lost movement in certain body parts, as we\u2019ll see in the next section.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/01.str.0000143320.64953.c4\">While correcting learned nonuse can restore the use of an impaired body part, research suggests that if it\u2019s done too soon after injury, it may do more harm than good<\/a>. Experiments on animals showed that restraining the healthy limb immediately after an injury could cause <em>forced overuse<\/em>, which can result in increased brain damage and hinder recovery. It\u2019s possible there is an optimal period for this type of therapy after a stroke or injury that would provide the greatest gains without exacerbating the problem.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is learned nonuse in psychology? What are some ways learned nonuse can be corrected? Learned nonuse is a behavioral phenomenon whereby the use of an affected extremity is suppressed due to previous failed attempts to use it. In other words, the individual learns not to use the weak limb\u2014although it&#8217;s perfectly functional\u2014because it&#8217;s easier to use the healthy limb. Keep reading to learn about learned nonuse, why it happens, and ways to correct it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":90299,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,160],"tags":[868],"class_list":["post-89235","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","category-science","tag-the-brain-that-changes-itself","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Learned Nonuse: The Side-Effect of Injured Limbs - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learned nonuse is a phenomenon whereby the use of an affected extremity is suppressed due to previous failed attempts to use it. 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