{"id":87247,"date":"2022-12-17T21:38:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-18T01:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=87247"},"modified":"2022-12-23T11:45:41","modified_gmt":"2022-12-23T15:45:41","slug":"dark-energy-in-the-universe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/dark-energy-in-the-universe\/","title":{"rendered":"Dark Energy in the Universe: Einstein\u2019s Cosmological Constant"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What was Einstein\u2019s cosmological constant? Was he right that he was wrong about it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In recent decades, astronomers have witnessed a mysterious force they\u2019ve named \u201cdark energy\u201d that\u2019s accelerating the universe\u2019s expansion. The theoretical underpinnings of dark energy go back to Einstein\u2019s equations of relativity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Read more to understand what scientists know\u2014and what they speculate\u2014about dark energy in the universe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Dark Energy in the Universe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The existence of dark energy in the universe wasn\u2019t even guessed at until recent years. At the moment, we\u2019re ignorant of its true nature, but Neil deGrasse Tyson reminds us that that\u2019s the condition under which scientific exploration thrives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tyson traces dark energy\u2019s theoretical roots back to a concept that Einstein thought was a mistake <\/em>in his equations. When Einstein developed general relativity, no one knew that the universe was expanding. To explain why the universe wasn\u2019t collapsing under its own gravity, Einstein included a value in his formulae that he called the \u201ccosmological constant.\u201d It was a placeholder for an unknown force that pushed against the pull of gravity, though Einstein didn\u2019t know what it might represent. When the universe was discovered to be expanding as if from a giant explosion, Einstein threw away his cosmological constant, thinking he\u2019d been in error.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: One way to envision Einstein\u2019s cosmological constant<\/a> is to imagine that empty space isn\u2019t really empty. If empty space has an energy of its own, then the density of that energy is what the cosmological constant represents<\/a>. The cosmological constant solves another problem in astronomy\u2014without it, the universe\u2019s rate of expansion would imply that it\u2019s as little as seven billion years old, yet we can see stars that are older than that. By factoring in the cosmological constant, Einstein\u2019s theory of gravity corresponds with information from the Cosmic Microwave Background<\/a>, dating the universe at 13.7 billion years<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By the end of the 20th century, astronomers had established that the universe is expanding faster than it should be, <\/strong>at least according to previous assumptions that the rate of expansion was constant. Scientists had often wondered if the expansion would continue forever or if the universe would turn back in upon itself in a Big Crunch to counter the Big Bang. Now it\u2019s clear that, not only will the expansion continue, but somehow it\u2019s also accelerating<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

No one understands where the energy comes from that drives the galaxies farther apart, but Tyson writes that there\u2019s already a place for it in relativity\u2019s equations\u2014Einstein\u2019s cosmological constant, which astrophysicists now refer to as \u201cdark energy.\u201d Half a century after Einstein\u2019s death, it was shown that he\u2019d been right all along.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Shape of the Future of the Universe<\/strong>

Ever since it was discovered that the universe was expanding, astrophysicists have debated what form that expansion will take<\/a>. All the evidence now points toward a scenario in which galaxies grow immeasurably far from each other, the gas clouds from which stars are born grow diffuse, and as a result, star formation ends. All the remaining stars that exist will eventually grow old and fade. The far, far future will be a very cold time<\/a>.

The discovery of dark energy throws a weird twist on how the universe may end. The Big Rip hypothesis<\/a> suggests that in approximately 22 billion years, the accelerating expansion of the universe could reach a point where the force of dark energy overcomes the force of gravity, tearing apart galaxies, stars, and even atoms\u2014a very different, more apocalyptic demise than astronomers had previously imagined.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Even more so than dark matter<\/em>, Tyson reiterates that we don\u2019t have a clue what dark energy<\/em> is. However, current estimates suggest that dark energy makes up almost 70% of the universe, with dark matter<\/a> taking up a little more than 25%, and the regular matter and energy we know of comprising a mere 5% of the observable cosmos. Clearly, there\u2019s a lot that we don\u2019t understand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Just as we estimate the amount of dark matter by observing its gravitational effects on objects that we can see, we can estimate the amount of dark energy<\/a> by calculating how much is required to explain the expansion of the observable universe. Some research on the Cosmic Microwave Background<\/a> hints that dark energy may be a strange medium called \u201cquintessence\u201d<\/a> that permeates the universe. Others suggest that Einstein\u2019s theory of gravity might simply be wrong<\/a> when it comes to how matter behaves on the grand cosmic scale.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What was Einstein\u2019s cosmological constant? Was he right that he was wrong about it? In recent decades, astronomers have witnessed a mysterious force they\u2019ve named \u201cdark energy\u201d that\u2019s accelerating the universe\u2019s expansion. The theoretical underpinnings of dark energy go back to Einstein\u2019s equations of relativity. Read more to understand what scientists know\u2014and what they speculate\u2014about dark energy in the universe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":87251,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,160],"tags":[838],"class_list":["post-87247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-science","tag-astrophysics-for-people-in-a-hurry","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nDark Energy in the Universe: Einstein\u2019s Cosmological Constant - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Einstein\u2019s cosmological constant was thought to be a mistake. Astrophysicists now refer to it as \u201cdark energy\u201d in the universe. 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