{"id":84668,"date":"2022-11-15T08:58:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-15T12:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=84668"},"modified":"2022-11-29T16:37:39","modified_gmt":"2022-11-29T20:37:39","slug":"the-top-3-types-of-decision-making-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-top-3-types-of-decision-making-models\/","title":{"rendered":"The Top 3 Types of Decision-Making Models"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Why is it so <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/why-is-it-hard-to-make-decisions\/\">hard to make decisions<\/a>? What are some ways you can narrow down your options to make it easier to arrive at an optimal choice? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/methods-of-decision-making-crucial-conversations\/\">Decision-making<\/a> is difficult because nobody has access to perfectly accurate, comprehensive sources of information. Rather, our information is often messy and flawed, so we can\u2019t always predict how our decisions will pan out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, we\u2019ll explore three types of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/mental-models-for-decision-making\/\">decision-making models<\/a> to recommend the best choice based on the complexity of the decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-least-complexity-pro-con-list\">1. <strong>Least Complexity: Pro-Con List<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>First, let\u2019s look at the best-known type of decision-making models: the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/pro-con-list\/\">pro-con list<\/a><\/em>, which sorts the pros and cons of a decision in parallel columns, making it easier to see the positive and negative consequences. For instance, imagine you\u2019re a lawyer deciding whether to accept a higher-paying position that would require moving away from your family. In this situation, you could draft the following pro-con list of accepting the position:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/MmahgnfT5qCw4jPFjiCCSS04XeeL774XhvFthPc9KMpXIDUEBigqXeGvAL2sVOuYsr08NQPAdEz_ythu3GUSx4CYKHmjCtFChRa6OVM8_YIeh9gKi_W5kRziBUjZpjF3D3dnBXRwktyWEAGq09CtefOaL1VCZGVNRIyGmUnnsXUCoDq1i3SB4vK3ejZwWg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Popularity notwithstanding, Weinberg and McCann argue that the pro-con list has several flaws:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. It creates a false dichotomy, since many consequences don\u2019t fit neatly as pros or cons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. It fails to weight different pros and cons, so you focus solely on the quantity of pros and cons.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. The <em>grass-is-greener mentality <\/em>leads us to naturally overemphasize pros. (Shortform note: While the grass-is-greener mentality inclines us toward decisions that require change, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/status-quo-bias\/\">status quo bias<\/a><\/em>\u2014the preference for our current situation over alternatives\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/stretching-theory\/202206\/is-fear-change-holding-you-back#:~:text=Human%20decision%2Dmakers%20have%20an,making%20and%20stifle%20people's%20potential.\">inclines us against making decisions which involve substantial change<\/a>. In such cases, we may be naturally predisposed to overemphasize the cons of change, rather than pros.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, while a pro-con list may work well enough for simpler decisions, Weinberg and McCann caution against using it in more <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/complex-decisions-2\/\">complex decisions<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-more-complexity-cost-benefit-analysis\">2. <strong>More Complexity: Cost-Benefit Analysis<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To improve, Weinberg and McCann recommend creating a <em>cost-benefit analysis <\/em>of your decision. <strong>Unlike pro-con lists, a cost-benefit analysis lists the cumulative costs that a decision will incur alongside its cumulative benefits.<\/strong> It thus quantifies the consequences of your decision.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At a rudimentary level, a cost-benefit analysis might weigh individual pros and cons on a scale of 10 to -10, summing these values to recommend a decision\u2014if the total is positive, the decision is worthwhile, and if it\u2019s negative, the cost is too high. Returning to our pro-con list above, you might retool it into the following cost-benefit analysis:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/Kh2UEbkTuy-_W4HzW57kWzZpM525bA6OEhZwC-7msuwgT31reYL8UYxWyyifBA6e7jE74RA3ZL120eueXeU826MBo6WI8Fe5Ff5rauV8k2B5JFkfbANIB0euqu_E2CdDgasbJaCx3HmLtqfJx8LhBDdb91KG0nVsJMhcLlU45oco92Wi1sQDywsMk7Dbfg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Unlike the pro-con list, the cost-benefit analysis yields a more conclusive verdict: You shouldn\u2019t take the new position, since the cons outweigh the pros.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To further improve your analysis, Weinberg and McCann recommend assigning each cost and benefit an explicit monetary value. For instance, relocating to a new city might cost $10,000, whereas an extra week of paid leave might be worth $3,000.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-most-complexity-decision-trees\">3. <strong>Most Complexity: Decision Trees<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Both the pro-con list and the cost-benefit analysis assume that you\u2019ll know what will result from your decision. But Weinberg and McCann recognize that sometimes, there are many possible outcomes, and you have only a rough idea how likely any given outcome is. For instance, when governments institute new policies, they rarely know the exact consequences beforehand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>In such cases, use a <\/strong><strong><em>decision tree <\/em><\/strong><strong>to handle this uncertainty<\/strong>. In addition to assigning monetary values, decision trees also assign probabilities to each outcome, representing the likelihood that it will occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To see this in action, let\u2019s continue the lawyer example with a few caveats: First, if you accept the new position, there\u2019s an 80% chance that you\u2019ll thrive and eventually become a partner. Second, the increased pressure might make you crack, so there\u2019s a 20% chance that you\u2019ll end up getting fired at the new job. Finally, you\u2019re 100% certain that staying at your current job will lock you into your current position\u2014an associate\u2014for the foreseeable future.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, there are three possibilities: You accept the new job and become a partner, you accept the new job and crack under pressure, or you stay at your current job and remain an associate. Assuming you\u2019ve assigned these three outcomes values of $100,000, -$50,000, and $75,000, respectively, you can create the following decision tree:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/PBMjSJkXSy86G6QebhrQXa0vW6FmvrqmUypsXUIN-_7cCqRQ2U-aAj65hgfUwhUTEVOo4h6bztMKT-gGjAUo7Gcw9DsBRPe447u79KYrgghPm1q_ghmsnMJPlwYEFuzJv04YuNzS2SfZYzKj_oDESa03rCHNC38i4KCtlvdDrPP2kNB6Hnj2I7iuDirmSg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>This decision tree lists possible decisions in the first node (rectangles), the likelihood of a given outcome in the second node (ovals), and the monetary value of that outcome in the third node (diamonds).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Crucially,<strong> decision trees allow us to calculate each decision\u2019s <\/strong><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-calculate-expected-value\/\">expected value<\/a><\/em><\/strong><strong>, the average monetary value resulting from a decision<\/strong>. To do so, multiply the likelihood of each outcome by its respective monetary value, and then sum them up for each decision. If your decision has two possible outcomes, your calculation would look like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Outcome 1 likelihood)x(Outcome 1 monetary value) + (Outcome 2 likelihood)x(Outcome 2 monetary value) = (expected value)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, you\u2019d calculate the expected value of accepting the new job with this formula:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(0.8)x($100,000) + (0.2)x(-$50,000) = $70,000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By contrast, the expected value of keeping your current job is more straightforward:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(1)x($75,000) = $75,000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because the expected value of keeping your current job is higher than that of accepting the new job, the decision tree recommends keeping your current job.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why is it so hard to make decisions? What are some ways you can narrow down your options to make it easier to arrive at an optimal choice? Decision-making is difficult because nobody has access to perfectly accurate, comprehensive sources of information. Rather, our information is often messy and flawed, so we can\u2019t always predict how our decisions will pan out. In this article, we\u2019ll explore three types of decision-making models to recommend the best choice based on the complexity of the decision.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":76394,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,9],"tags":[813],"class_list":["post-84668","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lifestyle","category-psychology","tag-super-thinking","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Top 3 Types of Decision-Making Models - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The purpose of decision-making models is to help you narrow down your options. 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