{"id":82981,"date":"2022-10-30T18:19:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-30T22:19:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=82981"},"modified":"2022-11-11T16:26:19","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11T20:26:19","slug":"unclear-writing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/unclear-writing\/","title":{"rendered":"Unclear Writing: Causes and How to Avoid It"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What’s the problem with unclear writing? Why will the traditional writing process fail you?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Barbara Minto in her book The Pyramid Principle<\/em>, people often produce unclear writing that’s time-consuming and mentally taxing to read. This is because the typical writing approach fails to meet readers’ needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Below we’ll look at why the typical writing and reading process leads to unclear writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

The Typical Writing Process<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Minto argues that most people brainstorm ideas<\/a> while<\/em> they write, resulting in conclusions-last writing<\/em>: writing that ends<\/em> in a conclusion. <\/strong>First, they brainstorm ideas by writing sentences. Next, they review their ideas and consider how they relate to each other. Finally, they summarize these relationships in a concluding sentence. Here\u2019s an example of conclusions-last unclear writing: \u201cIt was an achingly gorgeous fall day. I knew that winter was around the corner. I also knew that nothing on my to-do list<\/a> was urgent. So I decided to spend my Monday afternoon strolling through my tree-lined neighborhood.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Minto claims that most people automatically produce conclusions-last writing, but whether or not this is true for you may depend on your cultural background. One expert on intercultural communication claims that everyone is capable of presenting information in a variety of orders, but every culture tends to prefer one order over the others<\/a>. For instance, people from continental European cultures tend to present their conclusions last, whereas people from Anglo-Saxon cultures usually present their conclusions first.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Typical Reading Process<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Whereas writers typically formulate conclusions after<\/em> they generate ideas, Minto claims that readers naturally formulate conclusions while<\/em> they read. <\/strong>Our brains are wired to automatically identify the logical relationships between ideas and develop conclusions that summarize those ideas. <\/strong>This process helps us remember information since it\u2019s easier to recall a single <\/em>conclusion than to remember the multiple <\/em>separate points that support it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Research in psychology supports Minto\u2019s claim that formulating conclusions about a group of ideas helps you retain information. According to psychologists, we naturally engage in chunking<\/em>:<\/a> a process in which we compile related information into a thematically related \u201cchunk.\u201d Chunking helps you hold information in your working memory<\/a> (your brain\u2019s system for temporarily storing information). As Barbara Oakley explains in A Mind for Numbers, <\/em>chunking also helps you retain information over time: Your long-term memory also stores information in the form of chunks<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why Conclusions-Last Writing Overburdens Readers<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Minto argues that unclear writing overburdens readers in two ways: 1) It makes reading more effortful and time-consuming, and 2) it confuses them. <\/strong>Let\u2019s explore these two problems further, then illustrate them with an example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Problem 1: Conclusions-Last Writing Makes Reading More Effortful<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

First, Minto argues that conclusions-last writing requires readers to expend time and energy forming conclusions as they read. <\/strong>When a writer doesn\u2019t supply a conclusion up front, the reader defaults to their natural tendency of generating a conclusion themselves. This is a higher-order thinking skill that requires mental energy<\/a> and slows down the reading process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Research supports Minto\u2019s idea that it\u2019s mentally taxing for readers to formulate their own conclusions. To formulate your own conclusions about a set of information, you engage in synthesis<\/em>, a complex thinking process.<\/a> When you synthesize, you summarize the information you read and use it to construct new meaning. Synthesis is a more complex and cognitively demanding thinking process compared to comprehension<\/em>, which simply involves understanding information. A reader who encounters a conclusion at the beginning of a written piece can focus on comprehending the author\u2019s conclusions, whereas a reader engaging with conclusions-last writing must expend mental energy synthesizing the author\u2019s conclusions.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Problem 2: Conclusions-Last Writing Creates Confusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Second, according to Minto, conclusions-last writing can confuse readers. <\/strong>The conclusion that the reader forms as they read may differ from the author\u2019s conclusion. When the reader finally encounters the author\u2019s conclusion and notices it\u2019s different from their own, they\u2019ll likely become confused.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Although Minto implies that you should avoid confusing your readers, research reveals that in some circumstances, confusion can actually improve<\/em> people\u2019s learning<\/a>. When something you\u2019re learning makes you confused, you become motivated to relieve that confusion. This motivation can deepen your engagement with the content and improve your memory<\/a> of it. However, confusion only promotes learning and retention<\/a> when learners have the skills and time to persist through that confusion. For instance, a reader with strong reading skills and the time to re-read may benefit from the confusion of conclusions-last writing. By contrast, someone with weaker reading skills or less time to re-read may not benefit from confusion.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Example: A Conclusions-Last Opinion Piece<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s illustrate these two problems by considering this example of writing: \u201cMy workplace hosts a monthly, mandatory community-building lunch for employees. Some people arrive in high spirits because these lunches help them feel connected to others. Others arrive grumpy and stressed because they believe these lunches cut into their valuable work<\/a> time.\u201d (Note: This example omits the conclusion entirely.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most readers will automatically expend mental energy and time trying to find the similarities among these three sentences and summarize them into a conclusion. For instance, a reader might form this conclusion: \u201cThe writer is upset that some of their coworkers bring a negative attitude to work lunches.\u201d Contrast this with the writer\u2019s actual <\/em>conclusion: \u201cSome workplaces\u2019 efforts to reduce employee burnout backfire when they make community-building activities mandatory.\u201d Because the writer didn\u2019t express this conclusion at the start of their paragraph, the reader interpreted the paragraph in a different way than the author intended. This lack of clarity could leave the reader feeling confused.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What’s the problem with unclear writing? Why will the traditional writing process fail you? According to Barbara Minto in her book The Pyramid Principle, people often produce unclear writing that’s time-consuming and mentally taxing to read. This is because the typical writing approach fails to meet readers’ needs. Below we’ll look at why the typical writing and reading process leads to unclear writing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":8527,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,15,30],"tags":[791],"class_list":["post-82981","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-education","category-work","tag-the-pyramid-principle","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nUnclear Writing: Causes and How to Avoid It - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Are you having trouble making your point in your writing? 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