{"id":82952,"date":"2022-10-28T17:29:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-28T21:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=82952"},"modified":"2022-11-11T16:26:24","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11T20:26:24","slug":"what-makes-writing-bad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-makes-writing-bad\/","title":{"rendered":"What Makes Writing Bad? The 2 Writing Mistakes to Avoid"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What makes writing bad? What should you be avoiding when you write?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <em>The Pyramid Principle<\/em>, Barbara Minto argues that conclusions-last writing overburns readers in two ways. Writing conclusions last makes reading more effortful and time-consuming, and it confuses readers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s explore these two problems further and illustrate why they can make your writing bad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-problem-1-conclusions-last-writing-makes-reading-more-effortful\">Problem 1: Conclusions-Last Writing Makes Reading More Effortful<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>What makes writing bad? First, Minto argues that <strong>conclusions-last writing requires readers to expend time and energy forming conclusions as they read. <\/strong>When a writer doesn\u2019t supply a conclusion up front, the reader defaults to their natural tendency of generating a conclusion themselves. This is a higher-order thinking skill that requires <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/mental-energy\/\">mental energy<\/a> and slows down the reading process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Research supports Minto\u2019s idea that it\u2019s mentally taxing for readers to formulate their own conclusions. To formulate your own conclusions about a set of information, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csus.edu\/indiv\/e\/estiokom\/bloomstaxonomy.pdf\">you engage in <em>synthesis<\/em>, a complex thinking process.<\/a> When you synthesize, you summarize the information you read and use it to construct new meaning. Synthesis is a more complex and cognitively demanding thinking process compared to <em>comprehension<\/em>, which simply involves understanding information. A reader who encounters a conclusion at the beginning of a written piece can focus on comprehending the author\u2019s conclusions, whereas a reader engaging with conclusions-last writing must expend mental energy synthesizing the author\u2019s conclusions.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-problem-2-conclusions-last-writing-creates-confusion\">Problem 2: Conclusions-Last Writing Creates Confusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, according to Minto, <strong>conclusions-last writing can confuse readers. <\/strong>The conclusion that the reader forms as they read may differ from the author\u2019s conclusion. When the reader finally encounters the author\u2019s conclusion and notices it\u2019s different from their own, they\u2019ll likely become confused.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Although Minto implies that you should avoid confusing your readers, research reveals that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/13.7\/2015\/12\/14\/459651340\/sometimes-confusion-is-a-good-thing\">in some circumstances, confusion can actually <em>improve<\/em> people\u2019s learning<\/a>. When something you\u2019re learning makes you confused, you become motivated to relieve that confusion. This motivation can deepen your engagement with the content and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-improve-memory-retention\/\">improve your memory<\/a> of it. However, confusion only promotes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/learning-retention\/\">learning and retention<\/a> when learners have the skills and time to persist through that confusion. For instance, a reader with strong reading skills and the time to re-read may benefit from the confusion of conclusions-last writing. By contrast, someone with weaker reading skills or less time to re-read may not benefit from confusion.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-example-a-conclusions-last-opinion-piece\">Example: A Conclusions-Last Opinion Piece<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s illustrate these two problems by considering this example of writing: \u201cMy workplace hosts a monthly, mandatory community-building lunch for employees. Some people arrive in high spirits because these lunches help them feel connected to others. Others arrive grumpy and stressed because they believe these lunches cut into their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/fulfilling-work\/\">valuable work<\/a> time.\u201d (Note: This example omits the conclusion entirely.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most readers will automatically expend mental energy and time trying to find the similarities among these three sentences and summarize them into a conclusion. For instance, a reader might form this conclusion: \u201cThe writer is upset that some of their coworkers bring a negative attitude to work lunches.\u201d Contrast this with the writer\u2019s <em>actual <\/em>conclusion: \u201cSome workplaces\u2019 efforts to reduce employee burnout backfire when they make community-building activities mandatory.\u201d Because the writer didn\u2019t express this conclusion at the start of their paragraph, the reader interpreted the paragraph in a different way than the author intended. This lack of clarity could leave the reader feeling confused.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What makes writing bad? What should you be avoiding when you write? In The Pyramid Principle, Barbara Minto argues that conclusions-last writing overburns readers in two ways. Writing conclusions last makes reading more effortful and time-consuming, and it confuses readers. Let&#8217;s explore these two problems further and illustrate why they can make your writing bad.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":70667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34,15],"tags":[791],"class_list":["post-82952","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-communication","category-education","tag-the-pyramid-principle","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Makes Writing Bad? The 2 Writing Mistakes to Avoid - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"When you write your conclusions last, you set yourself up to make two mistakes. 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