{"id":82801,"date":"2022-11-04T20:13:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-05T00:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=82801"},"modified":"2022-11-10T17:09:03","modified_gmt":"2022-11-10T21:09:03","slug":"is-cancer-random","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/is-cancer-random\/","title":{"rendered":"Is Cancer a Random Event? Dr. Jason Fung Says &#8220;No&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Is cancer a random event? What is the problem with the idea that cancer is a random occurrence? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Dr. Jason Fung, cancer can&#8217;t possibly be the result of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-random-mutation\/\">random mutation<\/a>. If cancers could be assigned to random specific mutations, treatments targeting those mutations would be effective, but that&#8217;s rarely the case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s why cancer is not a random event, according to Dr. Fung. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-cancer-is-not-a-random-event\"><strong>Cancer Is Not a Random Event<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite scientists mapping hundreds of cancer genomes, finding countless cancer-related mutations, and promising personalized treatment that targeted each patient\u2019s specific form of cancer, <strong>a 2018 study found that less than five percent of cancer patients benefited from treatments targeting specific mutations.<\/strong> In other words, decades of research and billions of dollars in funding had failed to produce results.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to failing as a basis for treatment, the mutation theory of cancer also fails as an explanation of cancer. <strong>It can\u2019t explain why cancer is so common, or why there are so many different types of cancer that all share the same characteristics.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, is cancer random? Well, the odds of numerous specific mutations\u2014uncontrolled growth, hiding from the immune system, leeching the body\u2019s nutrients, and so on\u2014all arising in a single cell are incredibly low. <strong>Therefore, random chance can\u2019t explain why cancer is so prevalent among modern-day humans.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cancer Is an Evolving Organism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If cancer doesn&#8217;t spring at random, what causes it? Rather than the concept of random mutations causing cells to run wild, Fung says that <strong>cancer\u2019s behavior is actually extremely logical and focused on survival; not the survival of the host, but of the cancerous \u201corganism.\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fung says that the model of cancer as an evolving species solves the two major shortcomings of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/somatic-mutation-theory-of-cancer\/\">somatic mutation theory<\/a>.<strong> <\/strong>First, cancer does <em>not <\/em>spring up at random\u2014the elements of cancer are already present in our DNA, so all the cell needs to become malignant is for those genes to reactivate. This provides a much more satisfactory answer to cancer\u2019s prevalence than random chance could.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Second, this model reveals that genetically-targeted treatments are mostly ineffective because of cancer\u2019s genetic variation. <\/strong>After turning cancerous, cells continue to divide and mutate extremely quickly, meaning that even cancerous cells within a single patient can have countless different genetic traits. So, while a targeted treatment will kill many of the malignant cells, it\u2019s very likely that some will be resistant to it. <strong>Even worse, those surviving cells will continue to reproduce, meaning that cancer can evolve to resist any given treatment.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, to cure a patient and avoid relapse, doctors must either find and target the root mutation\u2014the original genetic change that all the cancer cells share\u2014or use a battery of different treatments to ensure that every malignant cell is destroyed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, malignant cells didn\u2019t need to evolve cancerous traits from scratch, because the genes for the traits were already in their DNA.<strong> <\/strong>The cells just needed to evolve (or devolve) in such a way that those genes reactivated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>A New Model, or Corrections to An Old One?<\/strong><br><br>While Fung presents Model 3 as a revolutionary new <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/understanding-cancer\/\">understanding of cancer<\/a>, we could also see it as simply an updated version of Model 2. To illustrate this point, Thomas Kuhn\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions\"><em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions<\/em><\/a> says that there are two ways science progresses:&nbsp;<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions\/chapters-2-4#solving-puzzles-through-science\"><strong>Method one: puzzle-solving<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> This is part of what Kuhn refers to as \u201cnormal science,\u201d where scientists steadily build upon our existing knowledge. They may find the need to make minor corrections, but it isn\u2019t necessary to completely overturn our current understanding of the topic.&nbsp;<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions\/chapters-7-9\"><strong>Method two: revolution<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong> This happens when scientists find something that the current model can\u2019t explain, and a minor correction isn\u2019t sufficient. For example, when astronomers found that the Earth-centric theory of the solar system couldn\u2019t predict the movements of stars and planets\u2014no matter how much they tweaked the theory and played with the numbers\u2014it eventually became clear that the opposing Sun-centric theory was more accurate.&nbsp;In this case, Fung presents the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/atavistic-theory-of-cancer\/\">Atavistic Theory of cancer<\/a> as a revolution, overthrowing the established Somatic Mutation Theory. In reality, the Somatic Mutation Theory wasn\u2019t wrong, just incomplete; cancer <em>is <\/em>the result of mutations, but those mutations are less random and less extreme than scientists previously thought. That solves the puzzles of why cancer is so common and why different forms of cancer have such strong similarities.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Is cancer a random event? What is the problem with the idea that cancer is a random occurrence? According to Dr. Jason Fung, cancer can&#8217;t possibly be the result of a random mutation. If cancers could be assigned to random specific mutations, treatments targeting those mutations would be effective, but that&#8217;s rarely the case. Here&#8217;s why cancer is not a random event, according to Dr. Fung.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":36232,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,160],"tags":[769],"class_list":["post-82801","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","category-science","tag-the-cancer-code","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Is Cancer a Random Event? Dr. Jason Fung Says &quot;No&quot; - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is cancer a random event? According to Dr. Jason Fung, a nephrologist, cancer can&#039;t possibly be the result of random mutations. Here&#039;s why.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/is-cancer-random\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Is Cancer a Random Event? Dr. Jason Fung Says &quot;No&quot;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Is cancer a random event? According to Dr. Jason Fung, a nephrologist, cancer can&#039;t possibly be the result of random mutations. Here&#039;s why.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/is-cancer-random\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-11-05T00:13:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-10T21:09:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/dice-chance-luck-risk.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/is-cancer-random\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/is-cancer-random\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\"},\"headline\":\"Is Cancer a Random Event? 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