{"id":81185,"date":"2022-10-27T20:11:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-28T00:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=81185"},"modified":"2022-11-10T17:09:40","modified_gmt":"2022-11-10T21:09:40","slug":"how-carcinogens-cause-cancer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/","title":{"rendered":"How Carcinogens Cause Cancer &#038; Drive Its Growth"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Can cancer be passed down genetically? To what extent is cancer hereditary? And if bad genes don&#8217;t cause cancer, what does?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contrary to a common misconception, cancer can\u2019t be directly passed down to offspring (although various genes do make certain types of cancer more likely). According to Dr. Jason Fung, cancer is almost always the result of environmental factors called carcinogens\u2014literally, \u201ctumor creators.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s how carcinogens cause cancer and drive its growth. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-carcinogens-and-cancer\"><strong>Carcinogens and Cancer<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The list of known carcinogens is enormous and constantly growing. Some of the best-known carcinogens include tobacco, asbestos, and radiation (such as x-rays or UV radiation from the sun). Others include soot and wood dust, certain drugs, and even some pathogens such as the Rous sarcoma virus and human papillomavirus (HPV). The common thread between all of these carcinogens is that they damage or destroy cells. Sometimes the body fixes that damage incorrectly, causing slight changes in the genetic material\u2014in other words, mutations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Despite carcinogens being so common and numerous, determining whether any given substance is carcinogenic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/healthy\/cancer-causes\/general-info\/determining-if-something-is-a-carcinogen.html#:~:text=How%20do%20researchers%20determine%20if%20something%20is%20a%20carcinogen%3F\">is a difficult process<\/a>. Biologists can test carcinogens directly on tissue samples in the laboratory, but they generally use very high doses of the substance to make the results more obvious. This means that lower levels of exposure might not be harmful at all\u2014for example, we know that soot and smoke can cause cancer, but that doesn\u2019t mean that sitting around a campfire is dangerous. Another method is for epidemiologists to look for areas with unusually high rates of a particular cancer, then look for unique environmental factors that could be causing it. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/healthy\/cancer-causes\/general-info\/determining-if-something-is-a-carcinogen.html#:~:text=Who%20determines%20how%20carcinogens%20are%20classified%3F\">Numerous different agencies<\/a> are needed to research possible carcinogens and to review the results of such research.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many of these mutations are harmless, and your body\u2019s natural defenses usually identify and destroy any mutations that arise. However, over time and with repeated damage to the cells, it becomes more likely that at least one of those mutated cells will turn cancerous. <strong>In short, every time the body has to repair itself (for any reason), there\u2019s a very small chance that those repairs will produce malignant cells.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Since the odds of any given cell turning malignant are so low, it might seem strange that cancer is as common as it is today. However\u2014as Fung says in a later chapter\u2014even under normal conditions, the human body produces around ten billion new cells every day. Damage from carcinogens further increases that number. Therefore, cancer is what statistician <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/nassim-nicholas-taleb\/\">Nassim Nicholas Taleb<\/a> would call a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/the-black-swan\"><em>Black Swan<\/em><\/a><em>: <\/em>an event that, while extremely rare and impossible to predict, is very likely to happen <em>eventually<\/em>. Furthermore, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/black-swan-theory\/\">Black Swans<\/a> tend to have enormous effects when they do arise\u2014like how most mutations have minimal impact on a person\u2019s health, but cancer\u2019s specific mutations lead to a devastating and fatal disease.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The good news, according to Fung, is that knowledge of how carcinogens cause cancer is the best weapon we have in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/fight-against-cancer\/\">fight against cancer<\/a>, as well as the easiest one to use. After all, it hardly matters what specific cancer-causing mutations UV radiation produces, or how to treat the disease those mutations cause, if we just wear sunscreen to make sure that damage doesn\u2019t happen in the first place.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Fung\u2019s insistence that preventing cancer is more effective than curing it isn\u2019t just hypothetical; there are many studies showing how cancer rates decrease when carcinogens are more strictly controlled. For example, rates of lung cancer in the US <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4549470\/#:~:text=trends%20(26).-,Americas,-In%20many%20countries\">decreased sharply<\/a> after <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/tobacco-industry\/\">tobacco companies<\/a> were forced to stop airing commercials on television, and mesothelioma rates <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asbestos.com\/mesothelioma\/statistics\">saw a similar decline<\/a> with increased regulations on asbestos. Of course, it\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/common-sense-pamphlet\/\">common sense<\/a> that reduced exposure to carcinogens results in lower rates of cancer, but it\u2019s reassuring to see hard data bearing out that logic.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Can cancer be passed down genetically? To what extent is cancer hereditary? And if bad genes don&#8217;t cause cancer, what does? Contrary to a common misconception, cancer can\u2019t be directly passed down to offspring (although various genes do make certain types of cancer more likely). According to Dr. Jason Fung, cancer is almost always the result of environmental factors called carcinogens\u2014literally, \u201ctumor creators.\u201d Here&#8217;s how carcinogens cause cancer and drive its growth.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":4821,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,160],"tags":[769],"class_list":["post-81185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","category-science","tag-the-cancer-code","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Carcinogens Cause Cancer &amp; Drive Its Growth - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"According to Jason Fung, cancer is almost always the result of environmental factors called carcinogens. Here&#039;s how carcinogens cause cancer.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Carcinogens Cause Cancer &amp; Drive Its Growth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"According to Jason Fung, cancer is almost always the result of environmental factors called carcinogens. Here&#039;s how carcinogens cause cancer.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-10-28T00:11:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-10T21:09:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tipping-point-role-model.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"513\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"517\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\"},\"headline\":\"How Carcinogens Cause Cancer &#038; Drive Its Growth\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-10-28T00:11:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-10T21:09:40+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/\"},\"wordCount\":661,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tipping-point-role-model.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The Cancer Code\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Health\",\"Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/\",\"name\":\"How Carcinogens Cause Cancer & Drive Its Growth - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-carcinogens-cause-cancer\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/tipping-point-role-model.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-10-28T00:11:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-10T21:09:40+00:00\",\"description\":\"According to Jason Fung, cancer is almost always the result of environmental factors called carcinogens. 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