{"id":7942,"date":"2020-03-17T12:11:00","date_gmt":"2020-03-17T16:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=7942"},"modified":"2022-04-13T22:18:59","modified_gmt":"2022-04-14T02:18:59","slug":"asymmetric-information-definition-examples-economics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/asymmetric-information-definition-examples-economics\/","title":{"rendered":"What Is Asymmetric Information? Meaning &#038; Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>As the world has become <strong>more specialized and complex<\/strong>, people have come to rely more and more on experts to guide them through major life decisions. This is largely driven by fear of making a wrong decision that might result in financial ruin or even physical harm. <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As we\u2019ve discussed above, however, experts are hardly neutral arbiters of truth who are selflessly devoted to guiding you through the trials and tribulations of a staggeringly complex world. Rather, <strong>they are often<\/strong> <strong>self-interested, equally fallible humans <\/strong>who seek to use their superior information to gain an advantage on you. This unequal distribution of information between parties to a transaction is known as <strong>information asymmetry<\/strong>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>Think of the mechanic who tells you that you need to replace parts of your engine that you\u2019ve never heard of to be able to pass your vehicle inspection. Or the doctor who orders that MRI that you\u2019re not quite sure you needed. Or the car salesperson who insists that you need all of those pricey add-on safety features. All of these experts know perfectly well that you know nothing about their business. Often, <strong>your information deficit is their gain<\/strong>, especially if they have strong incentives to profit.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform example: the 2008 Financial Crisis was another story of asymmetric information. Financiers created products like derivatives and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-a-cdo\/\">collateralized debt obligations<\/a>, whose larger implications many investors simply did not understand. When the housing market collapsed, those investors who bought these products were wiped out, while the sellers, who possessed a major information advantage, made a tidy profit.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: This is not to say that all experts with an information advantage consciously deceive unknowing victims. There are many fair and well-meaning experts. But a tricky thing about incentives is that they can bias someone subconsciously.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example of Asymmetric Information: Your Real Estate Agent vs. You<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When you\u2019re selling your house, it\u2019s natural to assume that your real estate agent will work hard to secure the best deal for you. After all, why wouldn\u2019t she? The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-incentive-meaning-and-definition-economics\/\">incentive<\/a> seems aligned: the more she sells your house for, the higher her commission will be, right?<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately, <strong>your incentives aren\u2019t as aligned as you think. <\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s say you sell your house for $500,000. With the customary 6 percent of the sale price going to the agent, she should be pocketing $30,000 from the deal. But that\u2019s before we consider a few other factors that cut significantly into her final take:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <em>buying <\/em>agent\u2019s fee.<\/li><li>Her own <em>agency\u2019s <\/em>fee.<\/li><li>The selling costs (which are borne by the agent).<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, her real takeaway from the deal is more like 1.5 percent, or $7,500.<strong> <\/strong>And if you think you can ask for more and want to sell for $520,000? Sure, <strong><em>you <\/em><\/strong><strong>pocket an extra $18,800, but your agent would only take home an additional $300. <\/strong>And given that she would have to put in all the extra work, place all the extra ads, and turn away new clients, this hardly seems like a worthwhile reward.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now here\u2019s where the information asymmetry comes into the picture. Given her vastly superior knowledge of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/current-housing-market\/\">real estate market<\/a>, she knows how to exploit your relative ignorance. She\u2019ll work her hardest to convince you that the lowball $500,000 is the best you\u2019re going to receive and that you\u2019d better take it before they withdraw or lower it. Of course, she <em>knows <\/em>that\u2019s not likely to be true, &nbsp;but <strong>she\u2019s more interested in having you making a <\/strong><strong><em>quick <\/em><\/strong><strong>deal than in holding out for a <\/strong><strong><em>better <\/em><\/strong><strong>one.<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This contrasts with how real estate agents behave when selling their <em>own <\/em>homes. When we study the public data of home sales in the Chicago area, we see that real estate agents:<br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As the world has become more specialized and complex, people have come to rely more and more on experts to guide them through major life decisions. This is largely driven by fear of making a wrong decision that might result in financial ruin or even physical harm. As we\u2019ve discussed above, however, experts are hardly neutral arbiters of truth who are selflessly devoted to guiding you through the trials and tribulations of a staggeringly complex world. Rather, they are often self-interested, equally fallible humans who seek to use their superior information to gain an advantage on you. This unequal distribution<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7944,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[80],"class_list":["post-7942","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economics","tag-freakonomics","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Is Asymmetric Information? Meaning &amp; Examples - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is asymmetric information in economics? 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