{"id":7938,"date":"2020-03-16T12:11:00","date_gmt":"2020-03-16T16:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=7938"},"modified":"2022-04-14T11:17:55","modified_gmt":"2022-04-14T15:17:55","slug":"early-childhood-longitudinal-program-ecls","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/early-childhood-longitudinal-program-ecls\/","title":{"rendered":"Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: What It Revealed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS), launched by the US. Department of Education in the 1990s, measured the academic progress of over 20,000 students as they progressed from kindergarten to the fifth grade, interviewing parents and educators and asking a broad range of questions about the children\u2019s home environment. <strong>The study<\/strong> <strong>provided an ample resource of data<\/strong> that researchers could use to identify more statistically <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/meaningful-relationships-ray-dalio\/\">meaningful relationships<\/a> between specific parenting tactics and children\u2019s academic outcomes.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Researchers used regression analysis to draw conclusions from this rich data set.<\/strong> &nbsp;Regression analysis enables researchers to<strong> <\/strong>isolate two variables in a complicated and messy set of data, holding everything else constant to identify relationships between variables. Its main benefit is that <strong>it allows analysts to control for confounding variables that might otherwise confuse the true causal relationship.<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to note that regression analysis does not \u201cprove\u201d causal relationships. The only way to truly do that would be to set up a randomized, controlled experiment, similar to what would be done in a clinical trial for a new pharmaceutical. This is very hard (if not impossible) to do in a field like economics, where it is highly impractical to create these conditions. Thus, economists use regression analysis to study causative relationships in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/natural-experiment-definition-examples\/\">natural experiments<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the ECLS study, <strong>these are the factors that were strongly correlated with children\u2019s test scores:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Having highly educated parents<\/li><li>Having parents with a high socioeconomic status<\/li><li>Having a mother thirty or older at the time of her \ufb01rst child\u2019s birth<\/li><li>Being born with a low birthweight<\/li><li>Speaking English in the home<\/li><li>Being adopted<\/li><li>Having parents active in PTA<\/li><li>Living in a home with many books<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile,<strong> these factors were <\/strong><strong><em>not <\/em><\/strong><strong>correlated with children\u2019s test scores<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Coming from a traditional, two-parent home<\/li><li>Moving to a better neighborhood<\/li><li>Having a stay-at-home mom between birth and kindergarten<\/li><li>Attending Head Start<\/li><li>Regularly attending museums<\/li><li>Being spanked on a regular basis<\/li><li>Watching television frequently<\/li><li>Being read to daily<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If you look at the lists of factors above, do you notice a pattern? <strong>Most of the traits that correlated with academic performance were<\/strong> <strong>immutable characteristics that parents <\/strong><strong><em>possessed<\/em><\/strong>. They were either rooted in the parents\u2019 identity or had to do with things the parents had achieved <em>before <\/em>they had children. They weren\u2019t active decisions made by the parents.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Accordingly, the traits that <em>weren\u2019t <\/em>linked to children\u2019s academic performance were things that parents <em>made the deliberate choice to do <\/em>(like going to museums, reading, limiting TV). <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In some ways, this is unsatisfying. We like to focus on what tangible things we can do (like reading to our kids or cutting their TV time), and we like to believe those actions make a difference. In contrast, we don\u2019t like being subject to environmental causes outside our control (like how rich our parents were), because it punctures the idea that we as individuals are fully in control of our own destiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But regardless of how we feel, the data speak for itself. Who parents <em>are<\/em>, what attributes they possess, matters more than what they <em>do<\/em>. <strong>Parent<em>ing<\/em> may not make a difference\u2014but <em>parents <\/em>most likely do.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS), launched by the US. Department of Education in the 1990s, measured the academic progress of over 20,000 students as they progressed from kindergarten to the fifth grade, interviewing parents and educators and asking a broad range of questions about the children\u2019s home environment. The study provided an ample resource of data that researchers could use to identify more statistically meaningful relationships between specific parenting tactics and children\u2019s academic outcomes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7946,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[80],"class_list":["post-7938","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economics","tag-freakonomics","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: What It Revealed - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What did the Early Childhood Longitudinal Program (ECLS) reveal about parenting and childhood outcomes? 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