{"id":78476,"date":"2022-10-10T16:12:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-10T20:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=78476"},"modified":"2022-10-24T12:37:09","modified_gmt":"2022-10-24T16:37:09","slug":"theory-of-racism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/theory-of-racism\/","title":{"rendered":"Ibram X. Kendi: A New Theory of Racism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What is Ibram X. Kendi’s theory of racism? What comes first\u2014racist ideas or racist policies? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In his book Stamped from the Beginning<\/em>, Ibram X. Kendi presents a new theory of racism. Common wisdom holds that racist ideas<\/a> lead to racist policies, but Kendi argues that the opposite is true. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keep reading to learn about Kendi’s theory of racism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

A New Theory of Racism<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

One of the main purposes of Stamped from the Beginning<\/em> is to articulate a new theory of racism\u2014which he argues is necessary if we\u2019re to effectively fight racism. Kendi makes two major conceptual claims in this book. First, he argues that racist ideas are invented to justify racist policies already in place. If we don\u2019t realize this, he says, we\u2019ll mistakenly try to address racism by fighting racist ideas when it would be more effective to fight racist policies. Second, he argues that debates about race encompass three possible stances\u2014segregationism, assimilationism, and antiracism. He suggests that if we don\u2019t learn to recognize all three stances, we might accidentally perpetuate racist ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Defining \u201cRacism\u201d and \u201cRace\u201d<\/strong>

Racism is a charged term, so before going further, it\u2019s a good idea to establish its definition and usage in this guide.

In Stamped from the Beginning<\/em>, Kendi defines racism as \u201cany concept that regards one racial group as inferior or superior to another racial group in any way.\u201d In other words, racism doesn\u2019t require hatred or discrimination\u2014it only requires believing that any race is better or worse than another. As we\u2019ll see, this definition will be important for understanding Kendi\u2019s arguments about the different kinds of thoughts about race.However, this definition raises another question: What is race? Kendi never explicitly defines the term in Stamped from the Beginning<\/em>, but in How to Be an Antiracist<\/em><\/a>, he defines it as a hierarchical group into which people are sorted<\/a>. He argues that race isn\u2019t based on culture, ethnicity, or biological difference\u2014instead, he says, it\u2019s a purely political construct. As we\u2019ll see, that construct changes over time depending on which era and which culture we\u2019re looking at. But in any case, it\u2019s important to note that despite centuries of pseudoscientific claims of racial difference<\/a>, contemporary science has found no significant biological difference between so-called racial groups<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Claim #1: Racist Policies Lead to Racist Ideas<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kendi argues that while most people think that ignorance and hatred lead to racist policies, the reality is the exact opposite: People who are motivated by economic or political self-interest introduce racist policies, they justify these policies by inventing racist ideas, then those racist ideas take hold and produce ignorance and hatred<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Kendi\u2019s account of American anti-Black racism, the original racist policy<\/a> was the African slave trade, which slave traders and enslavers justified by inventing ideas about Black inferiority. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As we\u2019ll see in Part 2, much of Kendi\u2019s book is dedicated to tracking the evolution of these policies and ideas over time. Kendi argues that it\u2019s crucial to understand the policy-first nature of racism because otherwise, we\u2019re likely to take the wrong approach to combating racism<\/a>. In other words, if we believe that racism stems from hatred and ignorance, we\u2019ll focus on educating racists to show them the illogic and factual inaccuracy of racist ideas\u2014an approach that can\u2019t possibly work<\/strong> because racist ideas don\u2019t come from ignorance in the first place. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Claim #2: There Are Three Positions on Race<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

While we might assume that ideas are either racist or nonracist, Kendi\u2019s other major theoretical argument is that there are three types of thoughts on race: segregationist, antiracist, and assimilationist<\/strong>. When we think about racist ideas, we tend to think about openly hateful, hostile, or discriminatory rhetoric. But as we\u2019ll see, Kendi\u2019s three positions show that racist thinking can take subtler forms and even disguise itself as nonracist:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) <\/strong>Segregationist <\/em><\/strong>ideas blame racial disparities on Black people by proposing that they\u2019re inferior or defective in some way. These are the kinds of ideas we\u2019d typically identify as racist. For example, a segregationist explanation for the low number of Black Fortune 500 CEOs<\/a> might be that Black people lack the intelligence and motivation to be business leaders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) <\/strong>Antiracist<\/em><\/strong> ideas blame racial disparities solely on racism and maintain that all races are equal. An antiracist explanation for the lack of Black Fortune 500 CEOs might be that hiring and promotion procedures discriminate against Black candidates and employees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3)<\/strong> Assimilationist<\/em><\/strong> ideas blame racial disparities on Black people and <\/em>on racism. Assimilationist ideas can take two forms\u2014they can maintain that both Black people and racist Whites are at fault, or they can propose that Black people are defective <\/strong>as a result of <\/em><\/strong>racism.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, the first type of assimilationism might explain the low number of Black Fortune 500 CEOs by saying that hiring policies are discriminatory and <\/em>that many Black people lack the skills to be business executives (such an explanation might even suggest that businesses should try harder to find the few qualified Black people out there). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The second type of assimilationism is especially pernicious because its racism is subtler\u2014for example, it might argue that after centuries of racial discrimination, most Black people can\u2019t imagine themselves in leadership roles. As Kendi points out, an idea like this seems to place the blame on racism, but in doing so, it also promotes the idea that Black people <\/strong>are<\/em><\/strong> inferior<\/strong> (even if the inferiority isn\u2019t their fault, but was caused by racism).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What is Ibram X. Kendi’s theory of racism? What comes first\u2014racist ideas or racist policies? In his book Stamped from the Beginning, Ibram X. Kendi presents a new theory of racism. Common wisdom holds that racist ideas lead to racist policies, but Kendi argues that the opposite is true. Keep reading to learn about Kendi’s theory of racism.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":736,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[275,24],"tags":[741],"class_list":["post-78476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","category-society","tag-stamped-from-the-beginning","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nIbram X. Kendi: A New Theory of Racism - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"According to Ibram X. 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