{"id":76488,"date":"2022-08-22T12:31:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-22T16:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=76488"},"modified":"2022-08-23T14:23:39","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T18:23:39","slug":"history-of-genetics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/history-of-genetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Siddhartha Mukherjee: Tracing the History of Genetics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

How long have we been studying genetics? What were the most significant events in the history of the field?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The word \u201cgene\u201d was coined by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909. However, crucial strides in the field of genetics had been made before that term even existed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keep reading to learn about the scientists that laid the groundwork for the study of genetics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Darwin\u2019s Theory of Evolution<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The history of genetics dates back to 1859, when Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution, titled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection<\/a> <\/em>(commonly shortened to The Origin of Species<\/em>). <\/strong>Darwin developed his theory by studying finches in the Galapagos Islands, where he found that birds on different islands had distinctly different beak shapes\u2014for example, one beak type was well suited for cracking open nuts, while another was effective at digging insects out of tree bark. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Darwin concluded that each type of finch had evolved <\/em>to thrive in its particular environment. This happened because traits that help organisms survive and reproduce tend to get passed on to the next generation, while less suitable traits tend to get outcompeted and die out. <\/strong>In this case, because the conditions on each island were slightly different, over time those traits diverged and created noticeably different types of finches. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, Mukherjee tells us that while Darwin accurately explained the results of evolution, he wasn\u2019t able to figure out how it worked. Darwin (incorrectly) proposed small \u201cparticles\u201d of inheritance produced by cells and carried in the blood, which he called gemmules<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Darwin theorized that streams of these particles from each parent would mingle in their offspring, thereby blending the parents\u2019 traits. He called this theory pangenesis <\/em>(meaning \u201coriginating from everything\u201d) to illustrate that any given gemmule could come from anywhere in the body. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

He also believed that, because any cell could produce gemmules, those gemmules would carry information about changes that cell had undergone\u2014for instance, injuries, or muscles made stronger through a lifetime of exercise. In other words, pangenesis theory relied in part on the inheritance of acquired characteristics<\/em>, rather than purely genetic ones.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mendel\u2019s \u201cUnit of Heredity\u201d<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 1864, not long after Darwin published The Origin of Species<\/em>, biologist and Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel made another major breakthrough in genetics (although that word didn\u2019t exist yet). By breeding and studying pea plants with obviously different traits\u2014such as different heights, different colored flowers, and so on\u2014he discovered clear patterns of inheritance across generations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most importantly, according to Mukherjee, Mendel discovered that traits would be passed on completely;<\/strong> for example, if he cross-pollinated a purple-flowered plant with a white-flowered plant, the offspring would have purple flowers. This ran counter to the popular theory of Mendel\u2019s time that traits would \u201cblend\u201d during inheritance, in which case that plant would end up with pale purple flowers, or some purple and some white. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

If traits get passed on completely intact, Mendel reasoned, then there must be a \u201cunit\u201d of heredity:<\/strong> self-contained packets of genetic information representing a single trait\u2014which Mendel called factors<\/em>\u2014rather than a stream of particles mixing with other streams like Darwin proposed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mendel\u2019s Laws of Inheritance<\/strong>

Aside from his concept of a unit of heredity, Mendel is credited with creating two \u201claws\u201d that describe patterns of inheritance:

The Law of Segregation. <\/strong>Organisms have two copies of each gene\u2014one from each of their parents\u2014which may be different from one another. When an organism reproduces, it randomly passes on one gene from each pair.

The Law of Independent Assortment. <\/strong>Genes are passed on to offspring independently of each other. In other words, offspring inheriting one trait doesn\u2019t guarantee they\u2019ll inherit a different trait\u2014blond hair doesn\u2019t always go with blue eyes, for example.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

de Vries Fills in the Gaps<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mukherjee recounts that in the 1890s, Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries made the next major step toward modern genetics by recognizing that a self-contained unit of heredity perfectly explained Darwin\u2019s observations of how species evolve. In other words, Mendel and Darwin\u2019s discoveries were both parts of a single, cohesive theory of evolution.  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

De Vries added one point of his own to this theory: There must be a chance, however small, that genetic information could spontaneously change during reproduction. In other words, de Vries introduced the concept of mutations.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutations are a critical part of evolutionary theory because evolution requires diversity\u2014natural selection can\u2019t \u201cselect\u201d genes that don\u2019t exist\u2014and without mutations, there would be no way for new traits to appear.<\/strong> For example, Darwin\u2019s finches couldn\u2019t have developed different types of beaks unless there were already slight beak differences coded into their genes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How long have we been studying genetics? What were the most significant events in the history of the field? The word \u201cgene\u201d was coined by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909. However, crucial strides in the field of genetics had been made before that term even existed. Keep reading to learn about the scientists that laid the groundwork for the study of genetics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":76491,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,160],"tags":[715],"class_list":["post-76488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-science","tag-the-gene","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nSiddhartha Mukherjee: Tracing the History of Genetics - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The word \u201cgene\u201d was coined in 1909. 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