{"id":75360,"date":"2022-08-22T20:49:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-23T00:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=75360"},"modified":"2022-08-23T14:23:48","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T18:23:48","slug":"germline-editing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/germline-editing\/","title":{"rendered":"Germline Editing: Legal Status and Ethical Implications"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is germline editing? What are the ethical implications of using germline cells for gene therapy?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Germline editing is a method of modifying one&#8217;s genome in such a way that the changes are passed down to all the subsequent generations. Currently, germline editing is illegal because of ethical concerns. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about the implications of germline editing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-germline-editing-inheritable-changes\"><strong>Germline Editing: Inheritable Changes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mukherjee says that gene therapy currently only affects the person it&#8217;s performed on and doesn\u2019t get passed to that person\u2019s children. <strong>However, it\u2019s theoretically possible to create a human embryo using genetically modified stem cells,<\/strong> if those stem cells can be converted into gametes (sperm and eggs). While that should be possible\u2014stem cells should be able to turn into <em>any <\/em>type of cell\u2014the technique is still unproven.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But if scientists could create genetically modified embryos in this way, it would mean all of that person\u2019s cells, including his or her gametes, would carry the modifications. Therefore, those changes would be passed down to any children the person had.<strong> <\/strong>At that point, Mukherjee says, we would have gone from editing a person\u2019s <em>genes <\/em>to editing a person\u2019s <em>genome<\/em>; in doing so, we\u2019d have created an entirely new type of organism, and potentially changed the gene pool forever.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: The first, and so far the only, known instance of germline editing happened in 2018: Biologist He Jiankui used gene-editing techniques on human embryos with the goal of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2018\/11\/28\/chinese-scientist-defends-creating-gene-edited-babies\/\">creating people who were immune to HIV<\/a>. Three gene-edited babies were born from He\u2019s work. While those three people are apparently healthy children today, many scientists agree that He crossed an ethical line by performing the procedure on people who couldn\u2019t consent to it\u2014meaning both the embryos and any children they might have in the future. Those scientists also argue that the children could suffer unintended side effects, such as harmful mutations or cancer. He served a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/he-jiankui-out-jail-editing-genome-dna-unborn-babies-crispr-1696846\">three-year prison sentence<\/a> for violating medical regulations, which ended in April of 2022.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-germline-editing-legal-practical-and-ethical-concerns\"><strong>Germline Editing: Legal, Practical, and Ethical Concerns<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Currently, germline modifications\u2014changes that will be passed on to future generations\u2014are illegal, and&nbsp; Mukherjee says that\u2019s a wise policy for several reasons. <\/strong>On a practical level, scientists\u2019 understanding of genomics is still limited; we simply don\u2019t know enough about how genes interact with each other and with environmental factors. That means that even a seemingly beneficial change to a gene could have unforeseen and devastating consequences.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, on an ethical level, genetically modifying the human race<em> <\/em>raises uncomfortable echoes of eugenics and the Holocaust, and poses many difficult questions. For example, should we engineer away undesirable traits if we can do it without killing living people, or would that be giving medical treatment without consent? Should parents be able to choose what traits their children will have, thereby creating \u201cdesigner babies?\u201d If we\u2019re able to \u201cimprove\u201d the human genome, would that change what it means to be human\u2014in other words, would people who <em>don\u2019t <\/em>have those changes be considered somehow less than human?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>These are deep moral questions without easy answers; but they\u2019re questions that Mukherjee believes we\u2019ll have to face before we push genetics too much farther.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Counterpoint: In Support of Germline Editing<\/strong><br><br>Dr. John Harris\u2014one of the world\u2019s leading authorities on bioethics\u2014believes that scientists have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk\/article\/latest-youtube-video-interview\">not only the right, but the moral responsibility<\/a> to use germline editing to prevent genetic diseases and thereby reduce human suffering.&nbsp;<br><br>Harris argues that there\u2019s no evidence backing up concerns about side effects, and that those who talk about human rights, dignity, and personal identity <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics\/article\/germline-modification-and-the-burden-of-human-existence\/167CB3680FE40EBE94FEF1E7B1978A02\">can\u2019t adequately explain how germline engineering will infringe on any of those things<\/a>.&nbsp;<br><br>Furthermore, Harris points out that many people argued strongly against in-vitro fertilization (IVF) using many of the same points: that it\u2019s unnatural, that there could be side effects, or that people born from IVF would be inherently different somehow; not quite human. However, today, IVF is a widely used and accepted treatment for infertility\u2014the children born from IVF are perfectly healthy, and there\u2019s no sense of exclusion or \u201cotherness\u201d because of how they were born. <strong>Harris believes that someday the arguments against germline editing will prove to be just as unfounded as those against IVF were.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is germline editing? What are the ethical implications of using germline cells for gene therapy? Germline editing is a method of modifying one&#8217;s genome in such a way that the changes are passed down to all the subsequent generations. Currently, germline editing is illegal because of ethical concerns. Keep reading to learn about the implications of germline editing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":63016,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,160],"tags":[715],"class_list":["post-75360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-science","tag-the-gene","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Germline Editing: Legal Status and Ethical Implications - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Currently, germline editing is illegal because of ethical concerns. 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