{"id":75354,"date":"2022-08-19T20:47:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-20T00:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=75354"},"modified":"2022-08-23T14:23:56","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T18:23:56","slug":"environment-and-genetics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Environment and Genetics: Understanding the Connection"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What roles do genes play in behavior? Is your personality largely the product of your genes or your environment?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our genes contain the blueprints for our bodies. Therefore, in a very real sense, our genes determine who we are. Each of us has crucial elements of who we\u2019ll become encoded in our DNA.\u00a0However, genes only tell a small part of the story because your environment can influence how genes are expressed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn about the interplay between environment and genetics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-genetics-vs-environment\"><strong>Genetics vs. Environment<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Very few traits are purely genetic because most of them are also influenced by the environment.<\/strong> For example, identical twins (who, by definition, have all the same genes) could look and act very differently if one becomes a professional athlete while the other becomes an office worker.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Genes often create tendencies or predispositions toward certain kinds of behavior, but those behaviors still won\u2019t appear unless the environment draws them out. For example, someone who\u2019s genetically predisposed to alcoholism could go his or her entire life without ever drinking, and therefore without becoming addicted to alcohol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Different Types of Environment<\/strong><br><br>A major part of a person\u2019s identity is how he or she acts, but, as Mukherjee says, our traits and behaviors are heavily influenced by our environment. In fact, in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/behave\"><em>Behave<\/em><\/a>, Robert Sapolsky\u2014a professor of biology and neurology\u2014elaborates on the interplay between environment and genetics. He explains that there are actually <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/behave\/1-page-summary#environment\">three different types of environment<\/a> that interact with our genetics to determine how we act in any given moment:<br><br><strong>Physical environment. <\/strong>Our surroundings influence how we act in numerous ways. For instance, if the area is clean and well-maintained, we\u2019re more likely to be polite and follow the rules because it seems like the sort of place where that\u2019s expected.&nbsp;<br><br><strong>Moral environment. <\/strong>How close we are to a situation, both physically and emotionally, determines how we\u2019ll respond to it. For example, if we see a child in danger, we\u2019re likely to jump into action; if we read a story about a child in danger, we\u2019re more likely to do nothing. Similarly, if the child is someone we know personally, we\u2019re much more likely to try to help than if the person is a stranger.<br><br><strong>Social environment. <\/strong>We\u2019ll often factor who\u2019s nearby into our decisions about how to act. For instance, men tend to be more decisive and aggressive when women are nearby. Also, people tend to be more likely to put themselves in danger if others are around\u2014perhaps because there\u2019s the chance that they\u2019ll help, or maybe simply for the chance to be seen as a hero.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-environment-permanently-changes-our-genes\"><strong>The Environment Permanently Changes Our Genes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Genes also switch on and off throughout our lives in response to environmental factors. For example, when you\u2019re exercising, your body will activate genes that burn extra nutrients in order to boost your energy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even more interestingly, Mukherjee says that those repeated activations and deactivations leave permanent marks. <strong>Molecules called <\/strong><strong><em>methyl tags <\/em><\/strong><strong>attach themselves to genes during this process, and enough methyl tags on a gene can affect how it works.<\/strong> For example, researchers believe that some cases of cancer are due to these methyl tags blocking the \u201coff switch\u201d for cell division, causing potentially deadly tumors to form.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Environmental effects on genes may be even more widespread and impactful than Mukherjee suggests. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/lifespan\"><em>Lifespan<\/em><\/a>, geneticist David Sinclair explains his theory that these long-term changes in gene function <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/lifespan\/1-page-summary#the-information-theory-of-aging\">are the reason why we age.<\/a> Even more astoundingly, Sinclair believes that it\u2019s possible to <em>undo <\/em>these changes with genetic engineering\u2014to remove the methyl tags and return cells to their original functions. In short, Sinclair believes that someday it will be possible to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/app\/book\/lifespan\/1-page-summary#turning-back-the-clock-with-yamanaka-factors\">reverse the aging process<\/a>, and that it might even happen in our lifetimes.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What roles do genes play in behavior? Is your personality largely the product of your genes or your environment? Our genes contain the blueprints for our bodies. Therefore, in a very real sense, our genes determine who we are. Each of us has crucial elements of who we\u2019ll become encoded in our DNA.\u00a0However, genes only tell a small part of the story because your environment can influence how genes are expressed. Keep reading to learn about the interplay between environment and genetics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":63012,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,160],"tags":[715],"class_list":["post-75354","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","category-science","tag-the-gene","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Environment and Genetics: Understanding the Connection - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"To an extent, our genes determine who we are. 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However, few traits are purely genetic\u2014most of them are also influenced by the environment.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-08-20T00:47:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-08-23T18:23:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dna-strand.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1188\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"622\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\"},\"headline\":\"Environment and Genetics: Understanding the Connection\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-08-20T00:47:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-08-23T18:23:56+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/\"},\"wordCount\":655,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dna-strand.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The Gene\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Psychology\",\"Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/\",\"name\":\"Environment and Genetics: Understanding the Connection - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/environment-and-genetics\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/dna-strand.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-08-20T00:47:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-08-23T18:23:56+00:00\",\"description\":\"To an extent, our genes determine who we are. 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