{"id":75344,"date":"2022-08-15T20:44:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-16T00:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=75344"},"modified":"2022-08-23T14:24:04","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T18:24:04","slug":"how-was-dna-discovered","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-was-dna-discovered\/","title":{"rendered":"Siddhartha Mukherjee: How Was DNA Discovered?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>How was DNA discovered? Why did scientists initially dismiss DNA as a carrier of genetic information?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scientists discovered nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in the 1920s, but they decided that nucleic acids were much too simple to carry genetic information. Therefore, they dismissed those molecules in favor of studying proteins, which were much more complex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep reading to learn how DNA was discovered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-discovery-of-dna\"><strong>The Discovery of DNA<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>How was DNA discovered? Although DNA was discovered in the 1920s, it would remain largely unappreciated until the 1940s, when molecular biologists Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclin McCarty demonstrated that DNA, not proteins, carries genetic information. Oswald published their findings in 1944.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After scientists learned what DNA <em>is<\/em>, naturally,<em> <\/em>what it <em>does.<\/em> In other words, what does it actually mean that DNA \u201ccarries genetic information?\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biologists George Beadle and Edward Tatum discovered the answer in 1945: DNA contains instructions for building the proteins that make up just about everything in our bodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-dna-s-four-nucleotides\"><strong>DNA\u2019s Four Nucleotides<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>DNA itself is made of four base chemicals called <\/strong><strong><em>nucleotides<\/em><\/strong><strong>: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).<\/strong> Mukherjee tells us that all genes, regardless of species, consist of those four nucleotides in various combinations. Nucleotides have two key binding sites that make them perfect for creating chains of DNA: One site at the \u201cbottom\u201d of the molecule where the next nucleotide attaches itself, and one that binds to the other DNA chain of the double helix.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Some virus genomes are made of RNA, not DNA, a fact that Mukherjee himself puts in a footnote much later in <em>The Gene. <\/em>However, DNA is a <a href=\"https:\/\/sciencing.com\/dna-favorable-molecule-genetic-material-rna-compares-respect-17806.html\">more stable molecule than RNA<\/a>, and it\u2019s easier to repair in case of damage. That\u2019s why nearly all life on Earth has evolved with DNA. In theory, there could be complex <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22093146\/\">multicellular organisms with RNA genomes<\/a>, but so far, no such species has been discovered.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1953, molecular biologists James Watson and Francis Crick\u2014using data from another scientist named Rosalind Franklin, who went uncredited in their paper\u2014developed the first accurate model of DNA, the now-famous \u201cdouble helix\u201d model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While creating that model, Watson also discovered that <strong>the four nucleotide bases are actually two pairs: T is always linked to A, and C is always linked to G.<\/strong> That happens because those nucleotide pairs chemically bond to one another and thereby hold the DNA molecule together.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Form Fits Function<\/strong><br><br>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/science-and-technology\/biology-and-genetics\/biology-general\/functional-morphology\">Form fits function<\/a>\u201d is an old maxim of biology. It means that because all the parts of our bodies work together like a complex organic machine, you can deduce what each part of that machine does from how it\u2019s built\u2014for example, we can tell that red blood cells carry oxygen because they have binding sites for oxygen molecules.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><br>Scientists were using \u201cform fits function\u201d logic when they dismissed nucleic acids in favor of proteins. They were looking for a type of molecule that could encode very complicated data (the blueprints for an entire human body), and proteins can have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/topicpage\/protein-structure-14122136\/\">extremely complex structures<\/a>, so they seemed like more likely candidates than the relatively simple nucleic acids.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How was DNA discovered? Why did scientists initially dismiss DNA as a carrier of genetic information? Scientists discovered nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in the 1920s, but they decided that nucleic acids were much too simple to carry genetic information. Therefore, they dismissed those molecules in favor of studying proteins, which were much more complex. Keep reading to learn how DNA was discovered.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":57560,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,160],"tags":[715],"class_list":["post-75344","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-science","tag-the-gene","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Siddhartha Mukherjee: How Was DNA Discovered? - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Although DNA was discovered in the 1920s, it would remain largely unappreciated until the 1940s. Here&#039;s how DNA was discovered.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-was-dna-discovered\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Siddhartha Mukherjee: How Was DNA Discovered?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Although DNA was discovered in the 1920s, it would remain largely unappreciated until the 1940s. 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