{"id":75342,"date":"2022-08-13T20:44:16","date_gmt":"2022-08-14T00:44:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=75342"},"modified":"2022-08-23T14:24:07","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T18:24:07","slug":"how-do-genes-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/","title":{"rendered":"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

How do genes work? How are genetic instructions stored in the DNA?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DNA encodes the genetic information that determines how an organism will develop. From the color of your eyes to your temperament, genes carry information that makes you who you are<\/a>. So, in a very real sense, your genes contain the blueprints for your body and, to some extent, your personality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here’s how genes work, explained in simple terms. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

DNA\u2019s Four Nucleotides<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

DNA contains instructions for building the proteins that make up just about everything in our bodies.<\/strong> DNA itself is made of four base chemicals called nucleotides<\/em>: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). All genes, regardless of species, consist of those four nucleotides in various combinations. Nucleotides have two key binding sites that make them perfect for creating chains of DNA: One site at the \u201cbottom\u201d of the molecule where the next nucleotide attaches itself, and one that binds to the other DNA chain of the double helix. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: Some virus genomes are made of RNA, not DNA, a fact that Mukherjee himself puts in a footnote much later in The Gene. <\/em>However, DNA is a more stable molecule than RNA<\/a>, and it\u2019s easier to repair in case of damage. That\u2019s why nearly all life on Earth has evolved with DNA. In theory, there could be complex multicellular organisms with RNA genomes<\/a>, but so far, no such species has been discovered.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1953, molecular biologists James Watson and Francis Crick\u2014using data from another scientist named Rosalind Franklin, who went uncredited in their paper\u2014developed the first accurate model of DNA, the now-famous \u201cdouble helix\u201d model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While creating that model, Watson also discovered that the four nucleotide bases are actually two pairs: T is always linked to A, and C is always linked to G.<\/strong> That happens because those nucleotide pairs chemically bond to one another and thereby hold the DNA molecule together. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genes Switch On and Off<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Every cell in an organism\u2019s body contains a set of that organism\u2019s genes; in fact, each of its cells has identical DNA. This is logical, since every organism starts out as a single cell (a fertilized egg) which then replicates itself countless times. However, that seems to imply that all of its cells should be the same, which clearly isn\u2019t the case. One cell becoming skin while another becomes bone or brain tissue is a matter of activating and deactivating certain genes at certain times.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To illustrate the point, Ed Lewis\u2014a geneticist working with fruit flies in the 1950s\u2014discovered that some rare mutations would lead to flies having wildly different body structures, such as a leg growing out of the head. He concluded that there must be genes regulating when and how other genes are expressed, which he called effectors<\/em>. <\/strong>Errors in those effectors led to the mutations he was observing: For example, one such mistake might activate the \u201cgrow antenna\u201d genes in cells on the fly\u2019s thorax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How Do Genes Work?\u2014Genes Function Like Computers
<\/strong>
Gene regulators\u2014Lewis’s “effectors”\u2014come in two types:<\/a>\u00a0

Activators <\/strong>begin or increase protein production by binding to sites called enhancers.\u00a0<\/em>

Repressors <\/strong>slow or stop protein production by binding to sites called silencers.\u00a0<\/em>

Furthermore, any given gene can have multiple enhancers and silencers that work under different conditions. This actually allows cells to carry out basic if-then programming, like microscopic computers.

For example, E. coli <\/em>has a relatively simple operon (collection of related genes) that helps it break down lactose for energy. However, there are two regulators controlling when that operon activates:
The lac repressor <\/em>normally blocks this operon, but turns off in the presence of lactose.

The catabolite activator protein <\/em>activates this operon when levels of glucose (E. coli<\/em>\u2019s preferred food) are low.

So, this operon\u2019s if-then statement would be: If <\/em>lactose is present, and <\/em>glucose is not present, then <\/em>produce lactose-digesting enzymes.\u00a0<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

How Genes Create Proteins<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The process in which DNA creates functional proteins is intricate and involves many different enzymes (proteins that aid chemical reactions). However, Mukherjee describes the process in two broad steps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Transcription. <\/strong>Enzymes read the DNA \u201cblueprint\u201d and create a matching RNA molecule of the genes to be translated into proteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: This step is crucial because only a small part of your genome gets transcribed into RNA at a time<\/a>. If your cells read your DNA directly and made proteins based on that, they could end up trying to create an entire genome\u2019s worth of proteins at once.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Translation. <\/strong>Other enzymes read instructions encoded in the RNA molecule, retrieve the needed amino acids<\/em> (simple organic compounds that make up proteins) from the blood, and assemble them into proteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Shortform note: There are a total of 20 amino acids<\/a> that, when put together in various combinations and shapes, create countless proteins. Of those 20, nine are considered essential amino acids<\/a> because our bodies can\u2019t produce them. In other words, they\u2019re essential <\/em>parts of our diet, because the only way we can get those amino acids is by breaking down proteins from other organisms that produce them. Perhaps the best-known essential amino acid is tryptophan<\/em>, which is found in turkey (among other sources), and is supposedly responsible for the post-Thanksgiving drowsiness<\/a> many people experience.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How do genes work? How are genetic instructions stored in the DNA? DNA encodes the genetic information that determines how an organism will develop. From the color of your eyes to your temperament, genes carry information that makes you who you are. So, in a very real sense, your genes contain the blueprints for your body and, to some extent, your personality. Here’s how genes work, explained in simple terms.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":2288,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[715],"class_list":["post-75342","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-the-gene","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"\nHow Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"DNA encodes the genetic information that determines how an organism will develop. Here's how genes work, explained in simple terms.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"DNA encodes the genetic information that determines how an organism will develop. Here's how genes work, explained in simple terms.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-08-14T00:44:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-08-23T18:24:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"959\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"538\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Darya Sinusoid\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\"},\"headline\":\"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-08-14T00:44:16+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-08-23T18:24:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/\"},\"wordCount\":890,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"The Gene\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/\",\"name\":\"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-08-14T00:44:16+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-08-23T18:24:07+00:00\",\"description\":\"DNA encodes the genetic information that determines how an organism will develop. Here's how genes work, explained in simple terms.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg\",\"width\":959,\"height\":538,\"caption\":\"sport\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"Shortform Books\",\"description\":\"The World's Best Book Summaries\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Shortform Books\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png\",\"width\":500,\"height\":74,\"caption\":\"Shortform Books\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46\",\"name\":\"Darya Sinusoid\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Untitled-design-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Untitled-design-1.png\",\"caption\":\"Darya Sinusoid\"},\"description\":\"Darya\u2019s love for reading started with fantasy novels (The LOTR trilogy is still her all-time-favorite). Growing up, however, she found herself transitioning to non-fiction, psychological, and self-help books. She has a degree in Psychology and a deep passion for the subject. She likes reading research-informed books that distill the workings of the human brain\/mind\/consciousness and thinking of ways to apply the insights to her own life. Some of her favorites include Thinking, Fast and Slow, How We Decide, and The Wisdom of the Enneagram.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/author\/darya\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains - Shortform Books","description":"DNA encodes the genetic information that determines how an organism will develop. Here's how genes work, explained in simple terms.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains","og_description":"DNA encodes the genetic information that determines how an organism will develop. Here's how genes work, explained in simple terms.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/","og_site_name":"Shortform Books","article_published_time":"2022-08-14T00:44:16+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-08-23T18:24:07+00:00","og_image":[{"width":959,"height":538,"url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Darya Sinusoid","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Darya Sinusoid","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/"},"author":{"name":"Darya Sinusoid","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46"},"headline":"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains","datePublished":"2022-08-14T00:44:16+00:00","dateModified":"2022-08-23T18:24:07+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/"},"wordCount":890,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg","keywords":["The Gene"],"articleSection":["Science"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/","name":"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains - Shortform Books","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg","datePublished":"2022-08-14T00:44:16+00:00","dateModified":"2022-08-23T18:24:07+00:00","description":"DNA encodes the genetic information that determines how an organism will develop. Here's how genes work, explained in simple terms.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg","width":959,"height":538,"caption":"sport"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-do-genes-work\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How Do Genes Work? Biologist Explains"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/","name":"Shortform Books","description":"The World's Best Book Summaries","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization","name":"Shortform Books","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/logo-equilateral-with-text-no-bg.png","width":500,"height":74,"caption":"Shortform Books"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/0421cce75bc249b11e2517b3a91f9c46","name":"Darya Sinusoid","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Untitled-design-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Untitled-design-1.png","caption":"Darya Sinusoid"},"description":"Darya\u2019s love for reading started with fantasy novels (The LOTR trilogy is still her all-time-favorite). Growing up, however, she found herself transitioning to non-fiction, psychological, and self-help books. She has a degree in Psychology and a deep passion for the subject. She likes reading research-informed books that distill the workings of the human brain\/mind\/consciousness and thinking of ways to apply the insights to her own life. Some of her favorites include Thinking, Fast and Slow, How We Decide, and The Wisdom of the Enneagram.","url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/author\/darya\/"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/china-study-is-breast-cancer-hereditary.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75342","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=75342"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75342\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":76580,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75342\/revisions\/76580"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2288"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=75342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=75342"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=75342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}