{"id":74555,"date":"2022-07-25T17:25:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-25T21:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=74555"},"modified":"2022-08-05T15:47:48","modified_gmt":"2022-08-05T19:47:48","slug":"the-virtue-of-wisdom","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/","title":{"rendered":"The Virtue of Wisdom: Self-Sufficient &#038; Divine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What did Aristotle say about wisdom as a virtue? Why did he believe it was superior?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In an effort to prove that wisdom is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-the-greatest-virtue\/\">greatest virtue<\/a> of all, Aristotle explains how the virtue of wisdom is superior to moral virtues. He claims that wisdom is superior because it\u2019s self-sufficient and divine.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a look at Aristotle&#8217;s view on the virtue of wisdom as presented in his <em>Nicomachean Ethics<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-wisdom-is-self-sufficient\">Wisdom Is Self-Sufficient<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Morally virtuous actions require situations, things, or other people\u2014and contemplative activities require none of this. A person can contemplate whenever they want to without needing anything else.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is not only useful in a practical sense but also suggests reason sits higher on the hierarchy of goods than moral virtues. Because moral virtues relate to other people and things, they necessarily lead to some other good\u2014for example, moderation might lead to physical health, and courage might lead to honor and respect from others. However, people pursue philosophical inquiry for the sake of wisdom and nothing else. And, as Aristotle shows in the hierarchy of good, actions done for their own sake are better than actions done for other benefits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Many critics contest Aristotle\u2019s claim that the virtue of wisdom is self-sufficient. They argue that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marcgasser.net\/pdfs\/AC-w.pdf\">using wisdom requires resources and working with others<\/a>\u2014Aristotle even acknowledges that happiness requires prosperity (which we\u2019ll discuss later) as well as relationships with other people. After all, it\u2019s hard to imagine how someone could philosophize with nobody to learn from or no free time. Some defenders of Aristotle argue that \u201cself-sufficiency\u201d actually refers to the <em>goal<\/em> of the activity. From this point of view, a life of philosophy isn\u2019t self-sufficient because it requires no people or things\u2014instead, it\u2019s self-sufficient because its goal (philosophical knowledge and happiness) exists separate from any person or object.)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-wisdom-is-divine\">Wisdom Is Divine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to the self-sufficiency of wisdom, Aristotle suggests that philosophical inquiry is a divine activity:<strong> It\u2019s the activity of the gods and is therefore superior to all strictly human activities.<\/strong> Aristotle says the gods are virtuous by their very nature, as they are perfect. But, virtue requires action\u2014so Aristotle must determine what actions make the gods virtuous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aristotle argues that <em>morally<\/em> virtuous actions can\u2019t be the source of their happiness, as they require interactions nobody would associate with the gods. For example, saying the gods are moderate implies that perfect divine beings have physical desires that they must restrain.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Intellectual virtues besides wisdom also involve other objects or people\u2014and so it wouldn\u2019t make sense to say the gods act on those virtues. For example, perfect divine beings don\u2019t spend time acting on their technical knowledge of carpentry to build tables and chairs\u2014it\u2019s ridiculous to imagine an all-powerful being needing a chair to sit on or sell.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since no other moral or intellectual virtues make sense to describe the activities of the gods, Aristotle concludes that <strong>the gods are virtuous because they act in accordance with the virtue of wisdom\u2014that is, they contemplate. <\/strong>Therefore, wisdom is the most divine virtue and contemplation is the most divine activity. And since the gods are perfectly virtuous, perfectly happy, and they <em>only<\/em> contemplate, Aristotle concludes that <strong>a perfectly happy life is a life of activity aligned with the virtue of wisdom (contemplation).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Aristotle\u2019s conception of the gods doesn\u2019t fully match what you might know as Greek mythology: the stories of gods like Zeus and Athena told by Homer and Hesiod. In these mythological works, the gods are imperfect and prone to the same vices as humans\u2014vices like jealousy, rage, and pettiness. In addition, they also frequently interact with each other and with objects in the world\u2014so from a Homeric perspective, the gods <em>can<\/em> and <em>do<\/em> act on virtues besides wisdom. However, Aristotle <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/us\/academic\/subjects\/philosophy\/classical-philosophy\/aristotle-religion?format=HB&amp;isbn=9781108415255\">strongly disagrees with the Homeric view of the gods.<\/a> He generally talks about the gods as perfectly divine ideals, rather than as flawed and emotional beings. Aristotle uses this idea of the gods in his argument that they only act on wisdom.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What did Aristotle say about wisdom as a virtue? Why did he believe it was superior? In an effort to prove that wisdom is the greatest virtue of all, Aristotle explains how the virtue of wisdom is superior to moral virtues. He claims that wisdom is superior because it\u2019s self-sufficient and divine.&nbsp; Let&#8217;s take a look at Aristotle&#8217;s view on the virtue of wisdom as presented in his Nicomachean Ethics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":74558,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,21,6],"tags":[707],"class_list":["post-74555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics","category-philosophy","category-spiritual","tag-nicomachean-ethics","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Virtue of Wisdom: Self-Sufficient &amp; Divine - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aristotle argued that the virtue of wisdom is superior to moral virtues because it\u2019s self-sufficient and divine. 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Learn more about his view.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Shortform Books\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-07-25T21:25:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-08-05T19:47:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/wordpress.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/woman-mountaintop-summit-peak-thinking.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"649\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Elizabeth Whitworth\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Elizabeth Whitworth\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/d2928cf6c11a69ced1491d6a5b74fb13\"},\"headline\":\"The Virtue of Wisdom: Self-Sufficient &#038; Divine\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-07-25T21:25:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-08-05T19:47:48+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/\"},\"wordCount\":704,\"commentCount\":1,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/woman-mountaintop-summit-peak-thinking.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Nicomachean Ethics\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Ethics\",\"Philosophy\",\"Spiritual\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/\",\"name\":\"The Virtue of Wisdom: Self-Sufficient & Divine - Shortform Books\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/the-virtue-of-wisdom\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/woman-mountaintop-summit-peak-thinking.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-07-25T21:25:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-08-05T19:47:48+00:00\",\"description\":\"Aristotle argued that the virtue of wisdom is superior to moral virtues because it\u2019s self-sufficient and divine. 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