{"id":72443,"date":"2022-07-05T12:36:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-05T16:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=72443"},"modified":"2022-07-19T14:23:39","modified_gmt":"2022-07-19T18:23:39","slug":"how-life-started-on-earth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-life-started-on-earth\/","title":{"rendered":"How Life Started on Earth: Carl Sagan Explains"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Are you wondering <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-the-origin-of-life-on-earth\/\">how life started<\/a> on Earth? How could a ball of gas and dust create life as we know it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In his book <em>Cosmos, <\/em>renowned astronomer Carl Sagan provides a timeline of how life developed on Earth. He also insists that evolution \u201cis a fact, not a theory\u201d because evolution has been observed in real-time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s how humans came to be on Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-vastness-of-space-and-time\"><strong>The Vastness of Space and Time<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sagan begins the story of how life started on Earth by teaching us that <strong>all life is made of carbon-based organic molecules,<\/strong> but there was once a time on Earth without life. How was it possible for life to come from non-life? Let\u2019s look at a timeline of how that process occurred and discuss Sagan\u2019s thoughts on whether the same thing could occur on other planets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>About 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth formed out of condensed gas and dust.<\/strong> The fossil record tells us life arose about 4 billion years ago, meaning that for 600 million years there was no life on Earth. According to Sagan, hydrogen-based molecules that are found throughout space were gradually broken down by the sun\u2019s energy, and they formed into other more complex molecules\u2014from one-celled plants to multicellular organisms. Sagan says that scientists have been able to replicate this on a much smaller scale in the laboratory. Scientists can create <em>organic<\/em> molecules that may have the potential to evolve into more complex life forms by exposing common <em>inorganic<\/em> gas molecules to an energy source, such as ultraviolet light. So, Sagan says, we know it\u2019s possible to create living molecules from simple non-living gasses.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Creating Life from Non-Life<\/strong><br><br>The process of life arising from non-living matter is called \u201cabiogenesis.\u201d The question of whether this is possible is still debated among scientists, even though some research has shown evidence that it could be possible. In 2018, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-07289-x\">scientists were able to create synthetic cell-like structures<\/a> that have the potential to divide and replicate on their own, essentially becoming \u201calive.\u201d This research could give clues to what kinds of life might possibly evolve on other planets, as well as raising philosophical questions about what defines \u201clife.\u201d&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>About 1 billion years ago, simple plants had evolved<\/strong>. Sagan tells us that for about 3 of the 4 billion years of life on Earth, the dominant life form was blue-green algae that covered the oceans. Those plants gradually changed the atmosphere by generating oxygen, allowing for many types of organisms to arise and others to die off. The process of <em>evolution by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/natural-selection-in-evolution\/\">natural selection<\/a><\/em> gradually shaped these <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/simple-organisms\/\">simple organisms<\/a> into all of the life forms we know today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>About 10 million years ago, early <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/history-of-hominids\/\">hominids<\/a> appeared<\/strong>, according to Sagan, with modern humans emerging only about 300,000 years ago. This means humans have existed for approximately .007% of the Earth\u2019s history.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Evolution Is a Fact<\/strong><br><br>Although it\u2019s still a topic debated between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/religion-and-science\/\">science and religion<\/a>, Sagan says evolution \u201cis a fact, not a theory.\u201d In fact, with species that have very short lifespans, evolution by natural selection is observable in real time.<br><br>For example, one of the early experiments that gave credibility to the theory, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2018\/08\/180817093802.htm#:~:text=evolution%20in%20action.-,Scientists%20have%20revisited%20%2D%2D%20and%20confirmed%20%2D%2D%20one%20of%20the,in%20clean%20and%20polluted%20woodland.\">the case of the peppered moth<\/a>, has been confirmed by modern science. During the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-caused-the-industrial-revolution\/\">Industrial Revolution<\/a>, scientists noticed that the normally pale-colored moth had turned darker to camouflage itself against soot-covered surfaces. This was a result of the individuals who were darker in color surviving predators and passing on the more melanated pigment to their offspring. Over generations, the peppered moth as a species had darkened. Later, after clean-air policies had been put into place and the soot began to subside, the peppered moths began turning lighter in color again, to match the lichen on the trees they live on.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Are you wondering how life started on Earth? How could a ball of gas and dust create life as we know it? In his book Cosmos, renowned astronomer Carl Sagan provides a timeline of how life developed on Earth. He also insists that evolution \u201cis a fact, not a theory\u201d because evolution has been observed in real-time. Here&#8217;s how humans came to be on Earth.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":72466,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,160],"tags":[686],"class_list":["post-72443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-science","tag-cosmos","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Life Started on Earth: Carl Sagan Explains - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In his book Cosmos, renowned astronomer Carl Sagan provides a timeline of how life started on Earth. 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