{"id":71648,"date":"2022-07-06T15:07:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T19:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=71648"},"modified":"2022-07-15T10:40:57","modified_gmt":"2022-07-15T14:40:57","slug":"where-does-knowledge-come-from","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/where-does-knowledge-come-from\/","title":{"rendered":"Where Does Knowledge Come From? 3 Theories"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Where does knowledge come from? Why does Deutsch believe knowledge comes from guessing?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The book <em>The Beginning of Infinity<\/em> says that knowledge is infinite and people are responsible for finding it. But there are still different theories on how we gain such knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Below we&#8217;ll go through the different theories on where knowledge comes from and why we should stay open-minded about knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-different-schools-of-thought\"><strong>Different Schools of Thought<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Where does knowledge come from? There are a few theories: empiricism, positivism, and Deutsch&#8217;s own theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Empiricism <\/em>is the belief that all knowledge comes from observation and extrapolation. A related philosophy, <em>Positivism<\/em>, says that the only true knowledge is scientific knowledge, and all scientific knowledge can be proven or verified through experimentation. In other words, Positivism argues that knowledge doesn\u2019t have to originate with experience, but it must be confirmed by it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deutsch rejects both of these philosophies. He says that<strong> it\u2019s impossible to gain true knowledge just from observation, because we also have to interpret whatever we observe.<\/strong> In Deutsch\u2019s definition, \u201ctrue\u201d knowledge is free from subjectivity, but observation is run through the filter of our past experiences, beliefs, and assumptions. Therefore, observation is <em>not <\/em>a reliable way to learn new information.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead, Deutsch argues that knowledge comes from conjecture and testing<em>\u2014<\/em>in other words, we come up with new ideas based on what we already know, then experiment to see if those ideas hold up under scrutiny. Note that this differs from Positivism because much of what we know can\u2019t be directly observed or experienced. For example, people believed that the sun rotated around the Earth based on what they saw and felt: The Earth seemed to be holding still while the sun, stars, and other planets moved around it. However, careful observations and mathematical calculations eventually proved that theory wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Everything We Know Could Be Wrong<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Several times throughout <em>The Beginning of Infinity<\/em>, Deutsch warns against what he calls <em>parochialism<\/em>: <strong>That is, mistaking one\u2019s own experiences for universal truth.<\/strong> Parochial refers to a church parish, but in more general terms it means having a narrow or shortsighted outlook. Deutsch uses it to evoke the image of a priest dictating \u201ctruth\u201d to his congregation\u2014the exact opposite of the endless search for knowledge that Deutsch wants. (Shortform note: The opposite can also be true: the \u201cArgument from Incredulity\u201d is a <a href=\"https:\/\/utminers.utep.edu\/omwilliamson\/ENGL1311\/fallacies.htm\">logical fallacy<\/a> in which a person dismisses an idea as crazy or illogical because it contradicts their own experiences or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/your-belief-system\/\">belief system<\/a>.)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The author urges us to remember that science can\u2019t prove something is true; instead, it disproves what is false. In other words,<strong> we gain new knowledge by correcting our mistakes.<\/strong> He calls this <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-fallibilism\/\">fallibilism<\/a><\/em>: remembering that there\u2019s no such thing as perfect knowledge and that nobody should be considered the absolute authority on any subject. Deutsch humorously suggests that we replace the word <em>theory <\/em>with <em>misconception <\/em>(as in, \u201cthe misconception of gravity\u201d) to make the point that <strong>theories will never be completely right; they can only become less wrong.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, there\u2019s always the chance that what we \u201cknow\u201d could be proven wrong. Even something as fundamental as the theory of gravity could still be disproven if a scientist could demonstrate a phenomenon science can\u2019t explain; say, a rock falling sideways instead of toward the earth. So far, nobody has managed to disprove gravity, but it\u2019s still possible that someone could.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On a related note, Deutsche defines a \u201cgood\u201d or \u201cbad\u201d explanation of a phenomenon based on how hard it would be to change the details of that explanation without destroying it. To continue with the theory of gravity, it would be very hard to change the details\u2014that mass attracts mass with a particular amount of force\u2014without making the whole explanation useless. If we proposed instead that mass <em>repels <\/em>mass, or we changed the theorized amount of force, then the theory would no longer explain what we observe in the universe. Therefore, gravity is a good explanation of those phenomena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>People Create Knowledge<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One of Deutsch\u2019s main problems with empiricism\u2014the idea that we acquire knowledge through experience\u2014is that it implies we\u2019re essentially blank slates waiting for the universe to imprint knowledge on us through our experiences. In contrast, Deutsch believes that<strong> the ability to actively <em>create<\/em> knowledge through reasoning, extrapolation, and experimentation is what makes us people.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similar to the \u201cblank slate\u201d belief, some people think the entire world was created for our benefit; in other words, all life on Earth exists simply to support humanity. Deutsch rejects this idea as well, saying we support ourselves by creating knowledge. In other words, people create knowledge to solve problems\u2014ranging from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/how-to-be-supportive\/\">how to support<\/a> an ever-growing population to how we can explore other planets.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Where does knowledge come from? Why does Deutsch believe knowledge comes from guessing? The book The Beginning of Infinity says that knowledge is infinite and people are responsible for finding it. But there are still different theories on how we gain such knowledge. Below we&#8217;ll go through the different theories on where knowledge comes from and why we should stay open-minded about knowledge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":24824,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,21,160],"tags":[677],"class_list":["post-71648","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","category-philosophy","category-science","tag-the-beginning-of-infinity","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Where Does Knowledge Come From? 3 Theories - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Where does knowledge come from? David Deutsch theorizes that we learn new ideas from testing, but other theories say different. Learn more.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/where-does-knowledge-come-from\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Where Does Knowledge Come From? 3 Theories\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Where does knowledge come from? David Deutsch theorizes that we learn new ideas from testing, but other theories say different. 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