{"id":71408,"date":"2022-07-06T08:53:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T12:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/?p=71408"},"modified":"2022-07-18T09:49:57","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T13:49:57","slug":"killer-ape-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/killer-ape-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"The Killer Ape Theory: Are Humans Violent by Nature?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>What is the Killer Ape Theory? Are humans violent by nature?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the Killer Ape Theory, aggression and violence are what propelled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/history-of-human-evolution\/\">human evolution<\/a>, distinguishing our ancestors from other primates. The theory gained notoriety for suggesting that humans were aggressive by nature. However, not all scientists are unanimous in this opinion. According to Rutger Bregman, the author of <em>Humankind<\/em>, more recent evidence suggests that human nature is peaceful and cooperative. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s why the Killer Ape Theory is moot, according to Bregman. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-early-human-foragers-avoided-war\">Early Human Foragers Avoided War<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Bregman, <strong>early human <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shortform.com\/blog\/what-is-foraging-meaning\/\">foraging<\/a> groups lived peacefully with each other for millions of years.<\/strong> These groups struggled to survive in the face of harsh weather conditions and predators, but evidence suggests that they didn&#8217;t go to war against each other.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When scientists first discovered the bones of early humans, they theorized that our ancestors were brutal killers and cannibals. In the 1920s, anatomist Raymond Dart studied the skull of an <em>Australopithecus africanus<\/em>, a human ancestor that lived 2 to 3 million years ago. Based on the skull\u2019s injuries, Dart concluded that these early humans violently murdered one another. He published his theory in the 1950s, calling it \u201cKiller Ape Theory.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: While Bregman focuses on the development of Killer Ape Theory, Dart\u2019s study of the skeletal remains of <em>Australopithecus africanus <\/em>also resulted in another important finding: <a href=\"https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/Misc\/Chicago\/284158_brain.html\">that humans originated in Africa<\/a>. Charles Darwin had proposed that Africa was the birthplace of humanity in his 1871 book <a href=\"http:\/\/darwin-online.org.uk\/EditorialIntroductions\/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html\"><em>The Descent of Man<\/em><\/a>. But by the 1920s, most theories suggested that the first humans lived in Eurasia, based on skeletal remains found in France and England. Dart suggested that <em>Australopithecus africanus<\/em>, discovered in South Africa,<em> <\/em>predated these remains. While his theory was dismissed at the time, later findings confirmed that he was right.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Bregman notes that <strong>more recent studies have debunked Killer Ape Theory and revealed that our ancestors were peaceful. <\/strong>In 2006, archaeologists examined the same <em>Australopithecus africanus <\/em>skull that Dart had studied in the 1920s. They found that the injuries came from a large predatory bird, not from other early humans. Skeletal remains from later in history tell a similar story: According to Bregman, not a single archaeological site suggests that early human foragers fought against each other<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Shortform note: Bregman argues that the archaeological record doesn\u2019t show evidence of war in foraging societies. However, other authors point out that this doesn\u2019t necessarily mean that war didn\u2019t happen. In a podcast episode featuring Bregman and renowned psychologist Steven Pinker, Pinker argues that <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/NTqgEXXcV1k?t=1720\">some war injuries from prehistoric times\u2014such as cuts and bruises\u2014wouldn\u2019t show up on skeletons<\/a>. As a result, it\u2019s difficult to draw firm conclusions about the prevalence of war from early human remains.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-scientists-have-objected-to-killer-ape-theory-for-decades\"><strong>Scientists Have Objected to Killer Ape Theory for Decades<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bregman implies that Killer Ape Theory wasn\u2019t debunked until relatively recently. However, paleontologists have questioned and debunked Dart\u2019s theory since its incipience in 1953.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most prominent among these early critics were C.K. Brain and Elizabeth S. Vrba, whose 1970 study suggested that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1984\/04\/08\/magazine\/what-made-humans-human.html#:~:text=Probably%20the%20best%20refutation%20of%20Ardrey%20came%20in%20the%20early%201970%27s%20from%20C.K.%20Brain%20and%20his%20colleague%20Elizabeth%20S.%20Vrba%2C%20both%20palentologists%20from%20southern%20Africa%2C%20who%20said%20that%20the%20predators%20were%20not%20hominids%20but%20leapords.\">the injuries to the <em>Australopithecus africanus<\/em> skull came from leopards, not from other early humans<\/a>. The researchers noted that two puncture marks in the eye cavities of the skull were exactly the same distance apart as an adult leopard\u2019s teeth. They theorized that the leopard dragged the owner of the skull into a tree\u2014the skull then fell, causing the damage that Dart attributed to an early human bashing the skull with a rock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the 2006 study that Bregman cites agreed that a predator, not another early human, caused the damage to the skull, the researchers <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16739138\/\">interpreted the puncture marks differently<\/a>. They observed that the puncture marks matched those on the skulls of monkeys that had been killed by large eagles. They therefore suggested that the <em>Australopithecus africanus <\/em>was the victim of an eagle, not a leopard.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is the Killer Ape Theory? Are humans violent by nature? According to the Killer Ape Theory, aggression and violence are what propelled human evolution, distinguishing our ancestors from other primates. The theory gained notoriety for suggesting that humans were aggressive by nature. However, not all scientists are unanimous in this opinion. According to Rutger Bregman, the author of Humankind, more recent evidence suggests that human nature is peaceful and cooperative. Here&#8217;s why the Killer Ape Theory is moot, according to Bregman.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":32542,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,9,160],"tags":[663],"class_list":["post-71408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-psychology","category-science","tag-humankind","","tg-column-two"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.3 (Yoast SEO v24.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Killer Ape Theory: Are Humans Violent by Nature? - Shortform Books<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Killer Ape Theory suggests that humans are aggressive and violent by nature. However, recent evidence suggests otherwise. 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